北京市东城区一起GⅠ型诺如病毒感染暴发疫情的调查报告

目的 通过对某小学（以下称F小学）一起GⅠ型诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情进行调查和分析,为有效控制学校内发生的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情提供科学依据和经验借鉴。方法 采用现场流行病学调查方法,对F小学的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情中病例进行个案调查,采集病例和餐饮人员样本和环境样本,采用实时荧光PCR方法检测肠道病毒核酸。结果 2018年10月19 - 22日,F小学共报告急性胃肠炎病例145例,罹患率为21.77%。采集呕吐物及粪便标本29份,采集环境涂抹标本10份, 经检测9份粪便标本和2份涂抹标本为GⅠ型诺如病毒病毒核酸阳性。结论 此次疫情为一起由GⅠ型诺如病毒引起的小学生急性胃肠炎暴发疫情,餐饮人员隐性感染可能与本次疫情有关。     

北京市某住宿学校诺如病毒感染引起急性胃肠炎暴发疫情调查

目的通过调查处置一起诺如病毒引起的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情,分析引起暴发的危险因素,为有效地防控诺如病毒感染引起的急性胃肠炎疫情提供依据。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,收集学校基本情况和患儿相关资料,进行流行病学特征分析,采集病例、食堂工作人员和宿舍管理员的便标本进行实验室检测。结果此次疫情从2017年5月9日起至20日结束,历时12 d,共报告疑似病例86例,罹患率7.22%,病例集中于一、二年级。实验室检测结果显示17件病例粪便标本中16件检出诺如病毒GⅡ核酸阳性,阳性率94.12%。结论此次疫情为一起诺如病毒GⅡ型感染引起的急性胃肠炎暴发,传播途径是由于人与人之间的密切接触,病例在班级内呕吐可能是导致暴发的主要原因。     

一起幼托机构诺如病毒GⅡ型感染急性胃肠炎暴发调查

目的查明某幼托机构急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的致病因子、传播途径、危险因素,为制定幼托机构疾病防控措施提供科学依据。方法采用现场流行病学方法对某幼托机构急性胃肠炎暴发疫情进行回顾性调查,运用描述性流行病学方法进行分析,采集病例及相关人员肛拭样品进行诺如病毒核酸检测。结果本次疫情共有病例29例,主要分布在小(3)班,主要临床表现为呕吐、腹泻。9份患者标本有8份检测出诺如病毒GⅡ型阳性。结论本次疫情为一起GⅡ型诺如病毒引起的感染性腹泻暴发疫情,感染途径为接触传播和气溶胶传播。     

一起学校内诺如病毒GⅡ型急性胃肠炎暴发调查

目的调查一起学校内腹泻相关暴发疫情的病原和传播危险因素,为采取有效针对性防控措施提供依据。方法根据《诺如病毒急性胃肠炎的诊断治疗和疑似暴发疫情的判定》制定病例定义,并进行现场流行病学调查。采集疑似病例、食品相关标本进行PCR核酸检测。结果本次暴发疫情共发现疑似病例110例,罹患率为5.74%。发病以住宿学生为主,性别无统计学差异。病例集中于高二年级,其居住的宿舍无明显聚集性分布。现场采集标本检测结果显示为诺如病毒GⅡ核酸阳性。结论本次疫情为一起诺如病毒GⅡ型引起的急性胃肠炎暴发疫情。学校、托幼机构等集体单位诺如病毒感染性腹泻的防控工作需引起重视。     

一起厨工污染食物引起GⅡ.17型诺如病毒暴发疫情调查

目的调查珠海市某中学一起急性胃肠炎暴发疫情原因。方法开展病例搜索,用描述性流行病学和病例对照研究进行分析。采集样本用多重RT-PCR检测诺如病毒核酸、测定核苷酸序列。结果该校共发生诺如病毒感染性腹泻51例(学生49例、厨工2例),罹患率12.3%(51/416);主要症状为腹痛、恶心、呕吐、腹泻和发热,症状均较轻,呈自限性,病例无班级和宿舍聚集性,无重症病例;食堂就餐是危险因素(OR=8.46);39份标本(病例及厨工肛拭子、食堂食物留样、厨房自来水及学校直饮水)中,有31份检出诺如病毒核酸阳性(GⅡ.17基因型),证实疫情是由GⅡ.17诺如病毒引起急性胃肠炎暴发,污染食物是主要原因。结论冬春季是诺如病毒感染高发季节,学校是发生疫情的主要场所,污染食物是引起暴发的主要原因之一。应开展针对性健康教育,加强食堂监督管理,定期开展体检,杜绝从业人员带病上岗;疫情暴发流行期要加强外环境消毒,及时控制疫情。     

北京市一起来京游学团诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发疫情分析

目的对一起来京游学团急性胃肠炎事件进行调查,控制疫情蔓延。方法搜索2019年7月20-22日期间,某来京游学团中出现急性胃肠炎表现者,进行个案调查,采集病例标本进行实验室检测。结果此次疫情共搜索到28例疑似病例,罹患率为12. 9%(28/217),病例主要临床症状为呕吐(25/28)、腹泻(17/28)。1件呕吐物检出GⅠ型和GⅡ型诺如病毒核酸。9件便标本检出诺如病毒核酸(其中3件检出诺如病毒GⅡ型核酸,6件检出GⅠ型和GⅡ型核酸)。结论此次事件是GⅠ型和GⅡ型诺如病毒感染导致的急性胃肠炎暴发。     

广州市1起诺如病毒急性胃肠炎暴发的实验室检测

目的确定1起学校急性胃肠炎暴发原因。方法采集病例粪便标本,直饮水标本,采用实时荧光定量(Real-time)PCR和RT-PCR方法检测病毒核酸,阳性标本测序分析。结果 5份粪便标本中3份呈诺如病毒阳性,2份直饮水标本均呈诺如病毒阳性。3份病例粪便标本病毒株核苷酸序列一致,均为GⅡ-4型,提示病毒同源。结论对诺如病毒进行核酸检测,证实该疫情为一起诺如病毒GⅡ-4型引起的急性胃肠炎暴发。     

大连市首次在急性胃肠炎暴发疫情标本中检出GⅠ型诺如病毒

目的为确定引起大连市某幼儿园急性胃肠炎暴发疫情的病原体,对患儿粪便和呕吐物标本进行诺如病毒核酸检测。方法应用实时荧光RT-PCR法对12份标本进行GⅠ型和GⅡ型诺如病毒RNA检测。结果 12份患儿标本中,9份GⅠ型诺如病毒核酸阳性。结论首次在大连地区发现由GⅠ型诺如病毒引起的暴发疫情。     

一起中学诺如病毒感染暴发疫情

目的对1起中学诺如病毒聚集性胃肠炎进行流行病学分析,探讨病例定义方法,查找病原和传播因素,有效控制疫情蔓延。方法通过现场流行病学方法并开展病例对照调查了解发病状况和可疑的传播途径,采取病例肛拭子、饮水等进行PCR检测和常规致病菌检测。结果 2014-10-21/23该校出现急性胃肠炎学生病例42例,罹患率为2.1%,疫情历时3 d,分布在7个班级,男女比例1∶1.1,3例病例诺如病毒核酸检测GⅡ型阳性,20日晚餐为危险因素。结论该学校疫情为诺如病毒GⅡ型感染的暴发疫情,20日晚餐为可疑暴发因素;诺如病毒感染疫情不适用感染性腹泻进行定义;学校和托幼机构等人群聚集场所易暴发诺如病毒胃肠炎,采取病人隔离、规范饮食饮水、消毒等措施能有效控制疫情。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.