Development of a preliminary diabetes dietary satisfaction and outcomes measure for patients with type 2 diabetes

Adopting dietary lifestyle changes for diabetes management is often difficult for patients; yet the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes of dietary management for the patient are not extensively developed in the HRQOL assessments now widely used in diabetes research. This study developed a preliminary instrument, the diabetes dietary satisfaction and outcomes measure, to assess outcomes of individuals' experiences in following a meal plan for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A theoretical framework and preliminary focus group data guided the design of a 47-item questionnaire, administered to 239 patients with type 2 diabetes. Medical file data was obtained on 180 of these patients. Fifty-four percent of respondents were women, with mean age of 64 +/- 12 years and diabetes duration of 10 +/- 8 years. Scores for the satisfaction and other outcome measures discriminated between patient groups by age, gender, medication use, depression diagnosis, meal plan status, and employment status. Significant correlations also occurred with diet adherence, number of co-morbidities, and glycemic control as measured by glycolated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Future research with additional patient samples is needed to refine the measure for use in diabetes education programs.     

Acceptability of the Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life-Direct Weight (SEIQoL-DW) in youth with type 1 diabetes

The purpose of this study was to assess the acceptability of the Schedule for the Evaluation of Individual Quality of Life-Direct Weight (SEIQoL-DW) in youth with diabetes. This measure asks respondents to assess the importance and satisfaction of domains that they nominate as being important to their own quality of life. Seventy-seven young people (age 8-17 years, M = 12.4) with type 1 diabetes were given the SEIQoL-DW. Data from 10 participants were deemed invalid due to respondents' inability to understand the task. Respondents whose data were deemed invalid were all under 12 years of age, M = 9.3. For participants with valid data, interviewers' ratings of participant boredom and fatigue were low. Time to complete the interview was reasonably short, M = 14.9 min. Of the 335 total QOL domains nominated by participants with valid data, only 19 domains (6%) were nominated with the assistance of a standard list. Forty-five participants nominated 'diabetes' as a life domain. Results indicate the SEIQoL-DW performed well with respondents over 12 years of age, is appropriate for samples with diabetes, and taps into diabetes-relevant domains. Further research with more diverse samples is needed before firm age cut-offs can be established for its use.     

Validation of the French version of the colorectal-specific quality-of-life questionnaires EORTC QLQ-CR38 and FACT-C

Background The aim of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the French version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment (EORTC) quality-of-life colorectal questionnaire (QLQ-CR38) and the functional assessment of cancer therapy-colorectal version 4 (FACT-C). Method This prospective study included 209 patients with colorectal cancer: 71 undergoing chemotherapy, 56 radiation, 15 surgery, and 67 survivors. Patients first completed in random order the FACT-C and the EORTC QLQ-CR38 and were asked if they had any preference for either questionnaire. The timing of administration of instruments differed according to patients’ treatment to better assess psychometric properties. Results The FACT-C showed good acceptability, good reproducibility and excellent internal consistency. The QLQ-CR38 had lower internal consistency. Patients did not express a preference for one survey over another. Conclusion This study confirms the value of the FACT-C and suggests some limits of the QLQ-CR38 for patients with colorectal cancer.     

Validation of the Chinese version of the diabetes impact measurement scales amongst people suffering from diabetes

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Chinese translation of the Diabetes Impact Measurement Scale (DIMS). Methods A total of 219 consecutive patients with type II diabetes mellitus, who had visited the diabetic clinics at the China Medical University Hospital completed a questionnaire. Clinical data were extracted from the participants’ medical records. Multiple regression analyses were used to estimate the differences in scores among type II diabetic patients in groups with different complications, glucose control statuses, and number of co-morbidities. Results The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for estimates of internal consistency testing ranged from 0.61 to 0.86. The Pearson’s correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability ranged from 0.55 to 0.92. Patients with complications had lower symptom scale score compared with those without complications (p < 0.05); patients with poor glucose control had lower well-being, social role fulfillment, and total scale scores than those with good glucose control (all p < 0.05); patients with more co-morbidities had lower scores on all scales compared with those with fewer co-morbidities, except on the social role fulfillment scale (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). These significant differences consistently supported the hypothesis that the scale truly measures health status and disease impact. Conclusions Our preliminary results confirm the validity of the DIMS instrument as a measure of health-related quality of life in adult type II diabetic patients. Future research will be needed to establish its responsiveness to important changes in health. This project was supported by a 2-year grant from the National Science Council, Taiwan, Republic of China.     

Translation,cultural adaptation,and initial reliability and multitrait testing of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life instrument for use in Japan

Background: The Kidney Disease Quality of Life instrument (KDQOL) consists of 79 items: 36 asking about health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in general (the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36) and 43 asking about QOL as it is affected by kidney disease and by dialysis. Aim: Translation, cultural adaptation and initial reliability and multitrait testing of the KDQOL for use in Japan. Methods: Translation and cultural adaptation began with two translations into Japanese, two backtranslations into English, and discussions among the translators, the project coordinators in Japan, and the developers of the original (US-English) version. Focus-group discussions and field testing were followed by analyses of test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and convergent and discriminant construct validity. Results: All eight of the SF-36 scales met the criterion for internal consistency (Cronbach's ranged from 0.73 to 0.92) and were reproducible (intraclass correlations between test and retest scores ranged from 0.60 to 0.82). Of the 10 kidney-disease-targeted scales, only two had coefficients of less than 0.70: sleep (0.61) and quality of social interaction (0.35). One item on the quality of social interaction scale had a very weak correlation with the remainder of that scale (r = 0.10). Eliminating that item from scoring increased the coefficient of the scale from 0.35 to 0.64. All three items on the quality of social interaction scale had very strong correlations with other scales. Conclusions: First, in Japanese patients receiving dialysis the SF-36 scales are internally consistent and their scores are reproducible. Second, with the possible exception of the quality of social interaction scale, the Japanese version of the KDQOL,can provide psychometrically sound kidney-disease-targeted data on quality of life in such patients.     

The EORTC breast cancer-specific quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-BR23): Translation and validation study of the Iranian version

The objective of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the Iranian version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Breast Cancer-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-BR23). The English-language version of the questionnaire was translated into Persian (Iranian language) and its final form was approved by the EORTC Study Group on Quality of Life and then it was used in this study. The questionnaire was administered at two points in time to a consecutive sample of 168 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and almost all of them (99%) found the questions easy to understand and acceptable. Cronbach's coefficient for multi-item scales (to test reliability) ranged from 0.63 to 0.95 at baseline and from 0.75 to 0.92 at follow-up administration of the questionnaire. Validity analysis was performed using known-groups' comparison analysis. The results showed that all functional and symptom scales discriminated between sub-groups of patients differing in clinical status as defined by their performance status and disease stage. In addition, all functional and symptoms scales detected change over time, as a function of changes in patients' performance status. In general, the findings of this study indicated that the Iranian version of the EORTC QLQ-BR23 is a reliable and valid supplementary measure of the quality of life in breast cancer patients and can be used in clinical trials and studies of outcome research in oncology.     

Measuring quality of life in children with inflammatory bowel disease: The Impact-II (NL)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic debilitating disorder. Measures of quality of life are only available for adult patient populations. We developed a new disease-specific health-related quality of life instrument in Dutch for pediatric patients with IBD, called Impact-II (NL). We translated and strongly modified the original (Canadian) Impact questionnaire. It comprises 35 items in six domains. Eighty-three children (66%rpar; completed the questionnaire, 39 children were assessed twice. Disease symptoms were recorded and disease course severity assessed through chart review. Summated disease activity scores and disease course severity scores were dichotomized into two categories. Reliability coefficients were good for five out of six domains (Cronbach's ranged from 0.57 to 0.86) and measures of test–retest stability in clinically stable patients were good for all domains (intra-class correlation coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.91). The instrument showed good discriminant validity between symptom groups and disease course severity on all domains. Convergent validity with a validated generic instrument [TNO-AZL Children's Quality of life questionnaire (Tacqol)] showed satisfactory coefficients. In conclusion, the developed questionnaire shows good psychometric properties. Test–retest stability and responsiveness to change should be further assessed in larger patient samples. Cross-cultural translation and validation procedures into other languages are being conducted to enable international use of Impact-II.     

Validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the disease-specific questionnaire MSQOL-54 in Serbian multiple sclerosis patients sample

The objective of this study was to translate the MSQOL-54 into Serbian, and investigate the validity of the translated and cross-culturally adapted inventory in Serbian MS patients. The questionnaire was validated in 200 consecutive MS patients seen between February and September 2005 at the Institute of Neurology, Clinical center of Serbia, in Belgrade. The translation followed an internationally accepted methodology. Associations between age, gender, education, marital and employment status, disease course, the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score, and the MSQOL-54 physical and mental health composite scores were determined. Patients’ participation in the assessment was satisfactory and all scales fulfilled the usual psychometric standards. Highly significant inverse relationship was found between both composite scores and clinical characteristics of the disease, the EDSS and the disease course. Additionally, both composite scores, correlated significantly with patients’ age, education and employment status. The Serbian-translated version of this questionnaire may be useful as clinical outcome measures in patients with MS.     

A new treatment satisfaction measure for asthmatics: A validation study

The Patient Satisfaction with Asthma Medication (PSAM) questionnaire was developed because no treatment satisfaction questionnaire could be identified that was comprehensive yet brief enough for use in clinical trials. Adult moderate asthmatics residing in Canada using an inhaled medication (either salmeterol, formoterol, or albuterol) self-administered the questionnaire, which also included the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ). A total of 53 asthmatics (70% female, 45% married, mean age: 47 years) completed the questionnaire. Using variable clustering, four PSAM scales were identified: Inhaler Properties, Comparison with Other Medications, Overall Perception of Medication, and Relief. Internal-consistency reliability provided evidence of reliability and lack of redundancy (Cronbach's Alpha: 0.82–0.88). Test-retest reliability was acceptable (ICC values at or near 0.70). As expected, interscale PSAM correlations were moderate to high; correlations between the PSAM and the AQLQ were low to moderate. To assess known groups validity, respondents were categorized by self-reported degree of asthma control: ‘very well controlled’ ‘somewhat controlled’, and ‘not well controlled’. Significant between-groups differences were found on all PSAM scales except Inhaler Properties. Patients categorized as ‘very well controlled’ tended to report highest PSAM scale scores. The PSAM questionnaire demonstrated reliability and validity in moderate asthmatics. Responsiveness should be assessed in future, prospective studies. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Validation of the HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (HIVTSQ)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapies need to be both effective and acceptable. The 10-item HIV Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (HIVTSQ) was validated amongst 150 HIV-1 sero-positive individuals, receiving one of two protease inhibitors as part of combined therapy in an open-label randomised trial. Scale and subscale scoring was determined psychometrically. It was hypothesised that satisfaction with control would be greater amongst those with lower viral loads, satisfaction with side-effects would be inversely related to severity of adverse events and satisfaction with the new treatment would be greater than with the control treatment. Principal components analyses suggested that patient ratings of nine items can be summed to compute the total satisfaction scale (Cronbach's α 0.82), and/or divided into subscales: general satisfaction/clinical (α 0.80) and lifestyle/ease (α 0.74). One item (asking how demanding the treatment was) needs modification before inclusion. The HIVTSQ showed construct validity: viral load correlated negatively (Spearman's r − 0.33 p < 0.01) with satisfaction with HIV control; those with <400 copies HIV-1 RNA/ml were more satisfied with HIV control than those with higher viral loads (Mann–Whitney p < 0.01); adverse event grade correlated r − 0.18 (p < 0.05) with satisfaction with side-effects. The HIVTSQ was sensitive to differences between groups: compared with patients in the control group, those receiving the new treatment had significantly higher perceived flexibility and lifestyle/ease scores at week 8 (Mann–Whitney p < 0.01). Patient perceptions did not simply mirror clinical measures, highlighting the importance of measuring patient views. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Translation and cultural adaptation of Health Utilities Index (HUI) Mark 2 (HUI2) and Mark 3 (HUI3) with application to survivors of childhood cancer in Brazil

Introduction: There are few publications reporting health-related quality of life (HRQL) in developing nations. Most instruments measuring HRQL have been developed in English-speaking countries. These instruments need to be culturally adapted for use in non-English-speaking countries. The HUI2 and HUI3 are generic, preference-based systems for describing health status and HRQL. Developed in Canada, the systems have been translated into more than a dozen languages and used worldwide in hundreds of studies of clinical and general populations. Methods: The Brazilian–Portuguese translation of the HUI systems was supervised by senior HUInc staff having experience with both the HUI systems and translations. The process included two independent forward translations of the multi-attribute health status classification systems and related questionnaires, consensus between translators on a forward translation, back-translation by two independent translators of the forward translation, and review of the back-translations by original developers of the HUI. The final questionnaires were tested by surveying a sample of convenience of 50 patients recruited at the Centro de Tratamento e Pesquisa–Hospital do Câncer in São Paulo, Brazil. Results: Fifty patients were enrolled in the study. No assessor, patient or nurse or physician, reported problems answering the HUI questionnaires. No significant differences were found in mean overall HUI2 or HUI3 utility scores among types of assessors. Variability in scores are similar to those from other studies in Latin America and Canada. Conclusion: Test results provide preliminary evidence that the Brazilian–Portuguese translation is acceptable, understandable, reliable and valid for assessing health-status and HRQL among survivors of cancer in childhood in Brazil.     

The Korean Version of the Multicultural Quality of Life Index (MQLI-Kr): Development and Validation

Our research team of multilingual and multicultural members designed comprehensive, yet efficient, culture-informed, and self-rated Multicultural Quality of Life Indexes for both English-speaking individuals and for growing immigrant groups in the United States. A Korean version of the Multicultural Quality of Life Index (MQLI-Kr) was developed as part of this multilingual project. The team tested the MQLI-Kr on 130 Koreans (100 psychiatric patients and 30 professionals). MQLI-Kr was quite efficient and easy to use. The internal consistency attained a Cronbach’s α of 0.97 for the combined sample. A factor analysis yielded one single factor, which accounted for 81.5% of the items’ variance. The test–retest reliability correlation coefficient of the MQLI-Kr was 0.85. Significant differences in the mean MQLI-Kr scores were observed between the patients’ group and the professionals’ group (p < 0.001). Thus the results of this study showed high feasibility, internal consistency, reliability, and discriminant validity for the MQLI-Kr.     

Validation of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Quality-of-Life Scale (AAQoL): A Disease-Specific Quality-of-Life Measure

Introduction: A growing body of evidence suggests that symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) persist into adulthood and are associated with ongoing impairment and co-morbidity. The absence of a conceptually sound and well-validated ADHD-specific quality-of-life measure has been an obstacle to understanding this impact. To address this gap, the Adult ADHD Quality-of-Life Scale (AAQoL) was developed based on well accepted methods for designing patient reported outcomes. The purpose of this study was to validate the AAQoL. Methods: Nine Hundred and Eighty Nine adults in a retrospective cohort study were administered the AAQoL and psychometric validation was conducted according to an a priori statistical analysis plan. Results: A 29-item AAQoL was found to have robust scale structure with four domains: Life Productivity, Psychological Health, Relationships and Life outlook. Internal consistency was adequate (0.93 for overall, 0.75–0.93 for subscales), and construct and known-groups validity were supported. Conclusion: The AAQoL appears to be a valid measure of quality of life for adults with ADHD and can be considered for incorporation into future studies. The ability to quantify the quality-of-life consequences of adult ADHD should facilitate future research, assist clinicians in identifying appropriate treatment targets and contribute to the ultimate goal of improving the well-being and functioning of adults with ADHD.     

The health-related quality-of-life impact of chronic conditions varied with age in general population

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the individual- and population-level impact of major chronic conditions on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) at different ages, to test whether the HRQoL impact of conditions varies with age, and to predict future changes of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) lost due to morbidity. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: HRQoL was measured using two preference-based instruments, the 15D and the EQ-5D, in a representative sample of 8,028 Finns. Information on chronic somatic conditions was obtained by interviews. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed using a structured interview (Munich version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview). RESULTS: The impact of chronic conditions on HRQoL increased fourfold when comparing people aged 30-44 years to people over 75 years. This was mostly due to increase in prevalence, but the severity of some conditions also varied with age. Musculoskeletal disorders had the largest and rather stable impact across ages on the population level. Psychiatric disorders placed the largest burden on HRQoL at 30-44 years, but their impact declined after 55 years. The aging of the Finnish population was predicted to increase annual QALYs lost due to morbidity by one quarter by year 2040. CONCLUSION: The impact of conditions on HRQoL varied with age for each condition.     

对老年糖尿病慢性并发症患者实施一体化管理的效果评价

目的 调查老年糖尿病慢性并发症患者的治疗现状,并评价对其实施一体化管理的效果,为促进一体化管理模式的完善和推广提供依据.方法 纳入老年糖尿病慢性并发症患者88例,按患者意愿,纳入传统的自我管理的46例患者作为对照组,纳入医院-社区-家庭一体化管理的42例患者作为一体化组.随访1年,所有患者随访前后均评估汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）、生存质量特异性量表（A-DQOL）,进行空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2 h PG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）的测定,并计算治疗2型糖尿病及其并发症的相关医疗费用.结果 两组管理前各项指标比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.一体化组管理后1年FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、月均低血糖次数、TC、TG、LDL-C、DBP、住院费用、直接医疗费用、HAMA评分、A-DQOL评分均较对照组明显降低[（7.36±1.21） mmol/L比（9.11±1.82） mmol/L、（9.01±2.14）mmol/L比（14.22±3.23）mmol/L、（7.26±1.19）％比（8.84±1.80）％、（0.84±1.08）次/月比（3.13±2.58）次/月、（4.37±0.48）mmol/L比（4.96±0.52） mmol/L、（1.44±0.29） mmol/L比（1.75±0.27） mmol/L、（2.38±0.38） mmol/L比（2.90±0.60） mmol/L、（80.37±10.42） mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）比（89.23±14.76） mmHg、（478.70±544.65）元比（977.85±585.35）元、（1 681.92±623.62）元比（1 950.43±563.36）元、（14.50±3.55）分比（17.23±4.28）分、（96.29±15.67）分比（107.90±15.31）分],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）,SBP、HAMD评分均较对照组降低[（130.66±12.52） mmHg比（138.87±16.41） mmHg、（18.55±4.16）分比（21.10±4.33）分],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,月均血糖监测次数较对照组明显增多[（30.55±16.98）次/月比（8.65±7.47）次/月],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 对老年糖尿病慢性并发症患者实施个体化治疗策略的一体化管理,可以改善患者的糖脂代谢紊乱,减少住院费用,并且能够改善患者焦虑、抑郁症状及生存质量.     

社区管理糖尿病患者生命质量及其影响因素分析

目的评价深圳市社区糖尿病管理病人的生命质量,探讨其影响因素。方法随机整群抽取深圳市社区糖尿病管理病人,对其基本情况、疾病情况、KAP情况、满意度和生命质量进行调查,对生命质量进行单因素和多因素分析。结果年龄、并发症数、服药依从性、管理时间和文化程度对患者的生命质量有影响。结论糖尿病管理工作的重点应是年龄高、并发症多者;其中KAP因素是可以改变的,以社区为基础的健康促进应该成为今后的社区糖尿病管理工作的重点。     

Cultural adaptation and application of the IBS–QOL in China: a disease-specific quality-of-life questionnaire

Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic and episodic illness characterized by altered bowel habits and associated abdominal pain. At present, IBS is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal and motility disorders affecting countries around the world. Surveys have found that patients with IBS have a significantly lower health-related quality of life. Objectives The aim of this study was to translate and examine the validity of the Irritable Bowel Syndrome–Quality of Life questionnaire (IBS–QOL) in patients suffering from IBS in China. Methods A structured procedure was used for the translation and cultural adaptation of the original English IBS–QOL into Chinese. The questionnaire was administered to 73 clinical patients with IBS and␣70 healthy individuals. Psychometric testing for reliability, validity and responsiveness followed standardized procedures. Test–retest reliability (10–20 hours) was assessed using the clinical patients. Follow-up (4 weeks) was collected for 61 clinical patients. All enrolled patients also completed the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) at the baseline visit. Responsiveness to treatment (Venlafaxine and traditional Chinese herbal medicine) was assessed by one-way ANOVA methods. Results The average length of time required to complete the questionnaire was short (5.63 min for IBS patients and 5.54 min for healthy subjects by self-administration). Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) values ranged from 0.722 to 0.914 for the Chinese IBS–QOL subscales and test–retest reliability coefficients were higher than 0.920 on all subscales. The convergent and discriminate validity results comparing the Chinese translation of the IBS–QOL overall score and the SF-36 subscales confirmed our predicted hypotheses. The Chinese IBS–QOL scores are more highly correlated with social functioning, vitality and general health (SF-36) and show weaker associations with physical functioning, role physical, mental health, and bodily pain (SF-36). The Chinese translation of the IBS–QOL was responsive to treatment. Conclusion In general, the Chinese translation of the IBS–QOL, after cultural adaptation and revision, possesses good reliability, validity and responsiveness. It is a reliable and valid instrument to assess the quality of life in Chinese patients suffering from IBS and is an appropriate measure to use in further clinical trials or for related research projects in China.     

糖尿病和糖耐量低减患者生命质量评价

目的 了解糖尿病和糖耐量低减患的生命质量,并探讨其影响因素。方法 采用SF-36量表评价：108例糖尿病、109例糖耐量低减和116例糖耐量正常的生命质量,并研究其影响因素。结果 糖尿病患中,自我确认健康感觉非常好或很好占12．04％,与同龄人比较,健康感觉好或较好占62．04％;糖耐量低减患中上述比例较高,分别为13．76％和69．72％;生命质量综合评分很好或好的比例在糖尿病患为72．23％,糖耐量低减患为83．49％。糖尿病患生命质量已普遍下降,生命质量各维度评分最低为情绪角色功能,最高为躯体功能,波动在58．33-87．38之间,其中躯体功能、躯体角色功能、总体健康、精力和综合评分显低于糖耐量正常,精力、心理健康和综合评分显低于糖耐量低减;糖耐量低减患生命质量各维度有不同程度的损害,但其生命质量评分与糖耐量正常无统计学差异。相关分析显示,年龄、职业、离退休、病程、糖尿病症状数、并发症数量、空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖水平对糖尿病患生命质量有影响。结论 提高糖尿病患的生命质量,应该从疾病早期开始。控制血糖稳定,重视患的心理治疗和采取有针对性的措施,可提高不同特征患的生命质量。     

健康教育对2型糖尿病患者代谢性指标控制和生命质量的影响

目的观察健康教育对2型糖尿病患者病情控制和生命质量的影响。方法对2型糖尿病患者进行健康教育3个月,并在此前后进行糖尿病控制状况量表(CSSD70)、糖尿病生命质量量表(A-DQOL)调查,并分别检测空腹血糖、餐后2小时血糖、糖化血红蛋白、尿微量白蛋白、血浆总胆固醇、甘油三酯及体重指数。结果健康教育3个月后,患者的糖尿病控制状况评价、生活质量评分及各项代谢指标均显著改善。结论健康教育对改善糖尿病患者的疾病控制、生命质量、糖代谢情况起着确切的积极作用。