不锈钢微针经皮给药的研究

目的：将不锈钢微针阵列应用于经皮给药。考察离体大鼠皮肤经不同针形微针预处理相同时间、相同针形微针预处理不同时间后，模型药物鬼臼毒素经大鼠皮肤的透皮能力。方法：微针预处理大鼠皮肤后，用改进的Franz扩散池研究鬼臼毒素对皮肤的透皮速率。高效液相色谱法测定鬼臼毒素的含量。结果：皮肤经微针预处理后进行鬼臼毒素透皮，其透皮速率比未经微针处理时有明显提高。三角形微针、梯形微针、矛形微针对鬼臼毒素的促渗能力依次增强；三者所引起的鬼臼毒素在皮肤中的滞留量有显著差异。同种针形微针预处理皮肤时间越长，鬼臼毒素的透皮速率越大；但微针预处理时间对皮肤中的药物滞留量无显著影响。结论：微针用于药物经皮给药时，微针针形、微针的预处理时间对药物的经皮渗透具有重要影响。     

微针经皮给药应用的新进展

微针有助于改善患者的用药依从性,提高药物的生物利用度.近年来,微针在疫苗接种、蛋白质和多肽给药、DNA给药、皮肤美容、眼科用药、局部麻醉、微量取样等领域均有应用.微针在胰岛素给药和局部麻醉中的研究已进入临床试验阶段,在皮肤美容、疫苗接种和蛋白质给药方面已有上市产品.     

中药经皮给药促渗作用的研究概况

对促进中药经皮吸收的药剂学方法,即促进剂促渗和剂型因素对中药经皮给药促渗作用的研究概况进行综述。初步分析与探讨中药经皮给药研究中存在的问题与发展方向,为深入研究中药经皮给药制剂提供参考依据。     

促渗剂对苯妥英钠体外经皮渗透的影响

目的:考察5种促渗剂在不同浓度下对苯妥英钠体外经皮渗透的影响。方法:用改良的Franz卧式扩散池,在离体透皮试验装置上,以0·9%的生理盐水作为接收液,用高效液相色谱法测定接收液中苯妥英钠的含量并计算经皮累积透过量和稳态渗透速率,观察苯妥英钠经不同促渗剂(3%、5%、10%油醇,3%、5%、8%薄荷醇,0·5%、1%、3%桉油,1%、3%、5%氮酮,3%、5%、8%N-甲基吡咯烷酮)处理过的小鼠腹部皮肤的渗透性。结果:5种促渗剂对苯妥英钠经皮吸收均有促渗作用,并且具有浓度依赖性。不同透皮促渗剂在最佳浓度时促渗作用的大小顺序为:5%N-甲基吡咯烷酮<5%油醇<5%薄荷醇<1%桉油<3%氮酮。结论:1%桉油和3%氮酮对苯妥英钠的促渗作用相似,但是氮酮使苯妥英钠的滞后时间延长,并且用量较大,因此桉油对苯妥英钠的促渗效果最好。     

微针经皮给药系统应用于皮肤肿瘤治疗的研究进展

经皮给药系统（TDDS）作为一种经表皮给药途径递药,近年来受到广泛关注。然而,皮肤的主要屏障角质层极大地限制了大部分药物的药效。微针（MNs）可穿透角质层,为药物经皮渗透创造瞬时微通道,从而递送药物至真皮层或皮下。同时MNs给药微创、操作简单、无痛且药物可控释放,因此在皮肤局部或全身给药具有广阔的应用前景。综述MNs的制备、分类及其应用于皮肤肿瘤治疗的最新研究进展,探讨MNs在生物医药研究领域的发展前景,为MNs经皮给药系统应用于临床提供参考。     

经皮给药系统促渗方法研究的新进展

促渗方法的发展对于经皮给药的研究意义重大。笔者从化学促渗技术，包括化学促渗剂、前体药物、传递体、含醇脂质体、非离子表面活性剂脂质体和微乳；以及物理促渗技术，包括离子导入、电致孔、超声波促渗、微针、照相波、热致孔和磁场导入等诸多方面综述了近年来经皮给药促渗方法研究的新进展。     

不同密度滚轮微针对曲安奈德的透皮促渗作用

目的探讨不同密度滚轮微针对曲安奈德经皮渗透的影响。方法采用改良Franz扩散池法考察体外经皮渗透特性,以离体裸鼠皮肤为屏障,对照组、192针、540针滚轮微针处理组分别于2、4、6、8、10、12h取接收液0．2ml,用HPLC法测定曲安奈德含量,计算累积渗透量,并测定皮肤内曲安奈德滞留量。采用测定血药浓度法考察在体吸收特性,在体给药2h后HPLC法测定各组皮肤及血浆中曲安奈德的含量。结果两种密度滚轮微针对曲安奈德均有不同程度的促透作用。离体透皮实验结果显示,192针微针处理组和540针微针处理组的累积渗透量Q分别是对照组的1．3倍和2．2倍,相应的皮肤内滞留量也分别是对照组的1．9倍和2．8倍。在体实验结果显示,192针微针和540针微针组的皮肤滞留量是对照组的2．1和2．3倍,同时也将血药浓度提高了1．3倍和1．4倍。结论结论两种不同密度滚轮微针均能有效提高曲安奈德的经皮渗透量,提高皮肤内药物含量,同时也导致血药浓度的增加,且不同密度微针的促透作用有所不同。     

微针疫苗接种后的早期免疫应答分析

疫苗接种仍是预防流感的最好方法;但是,有许多人不愿意接种。据报道,20％的成年人不喜欢注射。     

无痛微针透皮贴片对局部应用利多卡因的促渗作用

目的评价NS-TP-5B型无痛微针透皮贴片对局部应用利多卡因的透皮促渗效果及安全性.方法入选30名健康志愿者,采用随机、双盲、自身对照试验设计.每名志愿者左右臂随机分为试验组和对照组,分别采用无痛微针透皮贴片和模拟贴片处理,测定局部应用2%利多卡因注射液前后的疼痛评分.结果试验组20 min测定的疼痛评分与基线相比下降,且具有统计学意义(4.7±1.5 vs 6.1±1.5,P＜0.001).对照组20 min结果与基线相比无显著差异.结论无痛微针透皮贴片对局部应用利多卡因具有一定的透皮促渗作用.     

自溶性微针的制备及其对盐酸青藤碱凝胶透皮性能的影响

目的：优选出自溶性微针的处方工艺,并考察所制备的微针对盐酸青藤碱凝胶透皮性能的影响。方法采用浇注法制备自溶性微针,穿刺试验考察其机械性能,并采用改良Franz扩散池考察自溶性微针预处理皮肤,对盐酸青藤碱凝胶透皮性能的影响。结果采用浇注法制备自溶性微针,其最佳处方为：基质材料硫酸软骨素和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）按照1∶1的比例混合,加入重量比60％的水;所制得的微针针形完整、机械强度良好,能够很好的穿刺铝箔和大鼠皮肤;体外透皮实验显示,自溶性微针使得盐酸青藤碱凝胶的累积渗透量增加了3．62倍。结论优选的自溶性微针的处方与制备工艺简单、可行,可显著提高盐酸青藤碱凝胶的透皮性能,为载药微针的进一步研究提供参考依据。     

渗透促进剂对莫达芬尼透皮作用的影响

目的：研究10种渗透促进剂对莫达芬尼透皮吸收的影响。方法：采用改良的Franz扩散池，以40％PEG-400生理盐水溶液为接受介质，以大鼠离体腹部皮肤为透皮屏障，计算不同单元渗透促进剂作用下莫达芬尼累积渗透量Q、稳态流量Js及相关参数。结果：不同促渗剂对莫达芬尼有不同程度的促渗作用，氮酮、丁香油、月桂酸、薄荷醇对莫达芬尼促透作用比较显著，其增渗倍数分别是空白对照组的17．3850，16．3303，9．3297，8．7037倍。结论：此研究为莫达芬尼透皮吸收制剂处方的设计提供依据。     

促透剂对血竭素透皮影响的研究

目的：研究几种常用的促透剂对血竭素体外经皮透过的影响，优化健骨膏的处方。方法：采用Franz扩散池，HPLC测定血竭紊的浓度，考察促透剂对血竭素透过离体SD大鼠腹部皮肤的影响。结果：不同促透剂的促透效果依次为：月桂氮革酮〉丙二醇〉松节油〉油酸〉薄荷醇，月桂氮革酮不同浓度的促透效果依次为：2％〉1％〉0.5％〉3％。结论：选择2％氮酮为健骨膏的促透剂时，透皮效果较好。     

微针在经皮给药领域的研究

目的:阐述微针在经皮给药领域的研究。方法:简述并分析微针的特点、研究应用、存在的问题以及今后研究的重点。结果:作为一种新型的经皮给药技术,微针可能成为一种较为理想的经皮给药载体。结论:随着研究成果逐渐走入市场,微针将会带来良好的社会效益和经济效益。     

Vaccine delivery carriers: Insights and future perspectives

Vaccination is undoubtedly the most effective health intervention for disease prevention and eradication. Nevertheless, currently there is still a need for improving immunization coverage worldwide. A promising strategy to achieve this goal nowadays relies on the use of delivery carriers capable of inducing an effective immune response and providing improved stability, safety and cost effectiveness. This article focuses on analyzing the critical aspects in the design of these carriers, and reviewing the state of the art of currently marketed formulations and those in advanced clinical development. These vaccine delivery carriers include emulsions, liposomes and polymeric particulate carriers. Finally, particular attention is given to the evolution in the design of polymeric nanocarriers, which have been receiving increasing attention and hold promise to generate novel platforms for needle-free administration and single-dose vaccination.     

促渗剂对复方黄芩巴布剂透皮吸收的影响

目的:研究不同促渗剂对复方黄芩巴布剂透皮吸收的影响。方法:在离体透皮实验装置上,以生理盐水为接受液,通过高效液相色谱法测定释放液中黄芩苷的含量以确定最佳促渗剂配比。结果:几种促渗剂对复方黄芩巴布剂均有促渗作用;采用混合透皮促进剂促渗作用较强,其中以油酸∶丙二醇∶氮酮=2∶2∶1为最强。结论:采用混合促渗剂对复方黄芩巴布剂中黄芩苷的经皮渗透有较好的促进作用。     

Microneedle-assisted delivery of verapamil hydrochloride and amlodipine besylate

The aim of this project was to study the effect of stainless steel solid microneedles and microneedle rollers on percutaneous penetration of verapamil hydrochloride and amlodipine besylate.Verapamil, 2-(3,4-dimethooxyphenyl)-5-[2-(3,4 dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-methyl-amino]-2-propan-2-yl-pentanenitrile is a calcium channel blocker agent that regulates high blood pressure by decreasing myocardial contractilty, heart rate and impulse conduction. Amlodipine, (R, S)-2-[(2-aminoethoxy) methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine, is a calcium channel blocker that is used for the management of hypertension and ischemic heart disease. Passive penetration of verapamil and amlodipine across the skin is low. In vitro studies were performed with microneedle-treated porcine ear skin using vertical static Franz diffusion cells (PermeGear, Hellertown, PA, USA). The receiver chamber contained 5 ml of PBS (pH7.4) and was constantly maintained at 37 °C temperature with a water circulation jacket. The diffusion area of the skin was 1.77 cm². The donor compartment was loaded with 1 ml of the solution containing 2.5 mg/ml of amlodipine besylate. The donor chamber was covered with parafilm to avoid evaporation. Passive diffusion across untreated porcine skin served as control. Aliquots were taken every 2 h for 12 h and analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Transcutaneous flux of verapamil increased significantly from 8.75 μg/cm²/h to 49.96 μg/cm²/h across microneedle-roller treated porcine skin. Percutaneous flux of amlodipine besylate following the use of stainless steel microneedles was 22.39 μg/cm²/h. Passive flux for the drug was 1.57 μg/cm²/h. This enhancement of amlodipine flux was statistically significant. Transdermal flux of amlodipine with microneedle roller was 1.05 μg/cm²/h in comparison with passive diffusion flux of 0.19 μg/cm²/h. The difference in flux values was also statistically significant. Stainless steel solid microneedles and microneedle rollers increased percutaneous penetration of verapamil hydrochloride and amlodipine besylate. It may be feasible to develop transdermal microneedle patches for these drugs.     

3-methylcholanthrene induces differential inhibition of humoral and cell mediated immune responses in mice of different ages

C57B1/6 mice aged 2–3 and 13–14 months were treated i.p. with 3-methylcholanthrene. A single dose of 25 mg/kg reduced primary antibody production to the T-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells by 20% in mice aged 2–3 months and by 90% in 13–14-month-old animals. The same treatment did not reduce antibody production to the T-independent antigen pneumococcal polysaccharide type IlI in young mice, but reduced this response by 50% in 13–14-month-old animals. Blastogenesis to concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin and alloantigens, that is mediated by T lymphocytes, was consistently reduced in young animals but only marginally affected, when at all, in 13–14-month-old mice. Blastogenesis to lipolpolysaccharide, mediated by B lymphocytes, was reduced in mice of both ages, though in older mice it was affected later than in younger animals. Addition of 3-methylcholanthrene in vitro increased T lymphocyte responses equally in mice of both ages and did not modify B lymphocyte proliferation. Results presented here show that older mice are not necessarily more susceptible to all types of immunosuppression induced by a xenobiotic like 3-methylcholanthrene and that the sensitivity of the different facets of the immune response can change with aging.     

Effects of chronic dextromethorphan administration on the cellular immune responses in mice

We examined the chronic effect of dextromethorphan (DM) on the cellular immune responses in mice. T cell stimulator, phytohemagglutinin did not show significant effect on lymphocyte proliferation. Costimulator of T and B cell, pokeweed mitogen, and B cell stimulator, lipopolysaccharide exhibited DM-induced decreased lymphocyte proliferation. Significantly suppressed natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity was evidenced following 6 months DM exposure. These results suggest that chronic DM administration perturb B cell functioning and NK cell cytotoxicity. In addition, prenatal DM exposure did not potentiate the immunomodulation in postnatal effect induced by chronic DM.     

复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂离体皮肤透皮吸收研究

目的：考察复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂的透皮吸收能力。方法：采用改良型Franz扩散池（垂直式），吸收液为pH7.4的磷酸盐缓冲液，用HPLC法同时测定左氧氟沙星、更昔洛韦的透皮浓度，计算其累积透皮量、累积透皮率和单位面积平均透皮率。结果：左氧氟沙星和更昔洛韦透过速度分别为8．738和2．161μg·cm^-2·h^-1，其透皮吸收行为符合Fick’S第一定律。结论：复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂有较好的透皮吸收能力。     

Transdermal delivery of levosimendan

The aim of this study was to determine if transdermal penetration of levosimendan, a novel positive inotropic drug, could be enhanced and controlled by formulation modifications. Penetration of levosimendan across human epidermis in vitro was determined using abdominal excised skin and diffusion cells. Predicted steady-state plasma concentrations of levosimendan were estimated using permeabilities and pharmacokinetic parameters of levosimendan. For penetration enhancement we used different pH values, co-solvents, cyclodextrins, surfactants, penetration enhancers, liposomes, and iontophoresis. Sodium lauryl sulfate, ethanol, oleic acid, and soya phosphatidylcholine or their combinations clearly increased levosimendan permeation across the skin in vitro. Iontophoresis was also an efficient method to increase transdermal permeation of levosimendan. A hydrophilic co-solvent/penetration enhancer is needed to achieve better permeability of levosimendan across the skin. In conclusion, transdermal delivery of levosimendan can be significantly increased by formulation modification. Based on kinetic calculations, therapeutic plasma concentrations may be achievable transdermally.