髋臼骨折手术治疗并发症探讨

目的 探讨减少髋臼骨折手术治疗并发症的有效方法。方法总结1998年6月～2003年6月70例手术治疗髋臼骨折的经验，结合随访结果探讨手术治疗并发症的发生原因、发展机制，研究骨效的防治方法结果 切开复位内固定是髋臼骨折行之有效的治疗手段，但并发症颇多，尤其是创伤性关节炎、股骨头缺血性坏死后果严重，应当引起重视。 结论 减少手术损伤，解剖复位是减少手术治疗并发症的关键、经腹股沟途径前件螺钉内固定可能是减少手术损伤、降低并发症发生率的有效方法。     

IMN与MIPPO治疗胫骨中下段骨折的生物力学性能及对骨折愈合的影响

目的比较交锁髓内钉(intramedullary nail,IMN)与微创经皮钢板内固定(minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis,MIPPO)的生物力学性能以及在胫骨中下段骨折治疗中对骨折愈合的影响。方法 2013年1月—2015年12月郑州市第一人民医院骨二科收治的胫骨中下段骨折患者76例,按治疗方法不同分为IMN组(38例)和MIPPO组(38例),采用Mazur评分评价两组术后踝关节功能,统计两组术后下地时间、骨折愈合时间和愈合率。2014年2月选取郑州大学医学院解剖教研室提供的新鲜成人踝关节标本10具,建立胫骨中下段骨折模型,按随机数字法分为观察组和对照组,每组5例。分别采用IMN和MIPPO两种方法固定,进行三点弯曲实验、轴向压缩实验以及扭转强度实验,分析相关数据。结果两组均未发生内固定松动、断裂等内固定失败状况,IMN组患者出现骨折延迟愈合3例,骨折不愈合2例,愈合时间平均(13.6±2.1)周;MIPPO组患者骨折均愈合,愈合时间平均(11.3±1.7)周。术后1年两组患者踝关节功能比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);MIPPO组弯曲偏移量、轴向压缩偏移量和扭转角度均大于IMN组,组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MIPPO与IMN治疗胫骨中下段骨折各有利弊,MIPPO可减轻手术创伤,但力学性能不如IMN,临床使用时应严格掌握适应证。     

Complications of percutaneous vertebroplasty and their prevention

Complications due to vertebroplasty may be divided into two categories whether or not they are related to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement leakage from the compressed vertebral body. PMMA leakage is a very frequent occurrence in vertebroplasty is also the main source of complications. Neurological complications are due to cement leakage into the spinal canal and less exceptionally into the intervertebral foramen. The transpedicular needle approach reduces the risk of cement leakage into the foramen. Pulmonary embolism of PMMA may occur when there is a failure to recognize venous migration of cement early during the procedure. Cortical destruction, presence of an epidural soft-tissue mass, highly vascularized lesions, and severe vertebral collapse are factors which increase the rate of complications, which is therefore much higher in metastatic than in osteoporotic vertebral collapse. Prevention of PMMA leakage-related complications is a multifactorial issue including procedure preparation, needle approach and placement, and cement application. The technical refinements which may help reduce the risk of PMMA leakage are reviewed in this article. Experimental data have shown that systemic reactions may occur during vertebroplasty in the absence of cement leakage. These reactions may be partly related to vascular embolism of bone marrow fat. Another controversial issue is a possible increase in the risk of vertebral collapse of adjacent vertebrae following vertebroplasty. Prospective randomized studies are needed to resolve this issue.     

颅脑损伤的并发症及其处理

如果对脑外伤后发生的颅内、外并发症认识不足或处理不当 ,将直接影响病人的预后。常见的颅内并发症包括颅内感染、出血和脑积水 ;颅外并发症包括肺炎、肺水肿、ARDS、消化道出血、电解质紊乱和凝血病等。本文简要介绍上述并发症发生的原因及其处理     

锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的并发症分析

目的 探讨应用锁定钢板治疗肱骨近端骨折的并发症原因及预防方法. 方法 选择自2004年9月至2007年6月收治并得到随访的92例患者,平均随访时间15.2个月(6～36个月),患者平均年龄47.7岁(17～83岁).其中新鲜骨折78例,陈旧骨折14例,均行切开复位锁定钢板内固定.最终随访时应用美国肩肘外科医师评分(ASES)、Constant-Murley评分、加州大学洛杉矶分校评分(UCLA),以及简单肩关节功能问卷评分(SST)评估治疗结果,观察肩关节活动范围、疼痛恢复情况,记录出现并发症的情况,分析包括不同年龄、性别、伤侧、手术时间、受伤原因、合并损伤、骨折类型等出现并发症的差异性,对比出现并发症与否患者的治疗效果. 结果 前屈上举(148.9.4±17.3)°(90°～170°),外旋(29.3±15.0)°(0°～70°),内旋达到T9水平(T4-L5).疼痛的视觉评分(VAS)为0.9.±1.1(0～5);ASES评分为86.4±13.0(52～100);Constant-Murley评分为87.5±10.6(55～100);UCLA评分为30.2±4.0(18～35);SST 12个问题中回答"是"的问题平均为9.6个(4～12个).17例患者出现术后并发症,发生率为19%.不同性别、伤侧、手术时间、受伤原因、合并损伤、骨折类型,以及内固定钢板类型之间并发症的发,丰率比较,差异无统计学意义;不同年龄组间比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其中年轻患者发生率较高,为26%,＞50岁患者的发生率为8.1%.出现并发症的患者包括UCLA评分、Constant-Murley评分和外旋范围与无并发症患者比较,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 锁定钢板是治疗存在明显移位的肱骨近端骨折的一种较为有效的治疗方式,但仍存在一定的并发症.由于出现并发症后功能活动会有所下降,临床应尽可能规范操作,妥善保护局部血运,争取最大限度地降低并发症的发生率.     

经皮椎体成形术常见并发症及治疗对策

目的：探讨经皮椎体成形术的常见并发症及治疗对策。方法：对2003年10月至2006年12月应用经皮椎体成形术治疗的110例老年骨质疏松性脊柱压缩骨折进行回顾性研究,分析了并发症及治疗对策。结果：本组出现并发症37例,其中骨水泥渗漏至椎管内造成神经损伤2例,骨水泥注入至椎体旁治疗无效者1例,骨水泥渗漏至椎体旁以及椎间隙32例,术后3 d原位再次骨折2例。1例神经损伤患者术后2 d经保守治疗自行恢复,1例再次行开放手术取出椎管内骨水泥,神经功能部分恢复,其余患者经过制动等治疗后症状缓解。结论：椎体成形手术创伤小,但风险大,骨水泥渗漏至椎管内造成神经损伤是最严重的并发症,及时、正确的处理可以将神经损伤程度降至最低。     

Temporal bone fractures and their complications

Summary A total of 84 patients with 89 fractures of the temporal bone were examined with high resolution CT (HRCT) a few hours to 21 months after the initial trauma. Axial HRCT disclosed 63 longitudinal, 13 transverse, 10 complex and 3 atypical fractures. The diagnosis of a temporal bone fracture was established by axial HRCT in almost every case. However, for the precise topographic analysis of the course of the fracture, additional coronal HRCT proved helpful. The most common, surgically treatable complication of temporal bone fracture is disruption of the ossicular chain. Twenty-three such lesions were demonstrated by combined axial and coronal HRCT; 22 lesions of the facial canal could be demonstrated in 27 patients presenting with facial nerve palsy. The most common site of injury to the facial canal was the region of the geniculate ganglion. The only life-threatening complication of a temporal fracture may be otorhinoliquorrhea. This was present in 9 cases. The most common site of leakage identified was the tegmen tympani. With Metrizamide-HRCT precise localisation of the dural laceration was possible in 7 of these 9 cases.     

单侧外固定支架治疗骨折并发症分析及防治

回顾应用单侧多功能外固定架治疗四肢骨折202例所发生的各种并发症,并进行统计分析,认为在治疗过程中应掌握手术适应证,使用正确的手术操作方法。     

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. Complications and their treatment

In the present series of 296 PTBDs in 281 patients, 103 complications of different degree developed (34.7%). Early complications directly connected to the procedure (32/296 = 10.8%) and late complications generally due to malfunctioning of the catheter or progression of the disease (71/296 = 23.9%) are analyzed. Caveats to prevent complications, therapeutic procedures to resolve them, as well as obtained results are reported. On the whole, major complications directly related to the procedure are present in a small percentage and the procedure appears well tolerated also in patients with poor general conditions.     

Radiological findings and healing patterns of incomplete stress fractures of the pars interarticularis

Objective The objective was to retrospectively record the CT and MRI features and healing patterns of acute, incomplete stress fractures of the pars interarticularis. Method The CT scans of 156 adolescents referred with suspected pars interarticularis stress fractures were reviewed. Patients with incomplete (grade 2) pars fractures were included in the study. Fractures were assessed on CT according to vertebral level, location of cortical involvement and direction of fracture propagation. MRI was also performed in 72 of the 156 cases. MRI images of incomplete fractures were assessed for the presence of marrow oedema and cortical integrity. Fracture healing patterns were characterised on follow-up CT imaging. Results Twenty-five incomplete fractures were identified in 23 patients on CT. All fractures involved the inferior or infero-medial cortex of the pars and propagated superiorly or superolaterally. Ninety-two percent of incomplete fractures demonstrated either complete or partial healing on follow-up imaging. Two (8%) cases progressed to complete fractures. Thirteen incomplete fractures in 11 patients confirmed on CT also had MRI, and 92% demonstrated oedema in the pars. Ten out of thirteen fractures (77%) showed a break in the infero-medial cortex with intact supero-lateral cortex, which correlated with the CT findings. MRI incorrectly graded one case as a complete (grade 3) fracture, and 2 cases as (grade 1) stress reaction. Six fractures had follow-up MRI, 67% showed partial or complete cortical healing, and the same number showed persistent marrow oedema. Conclusions Incomplete fracture of the pars interarticularis represents a stage of the evolution of a complete stress fracture. The direction of fracture propagation is consistent, and complete healing can be achieved in most cases with appropriate clinical management. CT best demonstrates fracture size and extent, and is the most appropriate modality for follow-up. MRI is limited in its ability to fully depict the cortical integrity of incomplete fractures of the pars, but the presence of marrow oedema on fat-saturated T2-weighted sequences is a useful means of detecting acute spondylolysis.     

微动促进骨折愈合的机制及临床应用研究现状

骨折愈合是一个极其复杂的生物学过程,受微动、血供和应力等诸多因素的影响。近年来,微动在骨折愈合机制及应用方面取得了一系列的进展;临床及科研人员对微动可促进骨折愈合的认识不断深入,并对其进行一系列临床及基础研究,其作用机制逐渐明朗。本文对近年来国内外有关微动促进骨折愈合的机制及应用相关研究现状作一综述。     

Imaging and treatment of scaphoid fractures and their complications

The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured carpal bone, with frequent complications that are predisposed by its anatomical location, anatomical configuration (shape and length), and vascular supply. The most common mechanism of injury is a fall onto an outstretched hand. Imaging plays a significant role in the initial evaluation and treatment of scaphoid fractures and their complications. Radiography should be the first imaging modality in the initial evaluation and follow-up of scaphoid fractures. Computed tomography with its superb spatial resolution enables better visualization and characterization of the fracture line, and the amount of displacement and angulation of the fracture fragments. Using the metal reduction artifact with computed tomography allows good follow-up of scaphoid fractures despite surgical hardware. Magnetic resonance imaging without contrast is the imaging modality of choice for depiction of radiographically occult scaphoid fracture, bone contusion, and associated soft tissue injury; contrast-enhanced imaging aids assessment of scaphoid fracture nonunion, osteonecrosis, fracture healing after bone grafting, and revitalization of the necrotic bone after bone grafting. Proper identification and classification of scaphoid fracture and its complications is necessary for appropriate treatment. This article describes the normal anatomy, mechanism of injury, and classification of stable and unstable fractures, together with the imaging and treatment algorithm of scaphoid fractures and their complications with an emphasis on magnetic resonance imaging.     

巨噬细胞影响骨质疏松性骨折骨愈合的研究进展

骨质疏松性骨折愈合缓慢,预后差。募集的巨噬细胞极化为促炎M1型巨噬细胞及抑炎M2型巨噬细胞,两种亚型的动态平衡影响骨折愈合速度和预后。但在原发性骨质疏松性骨折及继发性骨质疏松性骨折中,M1型和M2型巨噬细胞极化失衡,严重影响骨折愈合。研究表明,通过一些生物学方法重建巨噬细胞极化平衡,如生物医用仿生材料和外泌体携载miRNA治疗等,可有效改善巨噬细胞表型极化,减少骨吸收,促进成骨分化,加速骨质疏松性骨折骨愈合。因此,笔者从巨噬细胞在骨折愈合过程中的作用、巨噬细胞极化失衡导致骨质疏松性骨折延迟愈合及重建巨噬细胞极化平衡加速骨质疏松性骨折骨愈合等方面,就巨噬细胞对骨质疏松性骨折骨愈合影响的研究进展进行综述,为临床治疗骨质疏松性骨折提供新的思路。