珠子参叶的皂苷成分研究

目的对珠子参叶的皂苷成分进行研究。方法采用硅胶柱色谱、SephadexLH-20凝胶色谱、ODS C18柱色谱、半制备型高效液相色谱等分离方法进行纯化,根据理化性质和波谱分析鉴定化合物的结构。结果分离并鉴定了6个化合物,分别为：20（22）E,24-达玛二烯-3β,6α,12β-三醇（Ⅰ）、人参皂苷Rd（Ⅱ）、人参皂苷Rb1（Ⅲ）、人参皂苷Rb2（Ⅳ）、人参皂苷Rb3（Ⅴ）和人参皂苷Rc（Ⅵ）。结论化合物Ⅰ和Ⅳ为首次从珠子参中分离得到。     

楤木化学成分的研究

目的 研究楤木的化学成分.方法 采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20、ODS柱层析、半制备型高效液相色谱等分离方法进行分离纯化,经理化性质和波谱数据分析鉴定化合物结构.结果 分离鉴定了4个三萜皂苷类化合物,分别鉴定为elatoside K methyl ester(Ⅰ)、araloside Amethyl ester(Ⅱ)、pseudoginsenoside RTl butyl ester (Ⅲ)和太白楤木皂苷Ⅰ(Ⅳ).结论 化合物Ⅰ为新化合物,化合物Ⅱ～Ⅳ均为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

人参叶中的微量新皂甙

前报,从人参Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer叶中得到十二种人参皂甙,其中两种微量新皂甙分别为20(R)-人参皂甙-Rh_2,人参皂甙-Rh_。本文继续报道两个微量成分的分离和鉴定。20(R)-原人参二醇(Ⅰ),甲醇重结晶得无色针晶,mp243～245℃。Liebermann—     

炙甘草汤的化学成分研究

目的：对炙甘草汤中的化学成分进行系统研究。方法：利用硅胶柱色谱柱层析和重结晶等方法分离纯化,依据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化学结构。结果：从炙甘草汤的乙酸乙酯部位得到甘草素（Ⅰ）、异甘草素（Ⅱ）、芒柄花素（Ⅲ）、白桦脂酸（Ⅳ）、香草酸（Ⅴ）,正丁醇部位得到20（R）-人参皂苷Rg3（Ⅵ）。结论：以上化合物均为首次从炙甘草汤中分得,其中化合物Ⅰ～Ⅲ来源于甘草;化合物Ⅳ来源于大枣;化合物Ⅵ来源于人参,化合物Ⅴ未见从复方单味药中分离的报道。     

“太白七药”珠子参化学成分及抗肿瘤活性研究

目的对珠子参中的化学成分进行深入研究,将所得的化合物进行抗肿瘤活性筛选,为揭示其抗肿瘤药理活性及作用机制奠定基础。方法本研究采用D-101大孔树脂、正相硅胶柱层析、反相ODS、Sephadex LH-20、RP-HPLC制备柱色谱法和重结晶等方法,从珠子参的60%乙醇提取物中分离得到7个化合物,通过MS和NMR等方法,鉴定其结构。结果这7个单体的结构分别为三七皂苷R2(notoginsenoside R2)(1)、人参皂苷Rf(ginsenoside Rf)(2)、金盏花苷E(calenduloside E)(3)、太白楤木皂苷Ⅳ(taibaienosideⅣ)(4)、太白楤木皂苷Ⅰ(taibaienosideⅠ)(5)、齐墩果酸(oleanicacid)(6)、人参皂苷Ro(ginsenoside Ro)(7)。除化合物6之外,其余化合物采用MTT法研究其对人源肝癌HepG2细胞株、人源肺癌A549细胞株及人源宫颈癌Hela细胞株的体外抗肿瘤活性。结论化合物3、4和5为首次从该种植物中分离得到。化合物3、4、5对HepG2、Hela及A549细胞的增殖均有显著的抑制作用,而化合物1、2、7均无明显抑制作用。     

盾叶薯蓣难溶性甾体皂苷的提取及其抑制人肝癌细胞HepG2增殖的研究

目的 研究盾叶薯蓣水难溶性提取物的化学成分及对人肝癌细胞HepG2生长的抑制作用.方法 采用正、反相硅胶柱色谱方法分离纯化水难溶性提取物的单体化合物,并通过波谱学方法鉴定其结构;采用MTT法评价其体外抑制人肝癌细胞的增殖作用.结果 采用化学方法分离并鉴定了5个化合物,分别是薯蓣皂苷元(Ⅰ)、延令草皂苷(Ⅱ)、薯蓣皂苷元纤维二糖苷(Ⅲ)、三角叶皂苷(Ⅳ)和盾叶皂苷Ⅰ(Ⅴ);5个化合物对人肝癌细胞的增值具有明显的抑制作用,其中化合物V对人肝癌细胞HepG2的生长抑制作用最强.结论 盾叶皂苷Ⅰ具有明显的抗癌活性.     

人体肠内厌氧细菌对人参皂苷-Re的代谢(摘要)

本文利用人体肠内厌氧细菌 ,在中国国内首次对人参中主要单体皂苷———人参皂苷 -Ｒｅ的化学成分进行了生物修饰的研究。作者从人参皂苷 -Ｒｅ的人体肠内厌氧细菌培育物中分离得到了七个单体化合物 ,即人参皂苷 -Ｒｅ人体肠内厌氧细菌代谢产物ＭＣ -Ⅰ、ＭＣ -Ⅱ、ＭＣ -Ⅲ、ＭＣ -Ⅳ、ＭＣ -Ⅴ、ＭＣ -Ⅵ和ＭＣ -Ⅶ。这些化合物中 ,除ＭＣ -Ⅶ为代谢底物外 ,其余均为人体肠内厌氧细菌的次生代谢产物 ,其中的ＭＣ -Ⅱ、ＭＣ -Ⅳ和ＭＣ -Ⅴ为国内外首次从人参皂苷 -Ｒｅ的肠内细菌培养中分离得到的单体化合物。作者应用ＦＴ -ＩＲ (ＫＢｒ)…     

桔梗中三萜皂苷的分离与结构鉴定

目的分离、鉴定桔梗[Platycodon grandiflorum(Jacq.)A.DC.]根中的皂苷类化学成分.方法采用乙醇提取、乙酸乙酯萃取、大孔树脂柱色谱、硅胶柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法进行分离,得到5个化学成分,通过IR、MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR等光谱法分析,鉴定化合物的结构.结果分离鉴定了5个三萜皂苷类化合物,它们分别为:deapio platycodin D(Ⅰ)、deapio platycodin D3(Ⅱ)、platycoside A (Ⅲ) 、platycoside F(Ⅳ)以及3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin(Ⅴ).结论化合物Ⅰ～Ⅴ均为已知化合物,化合物Ⅴ是首次从该植物中分得的天然产物,也是首次从桔梗中分离得到的单糖链糖苷.     

蒙古黄芪化学成分研究

目的 研究豆科黄芪属植物蒙古黄芪的化学成分及结构.方法 用硅胶柱和C18反相柱,重结晶等方法分离,并通过理化性质和核磁共振等方法确定化合物的结构.结果 从蒙古黄芪根中分到7个化合物,分别鉴定为,Nepehinone(Ⅰ)、黄芪皂苷Ⅱ(Ⅱ)、黄芪皂苷甲(Ⅲ)、异黄芪皂苷(Ⅳ)、(6aR,11aR)-9,10-二甲氧基紫檀烷葡萄糖苷(Ⅴ)、2'-羟基-3',4'-二甲氧基-异黄烷葡萄糖苷(Ⅵ)、芒柄花素(Ⅶ).结论 化合Ⅰ为首次从黄芪属植物中分离得到.     

维药睡莲花中的黄酮醇苷类成分分析

目的 对维药睡莲花的黄酮醇苷类成分进行研究.方法采用硅胶、聚酰胺和Sephadex LH-20柱进行分离,利用理化性质和波谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构.结果分得六个黄酮醇苷类化合物,分别为黄芪苷(Ⅰ)、槲皮素3-O-甲基-3'-D-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(Ⅱ)、槲皮素3'-O-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(Ⅲ)、异槲皮苷(Ⅳ)、山萘酚3-O-β-D-芸香糖苷(Ⅴ)、芦丁(Ⅵ).结论 化合物Ⅰ、Ⅳ、Ⅵ为首次从该植物中分离得到,其中化合物Ⅳ为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

Induction of apoptosis by ginsenoside Rk1 in SK-MEL-2-human melanoma

Ginsenosides are active compounds isolated from Panax ginseng Meyer. Among these ginsenosides, less polar ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3 and ginsenoside Rh2 have been demonstrated to have tumor inhibitory effects because of their cytotoxicity. In this study, we evaluated the apoptotic effects of ginsenoside Rk1 in SK-MEL-2 human melanoma. Ginsenoside Rk1 isolated from red ginseng is one of the novel ginsenosides that shows strong cytotoxicity compared to ginsenoside Rg3 in dose- and time-dependent manners. The results of DNA fragmentation, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole staining, and flow cytometric analysis are corroborated that ginsenoside Rk1 induced apoptosis in SK-MEL-2 cells. Western blot analysis revealed up-regulation of Fas, FasL, and Bax protein expression and down-regulation of procaspase-8, procaspase-3, mutant p53 and Bcl-2 protein expression. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rk1 might be a promising compound to induce apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in SK-MEL-2 cells.     

Simultaneous quantification of 14 ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng) by HPLC-ELSD and its application to quality control

A new method of high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) was developed for the simultaneous quantification of 14 major ginsenosides, which are the marker compounds of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Korean red ginseng). Various types of ginseng samples were extracted, and the amounts of the 14 ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rf, Rh1, Rg2, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, Rb3, Rd, Rg3, Rk1, Rg5, and Rh2) were determined by reverse-phase HPLC-ELSD using digoxin as an internal standard. The mobile phase consisted of a programmed gradient of aqueous acetonitrile. Calibration curves for each ginsenoside were determined for the quantification. The method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. This quantification method was applied to several finished ginseng products including white ginseng, red ginseng powder, and red ginseng concentrate. The amounts of the 14 ginsenosides in the various ginseng samples could be analyzed simultaneously. This validated HPLC method is expected to provide a new basis for the quality assessment of ginseng products.     

Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides on the elevated plus-maze model in mice

In a previous study, we reported that ginseng extract has anxiolytic-like effects in the elevated plus-maze model and that the ginseng saponin fraction plays an important role. This experiment was performed to investigate the anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Rg3-R, and Rg3-S, and the Rg5 and Rk mixture isolated from the ginseng saponin fraction in the elevated plus-maze. Furthermore, the anxiolytic-effects of Rb1, Rg1, Rg3-R, Rg3-S, and the Rg5 and Rk mixture were compared with those of a well-known active anxiolytic drug (diazepam). The oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased the number of open arm entries and the time spent on the open arm compared with those in the vehicle-treated group. Ginsenoside Rg1 and the Rg5 and Rk mixture also significantly increased the number of open arm entries and the time spent on the open arm. However, ginsenosides Rg3-R and Rg3-S did not increase the number of open arm entries or the time spent on the open arm. On the other hand, ginsenoside Rb1 and the Rg5 and Rk mixture decreased locomotor activity in a manner similar to diazepam. These data indicate that ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and the Rg5 and Rk mixture have anxiolytic-like effects, but ginsenosides Rg3-R and Rg3-S do not in this model. We provide evidence that some ginsenosides may be useful for the treatment of anxiety.     

Anti-complementary ginsenosides isolated from processed ginseng

As part of an ongoing search for immunomodulatory components aimed at the anti-complementary effect, ginsenosides isolated from processed ginseng were found to have inhibitory activity on complement activation through classical pathways. Activity-guided fractionation was used to isolate four ginsenosides, namely ginsenoside Rg?, F?, Rk?, and Rh?. Ginsenoside Rk? and Rh? had a 3 fold higher inhibition activity than rosmarinic acid which was used as a positive control while ginsenoside Rg? and F? showed only mild effects similar to that of the positive control. The results suggest that the activity of the corresponding ginsenosides may be increased by the glycosyl moiety at the C? position rather than the double bond conformation at C??, and ginsenoside Rk? and Rh? could have a role in treating inflammatory diseases.     

Effects of various ginseng saponins on 5-hydroxytryptamine release and aggregation in human platelets

The effects of various ginseng saponins isolated from red ginseng roots, on aggregation and 5-hydroxytryptamine release (5-HT) human platelets have been investigated. Among the six saponins tested, only ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited adrenaline- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and 5-HT release dose-dependently, at concentrations of 5 to 500 micrograms ML-1. Ginsenoside Rg1 had no effect on adrenaline- and thrombin-induced arachidonic acid release and diacylglycerol production. But it did reduce the elevation of cytosolic free calcium concentration (Ca2+)i shown in the second phase induced by adrenaline and thrombin, at concentrations of 10 to 500 micrograms mL-1. Those data suggest that the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on 5-HT release from, and aggregation of, platelets might be due to the reduction of (Ca2+)i elevation at the second phase induced by adrenaline and thrombin. The results suggest that ginsenoside Rg1 in red ginseng roots may be active as a drug in the treatment of artheroscleorosis and thrombosis.     

Three new dammarane-type triterpene saponins from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

Three new dammarane-type triterpene ginsenosides, together with six known ginsenosides, were isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. The new saponins were named as ginsenoside Rh??, ginsenoside Rh??, and ginsenoside Rh??. Their structures were elucidated as (20S)-3β,6α,12β,20-tetrahydroxydammara-25-ene-24-one 20-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (1), (20S)-3β,12β,20,24,25-pentahydroxydammarane 20-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (2), and (20S,23E)-3β,12β,20,25-tetrahydroxydammara-23-ene 20-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3) on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments and mass spectra. The known ginsenosides were identified as ginsenoside M(?cd), ginsenoside Rg?, ginsenoside Rb?, gypenoside XVII, gypenoside IX, and 20-(E)-ginsenoside F?.     

Three new dammarane glycosides from heat processed ginseng

Three new dammarane glycosides were isolated from the processed ginseng (SG; Sun Ginseng). Their structure were determined to be 3beta,12beta-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside; 3beta,12beta-dihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-3-O-beta-D- glucopyranoside and 3beta,6alpha,12beta-trihydroxydammar-20(21),24-diene-6-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside based on spectroscopic evidences. The compounds were named as ginsenoside Rk1, Rk2, and Rk3 respectively.     

仿生化提取人参皂苷类成分的初步研究

目的:对人参中的皂苷类成分进行仿生化提取。方法:以人参超微粉为原料,分别以仿生溶媒和水作为提取溶剂提取人参皂苷类成分。采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定人参总皂苷的含量;高效液相色谱法测定人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re含量之和,并分析色谱图特征;以成分的提取率为指标比较仿生化和水提取法的优劣。结果:仿生化提取人参总皂苷的提取率为61.31%,人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的总提取率为62.63%;水提取人参总皂苷的提取率为54.26%,人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的总提取率为43.09%。结论:仿生化提取法对人参总皂苷、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Re的提取效率高于水提取法,且仿生化提取物色谱图中显示有新成分产生。     

Ginseng and ginsenoside Rg3, a newly identified active ingredient of ginseng, modulate Ca2+ channel currents in rat sensory neurons

There is increasing evidence that ginseng influences pain modulation. In spite of extensive behavior studies, the detailed mechanism of ginseng actions at the cellular level and the identity of the active substance have not been elucidated yet. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were used to examine the modulation of high-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel currents by ginseng total saponins and its various individual ginsenosides in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Application of ginseng total saponins suppressed Ca2+ channel currents in a dose-dependent manner. Occlusion experiments using selective blockers revealed that ginseng total saponins could modulate L-, N-, and P-type currents. The co-application of ginseng total saponins and the gamma-opioid receptor agonist, D-Ala(2), N-MePhe(4), Gly(5)-ol-enkephalin (DAMGO), produced non-additive effects in most cells tested and each effect was significantly relieved by a depolarizing prepulse. Overnight treatment of cells with pertussis toxin profoundly reduced the inhibition. Furthermore, we now report that ginsenoside Rg3, among the major fractions of ginseng saponins, is a newly identified active component for the inhibition. These results suggest that the modulation of Ca2+ channels by ginseng total saponins, in particular by ginsenoside Rg3, could be part of the pharmacological basis of ginseng-mediated antinociception.     

Ginsenoside Rh2 reduces ischemic brain injury in rats

Ginseng was incubated under mildly acidic conditions and its inhibitory effect on a rat ischemia-reperfusion model was investigated. When ginseng was treated with 0.1% hydrochloric acid at 60 degrees C, its protopanaxadiol saponins were transformed to diasteromeric ginsenoside Rg3 and Delta20-ginsenoside Rg3. When the transformed ginseng extract, of which the main component was ginsenosides Rg3, was treated with human intestinal microflora, the main metabolite was ginsenoside Rh2. Orally administered acid-treated ginseng (AG) extract and ginsenoside Rh2 potently protect ischemia-reperfusion brain injury. The ginsenoside Rh2 also inhibited prostaglandin-E2 synthesis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, but showed no in vitro antioxidant activity. These results suggest that AG and ginsenoside Rh2 can improve ischemic brain injury.