阿尔茨海默病患者脑电图与听觉认知电位P300的相关性研究

目的：观察阿尔茨海默病（AD）患者脑电图（EEG）与听觉认知电位P300的变化,并与神经心理学及痴呆程度进行相关性分析,探讨对老年性痴呆进行综合评价的有效方法。方法：对AD患者36例及正常对照者36名采用EEG和P300检查,结合神经心理学测试[简易智能精神状态量表（MMSE）]进行相关性分析。结果：AD组患者的P300潜伏期明显延长,波幅明显降低,与正常对照组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01,P〈0.05）;EEG异常率AD组为84%,正常对照组为21 %,两组比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。MMSE总分AD组为19.77±5.22,明显低于对照组（27.66±5.13）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。AD组MMSE评分与P300 PL呈负相关（r=-0.57,P〈0.05）,与P300 AMP呈正相关（r=0.37,P〉0.05）。结论：利用EEG和P300结合MMSE量表可对老年性痴呆患者作出确切评价,是早期发现AD的有效手段之一。     

血管性痴呆患者电生理应用研究

目的观察血管性痴呆（vasculardementia,VaD）患者事件相关电位P300与脑电图（elec-troencephalography,EEG）的改变并探讨其临床意义。方法将124例脑卒中患者根据是否伴有痴呆分为VaD组和非VaD组,所有患者同时进行P300和EEG检查,用简易智能量表（Mini-MentalStateEx-amination,MMSE）考核其智能,比较P300潜伏期的延长率和EEG异常率在VaD组和非VaD组患者间的差异,分析患者P300潜伏期与MMSE得分的相关性,以及EEG改变与VaD患者痴呆程度的关系。结果VaD组和非VaD组患者P300潜伏期延长率分别为74.2%和6.7%,两组患者间差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,患者P300潜伏期与MMSE得分呈负相关。VaD患者EEG异常率达75%,而且患者EEG改变愈明显,其痴呆愈严重。结论P300潜伏期与EEG均可以作为VaD患者诊断和考核疗效的客观指标;对VaD患者同时进行P300和EEG检查可明显提高VaD患者的检出率。     

帕金森病合并抑郁患者认知功能和P300的研究

目的 探讨帕金森病（PD）合并抑郁患者认知功能和P300的改变。方法 对67例PD患者依据Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）和汉密顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分分为PD抑郁组（22例）和PD非抑郁组（45例），分别对两组患者进行认知功能评定和P300检测，并对结果进行比较和相关性分析。结果 本组PD患者简明智力状态量表（MMSE）评分尚在正常范围，但明显低于正常对照组（P〈0．05），PD抑郁组MMSE评分更低（P〈0.01）；与正常对照组比较，PD组P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低（均P〈0．05），PD抑郁组改变更为明显（均P〈0．01）；PD组P300潜伏期与MMSE评分呈负相关（r=-0．413，P〈0．05），波幅与MMSE评分呈正相关（r=0．398，P〈0．05）。结论 PD患者存在认知功能障碍，以记忆损害最为明显；抑郁对认知功能有负性影响，P300检测可以早期发现PD患者的认知功能障碍。     

天智颗粒对血管性痴呆认知功能及事件相关电位P300的影响

目的观察天智颗粒对认知功能及事件相关电位P300的影响。方法 60例血管性痴呆患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,应用简易智力状态检查量表（MMSE）和日常生活能力量表（ADL）检测2组治疗前后认知功能状态及日常生活能力,并进行治疗前后P300检查,共观察30d。结果治疗前2组MMSE、ADL评分及P300潜伏期和波幅差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗后治疗组P300潜伏期缩短、波幅提高,MMSE、ADL评分优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论天智颗粒能改善VaD患者认知功能、提高患者的日常生活能力。     

颈动脉粥样硬化患者认知功能与事件相关电位的改变及其关系

目的 探讨颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)患者认知功能与事件相关电位(ERP)的改变及其关系.方法 对65例不同程度CAS患者进行简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和ERP P300检查及相关性分析;并与对照组进行比较.结果 与对照组比较,轻中度CAS组的注意计算、短程记忆、图形描画评分明显降低(均P＜0.05);P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低 (均P＜0.05);重度CAS组差异更明显(均P＜0.01).与轻中度颈动脉狭窄组比较,重度颈动脉狭窄组在时间定向力、地点定向力、注意计算、短程记忆、言语复述、语言表达、图形描画7个亚项评分方面有显著降低(均P＜0.05);P300潜伏期延长、波幅降低 (均P＜0.05).轻中度、重度CAS患者的MMSE评分与P300潜伏期呈负相关(r=-0.503,-0.589,均P＜0.05),轻中度、重度颈动脉狭窄患者的MMSE评分与P300潜伏期亦呈负相关(r=-0.497,-0.601,均P＜0.05).结论 CAS可导致认知功能障碍和ERP异常,其程度与颈动脉病变程度有关.     

血管性痴呆的事件相关电位P300研究

目的探讨血管性痴呆(Vascular dementia,VD)的事件相关电位(Event-related potentials,ERP)P300的变化特点.方法应用Nicolet Bravo脑诱发电位仪对18例VD患者和20例正常老年人进行P300检测.结果与正常老年组相比,VD组的P300表现为靶N2、P3潜伏期延长,靶P3、非靶P2波幅下降,有显著性差异(P＜0.05-0.01).结论P300可反映VD认知功能的变化,尤其是靶P3的潜伏期和波幅,有助于评估VD的认知功能状态.     

颈动脉狭窄与认知功能障碍及事件相关电位的相关性

目的探讨颈动脉狭窄（CAS）与认知功能障碍及事件相关电位（ERP）的相关性。方法177例CAS患者根据CAS程度分为轻度狭窄58例,中度狭窄62例,重度狭窄57例,同期选择185名颈动脉未发生狭窄的门诊体检者作为颈动脉无狭窄组。比较不同CAS组患者简易精神状态检查量表（MMSE）评分、各指标变化、合并症发生率及ERP检测结果。结果cAs患者定向力、延迟回忆力、注意计算力、即刻回忆力、语言能力及MMSE评分均明显低于颈动脉无狭窄组（P〈0．05）,且随着颈动脉狭窄程度加重,上述指标评分均明显降低（P〈0．05）;CAS组患者糖尿病、短暂性脑缺血发作、高血压病、脑白质病变及高尿酸血症发生率均明显高于颈动脉无狭窄组（P〈0．05）;随着CAS程度的加重,N2和P300潜伏期逐渐升高（P〈0．05）,而波幅逐渐降低（P〈0．05）。结论CAS是导致认知功能障碍及ERP异常的危险因素,且狭窄程度与病情密切相关。     

亚临床肝性脑病早期诊断方法的探讨

目的 探讨亚临床肝性脑病（SHE）早期诊断的方法。方法 对46例肝硬化无肝性脑病临床表现的患者进行P300、脑干听觉诱发电位（BAEP）、数字连接测验（NCT）、简明智力状况检查量表（MMSE）及脑电图（EEG）检测和随访,并与43例非肝病患者进行比较。结果 肝硬化组P300潜伏期、NCT时间较对照组明显延长（均P〈0．01）;BAEP异常率明显增加（P〈0．01）;随肝功能损害程度加重,P300潜伏期逐级显著延长、波幅显著降低,NCT时间显著延长,BAEP异常率显著增加（P〈0．05—0．01）。随访发现P300、BAEP或NCT异常的肝硬化患者HE发生率间差异无统计学意义。结论 P300、BAEP及NCT可作为早期诊断SHE的检测方法。     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者P300的变化分析

目的探讨事件相关电位中(ERP) P300指标对急性缺血性脑卒中(AICA)患者认知功能的预测价值.方法检查32例AICA患者急性期ERP,并依据6～8个月后复合认知指数标准,分为痴呆和非痴呆组对比P300,并与健康人比较.结果痴呆和非痴呆组P300改变呈同一方向即波幅下降,潜伏期延长.进一步分析所见痴呆组P300潜伏期较非痴呆组延长,波幅下降(P＜0.05～0.01).结论 P300改变可优于量表,结合临床后可作为AICA患者急性期认知功能评定的预测手段.     

老年血管性痴呆患者认知功能与血清Hcy和SOD水平的关系

目的探讨老年血管性痴呆患者认知功能与血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平的相关性。方法回顾性分析2014-01—2018-01武汉市第一医院治疗的脑梗死后痴呆(VD组,40例)和非痴呆患者(非VD组,40例),采用智能状态筛查精神状态简易速检表(MMSE)对VD组患者进行认知功能评价,采用临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)对痴呆严重程度进行分级,比较2组血清Hcy和SOD水平,分析其与认知功能的相关性。结果 2组Hcy与SOD水平比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);随着痴呆程度的加重,MMSE评分逐渐降低,Hcy水平逐渐升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);相关性分析发现,MMSE评分与Hcy水平呈负相关(P0.05),但SOD与痴呆严重程度无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论血清Hcy水平与VD患者的认知功能呈负相关,VD患者SOD水平较非VD患者明显降低,临床对两项指标的检测可有助于VD的诊断与防治。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Release of endogenous catecholamines from slices of hypothalamus of rats

The release of endogenous catecholamines from superfused slices of rat hypothalamus was studied under basal conditions and during release evoked by 40 mM K⁺. Catecholamines in superfusates, and in extracts of the tissue after stimulation, were isolated by column chromatography and quantitated by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Norepinephrine (NE) was not consistently demonstrable in superfusate collected under basal conditions, but 40 mM K⁺ caused the release of from 2 to 4 ng/g of tissue per min. The addition of cocaine to the superfusate caused increases in basal and evoked release of NE. Epinephrine (E) could be measured in superfusates of slices from male but not female rats and then only when cocaine was added to the superfusate. Accordingly, the concentration of E in hypothalamus was greater in male rats than in female rats. Dopamine (DA) was not consistently measurable in the spontaneous overflow from slices either in the presence or absence of cocaine. K⁺-evoked release of DA could be demonstrated in slices from female rats. The addition of cocaine increased the evoked release of DA from slices from both sexes. Corticosterone, added to cocaine, had no effects on the efflux of any of the catecholamines. The experiments suggest that neuronal reuptake of all catecholamines is very efficient in the hypothalamus both under basal conditions and during evoked release.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

阿立哌唑对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的:比较阿立哌唑与利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法:60例精神分裂患者随机平分为两组各30例,分别给予阿立哌唑和利培酮治疗。疗程8周。用生活质量综合评定问卷-74(GQOLI-74)、阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效及不良反应。结果:阿立哌唑与利培酮均能显著提高精神分裂症患者生活质量,但阿立哌唑在改善GQOLI-74总分、躯体健康及社会功能维度优于利培酮。结论:阿立哌唑治疗有利于提高精神分裂症患者生活质量。