Antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates to cefteram and other antimicrobial drugs during January 2003 to July 2004

The antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae isolates during January 2003 to July 2004 was determined to seven various antimicrobial drugs including cefteram (CFTM). The in vitro activities of these drugs against the fresh isolates were compared. The oral cephalosporins including CFTM were potently active against penicillin susceptible S. pneumoniae. The activity of CFTM and cefditoren was the most active among four oral cephalosporins. The susceptibilities of penicillin intermediate S. pneumoniae and penicillin resistant S. pneumoniae to antimicrobial agents were decreased. The MIC of CFTM was not beyond 4 microg/mL for any isolate of S. pneumoniae. The activity of CFTM was very high to beta-lactamase-negative and ampicillin-susceptible H. influenzae isolates. These MIC against all isolates were 0.03 microg/mL or less. The MIC of CFTM was not beyond 1 microg/mL for any isolate of beta-lactamase-positive H. influenzae or beta-lactamase-negative-ampicillin resistant H. influenzae. In conclusion, CFTM exhibits a potent activity against fresh isolates of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, and has a potential of effectiveness in the infections.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-positive non-urinary isolates to fosfomycin

We aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of fosfomycin against Gram-positive non-urinary isolates collected at the microbiological laboratory of the University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete, Greece, in 2008. Susceptibility testing was performed by the disk diffusion method for a total of 1846 isolates; 1275 isolates (69.1%) were susceptible to fosfomycin. Specifically, 416/419 Staphylococcus aureus (99.3%) [including 129/130 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates] and 745/961 coagulase-negative staphylococci (77.5%) were susceptible to fosfomycin. Among 42 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 64 Streptococcus pyogenes and 93 other streptococcal isolates, 61.9%, 40.6% and 48.4%, respectively, were susceptible to fosfomycin. Fosfomycin was inactive against the 166 enterococcal isolates tested. This old antibiotic may deserve consideration for further studies and use in clinical practice, especially for S. aureus (including MRSA) infections.     

Susceptibility of recent clinical isolates to temafloxacin (A-63004) and other antimicrobial agents.

In vitro susceptibility of 1008 strains of recent clinical isolates was determined against the new aryl fluoroquinolone temafloxacin (T-167, A-63004) ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ampicillin, piperacillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amikacin, oxacillin and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of temafloxacin in micrograms/ml required for > or = 90% isolates were 0.13-0.5 for enterobacter, 0.03-0.25 for Escherichia coli, 0.12-0.5 for Klebsiella, 0.5-1.0 for Proteus mirabilis, 0.12-0.5 for Morganella morganii, 0.03-0.12 for Salmonella, 0.25-1.0 for Serratia marcescens, 0.03-0.12 for Shigella, 0.06-4.0 for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.06-0.12 for Aeromonas hydrophila, 0.12-0.5 for Staphylococcus aureus, 0.12-1.0 for coagulase negative staphylococci and 4.0-8.0 for enterococci. The antibacterial activity of temafloxacin was comparable or superior to other drugs tested against most organisms. However, Xanthomonas malthophilia was relatively more susceptible to ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, and temafloxacin had significantly high antibacterial activity against enterococci as compared to other fluoroquinolones.     

Fosfomycin susceptibility of clinical isolates from otorhinolaryngological infections

To investigate the clinical and bacteriological usefulness of orally administered fosfomycin calcium (FOM), the susceptibility of 558 strains to FOM was determined. These strains were isolated at our Center, between Feb. 1982 and Feb. 1983 from otorhinolaryngological infections. Several other drugs were also tested on the same strains for comparison. The results were as follows. The MIC80 of FOM was 6.25 micrograms/ml against each of aerobic Gram-positive cocci such as S. aureus, S. pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, anaerobic Gram-positive cocci such as Peptococcus spp., and H. influenzae. P. mirabilis, indole-positive Proteus spp., P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were inhibited, respectively, at 3.13, 12.5, 12.5 and 50 micrograms/ml. Most of the MICs were between 3.13 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, and the difference between the MIC50 and the MIC90 was only 1 to 2 tubes since there were few resistant strains. With the comparative drugs, there was a reduction seen in the sensitivities of pipemidic acid (PPA), ampicillin (ABPC), and cephalexin (CEX) against, respectively, P. aeruginosa, beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and S. aureus. FOM showed good and constant sensitivity for the weakly PPA-sensitive P. aeruginosa, weakly ABPC-sensitive beta-lactamase-producing H. influenzae and weakly CEX-sensitive S. aureus. The MICs of FOM against the main problematic isolates from otorhinolaryngological infections were mostly between 3.13 and 12.5 micrograms/ml, including the above weakly PPA-, ABPC- and CEX-sensitive strains. Based on these values, FOM may be said to have moderate antibacterial efficacy when administered orally in the usual dose.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Association between PCR ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility among Clostridium difficile isolates from healthcare-associated infections in South Korea

In this study, the association between antimicrobial susceptibility, PCR ribotype and presence of the ermB gene in clinical isolates of Clostridium difficile was investigated. PCR ribotyping and ermB gene PCR were performed on 131 C. difficile isolates. The susceptibility of these isolates to metronidazole, vancomycin, piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP), clindamycin, moxifloxacin and rifaximin was also determined. Use of antibiotics within the previous 2 months was documented. Resistance rates to clindamycin, moxifloxacin and rifaximin were 67.9%, 62.6% and 19.1%, respectively. No metronidazole, vancomycin or TZP resistance was detected. Previous exposure to moxifloxacin was significantly correlated with resistance to this antibiotic, but prior use of clindamycin was not significantly correlated with clindamycin resistance. Sixty-four strains (48.9%) carried the ermB gene, of which all but one (98.5%) were resistant to clindamycin. The clindamycin resistance rates of the common PCR ribotypes (018, 017 and 001) were 91.4%, 100% and 84.2%, respectively, and their moxifloxacin resistance rates were 91.4%, 95.0% and 78.9%, respectively. Resistance rates to rifaximin were 5.7% and 95.0% in ribotype 018 and 017 strains, whilst none of the 001 strains were resistant to rifaximin. In conclusion, the common ribotypes 018, 017 and 001 of C. difficile have high rates of resistance to clindamycin and moxifloxacin, but differ greatly in the frequency of rifaximin resistance.     

TARGETed surveillance: susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infections in 2003 to fluoroquinolones and other agents

We assessed antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae collected worldwide in 2003. Resistance to clarithromycin was the highest overall (34.1%) followed by penicillin G (22.1%). Patient age and/or country of origin had the greatest effect on susceptibility. Resistance was highest in children<6 years of age and in patients from South Africa or France. Resistance to penicillin or amoxicillin/clavulanic acid decreased in adults and was low in Germany. Fluoroquinolone resistance was very low overall, but 3.0% levofloxacin resistance (2.6% gatifloxacin and 0.4% moxifloxacin) was observed in Italy. Interestingly, many isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at the top of the fluoroquinolone susceptibility breakpoints possessed single quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) mutations. Care should be taken when treating fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates with a higher MIC, which are likely to harbour QRDR mutations and may become fully resistant and cause treatment failure. We concur with the conclusions of other recent studies that suggest fluoroquinolone breakpoints should be lowered to ensure these isolates are categorised as resistant. Fluoroquinolones would still remain an important alternative treatment for respiratory tract infections (albeit for adults only), with moxifloxacin being the most potent fluoroquinolone tested in this study.     

Activity of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin in combination with other antimicrobial agents

The influence of non-quinolone antimicrobial agents on the antibacterial activities of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin was determined using chequerboard, fractional inhibitory concentration, (FIC) and time-kill analysis methods. In the chequerboard method, the quinolones were tested in combination with ten antimicrobial agents (macrolides, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, vancomycin, rifampicin and chloramphenicol) against five bacterial strains (one strain each of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae). In no incidence was antagonism (FIC > or = 4) or synergy (FIC < or = 0.5) observed; all dual drug combinations involving gatifloxacin or ciprofloxacin showed additivity/indifference (FIC > 0.5, < 4). By time-kill analysis, the strains were tested at a quinolone concentration equal to 8 x MIC in combination with a second antibiotic at 0.5xits MIC. These combinations killed non-enterococcal strains at rates similar to those with quinolones alone. However, rifampicin and chloramphenicol were often antagonistic (100-fold lesser killing) to the lethal action of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin against E. faecalis. These findings indicate that, with the exception of E. faecalis, the antibacterial activities of quinolones are generally additive/indifferent to those of other antimicrobial agents.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility and serogroups of Salmonella isolates from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

The antimicrobial susceptibility and serogroups of 153 Salmonella strains isolated during a period of 22 months from both children and adults at a major teaching hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia were studied. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing by comparative disc method and MIC determination by E-test method were performed on selected antimicrobial agents. For nalidixic acid and trimethoprim only the comparative disc method was used. Discrepancy between the two methods were noticed only in 1.3% of isolates. The majority of isolates from children (41%) were serogroup B, while those from adults (43%) were serogroup C1. The overall resistance was 16% to ampicillin and ampicillin/sulbactam, 13% to nalidixic acid, and 11% to chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. The resistance of Salmonella isolates to the so-called first line anti-Salmonella agents, i.e. ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, has increased compared to that reported 4 years ago from this Institution. Almost all isolates were susceptible to the second, and third generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aztreonam, mecillinam and gentamicin. Multiple drug resistance to two or more drugs was noticed in 16% of isolates, most of which were serogroup B. The majority of these multiple drug resistant isolates (96%) were ampicillin resistant and β-lactamase producers. Although these isolates showed reduced MICs to ampicillin/sulbactam, their MICs were still higher than the susceptibility breakpoint for this combination. The nalidixic acid-resistant isolates showed higher MICs to the fluoroquinolones compared to the nalidixic acid-sensitive isolates. Isolates from children showed higher resistance to some of the antimicrobial agents compared to those from adults.     

Antimicrobial activity of imipenem against isolates from complicated urinary tract infections

Antimicrobial activity of imipenem was measured using 4725 strains isolated from patients with complicated urinary tract infections (CUTIs) between 1988 and 2000. Imipenem was inactive against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium and some non-fermenting Gram-negative rods. Resistant strains (MIC>16 mg/l) were observed in Staphylococcus haemolyticus (22%), Enterococcus faecalis (4%), Enterococcus avium (8%), Serratia marcescens (5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%). Although the prevalence of imipenem-resistant strains of S. aureus, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa was sporadically high in some years, no steady increase was seen over the period. Resistant strains were rare in other major uropathogenic species. These results suggest that imipenem is still one of the most reliable antimicrobial drugs.     

我院药敏试验对抗菌药物合理用药的重要意义分析

目的 分析药敏试验对抗菌药物合理用药的重要意义.方法 抽取本院收治的11105例使用抗菌药物的患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组患者首先进行药敏试验,根据试验结果对抗菌药物的使用进行干预,对照组患者给予使用抗菌药物的一般干预措施,半个月后观察两组患者抗菌药物使用的合理性和用药后不良反应发生的情况.结果 经过不同的干预措施后,实验组患者在药物选择、给药途径、用药剂量、给药频次等方面的合理性均明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,对照组患者使用抗菌药物后不良反应的总发生率（74.36％）明显高于实验组（29.25％）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 对使用抗菌药物的患者首先进行药敏试验检测,可以有效提高合理使用抗菌药物的情况和降低不良反应的发生,效果明显,值得在临床推广.     

Antimicrobial activity of tigecycline (GAR-936) tested against 3498 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from nosocomial and community-acquired infections

Tigecycline is a novel 9-t-butylglycylamido derivative of minocycline that has demonstrated activity against a variety of Gram-positive and -negative bacterial pathogens. In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparator agents was determined for 3498 recent (2000–2003) strains of Staphylococcus aureus recovered from patients with either nosocomial or community-acquired infections. Oxacillin-susceptible and -resistant S. aureus from both patient populations displayed identical results for tigecycline (MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ results at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively) and all strains were inhibited by 1 mg/L or less. While co-resistances to other antimicrobial classes were present in oxacillin-resistant strains, susceptibility to tigecycline remained unaffected, making the compound an attractive candidate for treatment of serious hospital as well as community-acquired staphylococcal infections.     

Antimicrobial activities of sultamicillin against clinical isolates from upper respiratory tract infections

Sultamicillin (SBTPC) is a mutual prodrug in which ampicillin (ABPC) and a potent beta-lactamase inhibitor sulbactam (SBT) are ester-bound in an equimolar ratio. SBTPC is hydrolyzed during absorption after oral administration to provide ABPC and SBT for systemic circulation. In the present study, the antimicrobial activities of SBTPC against 50 isolates each of 6 species (Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes) of bacteria freshly obtained from upper respiratory tract infections were examined in relation to their bacterial beta-lactamase producing abilities. beta-Lactamase producing strains were identified using the acidometry disc method with benzylpenicillin (PCG) of cefazolin (CEZ) as a substrate, and their frequencies of appearance were calculated as follows: S. aureus 86%; K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae 100%; B. catarrhalis 68%; H. influenzae 24%. Fourteen per cent of S. aureus strains examined were beta-lactamase positive using both PCG and CEZ acidometry discs. SBTPC, however, demonstrated excellent antimicrobial activities even against these beta-lactamase producing strains. Good activities were observed especially against those bacterial strains producing penicillinase (PCase). Average MIC80 values of SBTPC were 3.13 micrograms/ml for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, 0.39 micrograms/ml for B. catarrhalis and H. influenzae, 0.05 micrograms/ml for S. pneumoniae and 0.025 micrograms/ml for S. pyogenes. As SBTPC was shown to possess excellent antimicrobial activities against PCase producing strains, the enhancement in activities of SBTPC compared to ABPC alone can be attributed to the inhibition of beta-lactamase by SBT which, as noted above, is a component of SBTPC in an equimolar ratio to ABPC.     

Sensitivity of the recent bacterial isolates to cefotaxime and other cephem antibiotics

Antimicrobial susceptibility of 703 nonselected strains of 14 different bacterial species to cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotiam, cefoperazone latamoxef, and cefotaxime (CTX) was examined. CTX was the most active against E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, P. mirabilis, H. influenzae, beta-Streptococcus group A, beta-Streptococcus group B and S. pneumoniae. On the other hand, CTX-resistant (MIC greater than or equal to 50 micrograms/ml) strains were isolated at the following frequencies: Citrobacter, 21.7%; Enterobacter, 7.7%; Serratia, 4.6%; P. aeruginosa, 40.4% and B. fragilis, 28.6%. Of the 411 strains classified as very sensitive () or moderately sensitive (++) by disk method, 405 strains (98.5%) were inhibited by less than or equal to 12.5 micrograms/ml of CTX. Only 1 strain (0.2%) was falsely classified as moderately sensitive and no strains were falsely categorized as resistant.     

细菌耐药性监测分析中应注意的问题

细菌耐药性监测对于了解本地区细菌耐药性现状和发展趋势、指导临床合理使用抗生索具有重要意义。为此，临床微生物学工作者应认真掌握临床常见细菌的某些特性及抗生素的相关知识，如天然耐药性、罕见耐药谱型、易产生选择性耐药的抗生素及代表性药物在药敏试验中的作用。因为这些知识对于如何解释药敏试验结果和监测数据分析时至关重要。     

某教学医院2015—2018年神经外科病房细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解神经外科病房临床分离菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 收集2015—2018年间我院 神经外科住院患者送检标本的细菌培养及体外药敏试验结果,使用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏数据进行统计分析。结果 2015— 2018年共分离非重复临床分离菌2123株,其中革兰阴性菌1563株(73.6%)、革兰阳性菌560株(26.4%);标本类型以痰液(62.6%)、 尿液(12.8%)、脑脊液(8.9%)和血液(8.6%)为主;分离居前5位的细菌是鲍曼不动杆菌(20.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.4%)、铜绿假单 胞菌(14.5%)、大肠埃希菌(8.9%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.7%);鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均>65%,铜绿假单胞 菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率在30%左右,肺炎克雷伯菌2015—2016年对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率均<30%,2017年对碳青霉 烯类药物耐药性明显升高(亚胺培南41.3%、美罗培南41.9%),2018年对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性有较大幅度的下降(亚胺培南 3.4%、美罗培南3.4%),大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率仍较低(<3%),金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率由57.9%降 至15.8%,未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS)是血液和脑脊液标本中分离居首 位的细菌,二者耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率均>80%,在脑脊液中还分离到2株对利奈唑胺耐药的科 氏葡萄球菌。结论 神经外科病房临床分离菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,近年来肺炎克雷伯菌的分 离率有明显增高的趋势,非发酵菌和肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率也呈上升的趋势,耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌 的检出率呈逐年下降的趋势,加强医院内感染防控措施及细菌耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

某教学医院2015—2018年神经外科病房细菌耐药性监测

目的 了解神经外科病房临床分离菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 收集2015—2018年间我院 神经外科住院患者送检标本的细菌培养及体外药敏试验结果,使用WHONET 5.6软件对药敏数据进行统计分析。结果 2015— 2018年共分离非重复临床分离菌2123株,其中革兰阴性菌1563株(73.6%)、革兰阳性菌560株(26.4%);标本类型以痰液(62.6%)、 尿液(12.8%)、脑脊液(8.9%)和血液(8.6%)为主;分离居前5位的细菌是鲍曼不动杆菌(20.3%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(16.4%)、铜绿假单 胞菌(14.5%)、大肠埃希菌(8.9%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.7%);鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率均>65%,铜绿假单胞 菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率在30%左右,肺炎克雷伯菌2015—2016年对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率均<30%,2017年对碳青霉 烯类药物耐药性明显升高(亚胺培南41.3%、美罗培南41.9%),2018年对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性有较大幅度的下降(亚胺培南 3.4%、美罗培南3.4%),大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类的药物耐药率仍较低(<3%),金黄色葡萄球菌对苯唑西林的耐药率由57.9%降 至15.8%,未发现对利奈唑胺和万古霉素耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌。凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(CNS)是血液和脑脊液标本中分离居首 位的细菌,二者耐甲氧西林的凝固酶阴性的葡萄球菌(MRCNS)的检出率均>80%,在脑脊液中还分离到2株对利奈唑胺耐药的科 氏葡萄球菌。结论 神经外科病房临床分离菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌为主,近年来肺炎克雷伯菌的分 离率有明显增高的趋势,非发酵菌和肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药率也呈上升的趋势,耐甲氧西林的金黄色葡萄球菌     

Susceptibility surveillance of clinical isolates to fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents from 2003 to 2008: post-marketing study of prulifloxacin

Yearly changes in the susceptibility of clinical isolates to ulifloxacin (UFX) and other fluoroquinolones were examined through surveys over 3 periods. In the first survey, 534 strains derived from 19 species were collected from clinical specimens during 6 months from December 2003 to May 2004. In the same way, 805 strains were collected from December 2005 to May 2006 in the second survey, and 863 strains were from December 2007 to May 2008 in the third survey. Over these 3 study periods, the susceptibilities of fluoroquinolones against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were decreased. The isolation frequency of levofloxacin-nonsusceptible strain was increased from 0% to 11.8% and from 14.6% to 20.8%, respectively. MIC90s of UFX against these pathogens were also increased, but its MIC90 for E. coli was 2 to 4 times lower than that of levofloxacin. On the other hand, the susceptibility of strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae to UFX was increased. Among the fluoroquinolones tested, UFX showed the most potent activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and no changes in the MIC90s occurred during the surveillance. Although one strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in the third study period showed levofloxacin-resistance (MIC, 8 microg/mL), there were nearly no changes in the MIC90s of any agents tested including UFX against S. pneumoniae during the surveillance. As for other bacterial species, a tendency to increase in resistance to UFX was not observed. The activity of UFX against Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. was superior/equal to those of fluoroquinolones tested.     

Antibacterial activities of ofloxacin against recent isolates from patients with community-acquired infections

In order to survey antibacterial activities of ofloxacin (OFLX) against 1,440 bacterial strains isolated from patients with community-acquired infections in 1987 and 1990, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the drug as well as those of other new quinolones and oral cephems were determined. The following conclusions were reached. 1. Comparison of the MIC distribution for strains isolated in 1987 with those in 1990 suggested a tendency toward an increase in the frequency of OFLX-resistant isolates with the passage of time of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella ssp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia spp., and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Most common elevations of MIC values against these bacteria were observed in MIC80 and MIC90 values, while no significant alteration was observed in MIC50 values. However, MIC50's of OFLX against Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were relatively high for strains isolated in both 1987 and 1990. Most of the OFLX-resistant strains of S. aureus seemed to be methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Furthermore, MIC80 of OFLX against coagulase-negative staphylococci was high in strains isolated in both 1987 and 1990. 2. Susceptibility of Streptococcus spp. was evaluated only in strains isolated in 1990. The results were comparable to those reported by others in the early 1980s. 3. Bacteria which showed no or infrequent emergence of OFLX-resistant strains even in 1990 were Proteus mirabilis, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Campylobacter spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. 4. Recently isolated strains from patients with community-acquired infections showed a tendency toward an increase of the frequency of OFLX-resistant strains among many bacteria. However, the bacteria which contained high percentages of OFLX-resistant strains except for MRSA were so-called less-virulent bacteria, and in the other bacteria elevations of MIC values were only observed in MIC80 and MIC90. These results suggested that OFLX preserved a potent antibacterial activity against bacteria which were major causative pathogens in community-acquired infections.     

39株诺卡菌的临床疾病特点及药敏结果分析

目的 了解诺卡菌感染的临床疾病特点和菌株药敏结果,为诺卡菌感染的诊治提供参考。方法 回顾性分析2017—2020年山西省2家医院诺卡菌感染的临床疾病特点,利用质谱技术、16S rRNA和secA1基因测序对诺卡菌株进行菌种鉴定,通过微量肉汤稀释法进行药敏试验,按CLSI M62判读结果。结果 2家医院共分离39株诺卡菌,包括20株皮疽诺卡菌、8株盖尔森基兴诺卡菌、5株脓肿诺卡菌、3株豚鼠耳炎诺卡菌、1株巴西诺卡菌、1株北京诺卡菌和1株新诺卡菌;使用16S rRNA基因测序方法可将39株诺卡菌全部鉴定到种水平,利用质谱技术只能将1株北京诺卡菌鉴定到属水平,其余38株可鉴定到种水平;感染部位包括呼吸系统、中枢神经系统和皮肤,以肺部感染最多见,临床表现以发热、咳嗽、咳痰和气短为主;诺卡菌对阿米卡星、利奈唑胺和复方磺胺甲恶唑的敏感率为100%,对阿莫西林/克拉维酸、亚胺培南、莫西沙星和米诺环素的敏感率分别为66.7%、64.1%、61.6%和56.4%,对克拉霉素则全部耐药;其中,皮疽诺卡菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸和莫西沙星完全敏感,脓肿诺卡菌对阿莫西林/克拉维酸完全敏感,盖尔森基兴诺卡菌则对环丙...