经皮胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的　回顾性分析恶性梗阻性黄疸的介入性经皮胆道引流治疗方法及其疗效。方法　对4 7例患者采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸。先行PTC后探查通过阻塞段 ,如不能越过阻塞段 ,则直接进行外引流 ;如能越过阻塞段 ,则置入内外引流管作内外引流或置入金属支架或塑料内涵管作内引流。结果　内引流组 18例 ,15例置入金属支架 ,共 18枚 ,3例置入塑料内涵管 ,共 4根 ;内外引流组 15例 ,置入 18根内外引流管 ;外引流组 14例 ,置入 17根外引流管。术后 1周总胆红素从术前的 (5 14 .1± 2 0 4 .3) μmol/L降至 (2 38.4± 14 2 .8) μmol/L(P <0 .0 0 1) ,碱性磷酸酶与丙氨酸转氨酶均下降明显 (P均 <0 .0 0 1)。 4例于术后 1个月内死亡。跟踪随访 37例 ,平均随访 5 .3个月 ,8例仍存活。随访期内 18例 (48.6 % )总胆红素降至正常范围。结论　经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术是对恶性梗阻性黄疸的一种安全、有效的姑息性治疗方法 ,可明显缓解黄疸、减轻痛苦、提高生存质量 ,并可改善肝脏功能 ,有限地延长生存时间。     

恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞的介入治疗

【摘要】 目的 探讨DSA下恶性胆道梗阻塑料支架植入后阻塞取出、联合经皮经肝途径胆道金属支架植入的安全性、可行性及临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年11月至2020年3月收治的经消化内镜置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后支架阻塞的13例患者的临床资料,包括DSA下取出阻塞胆道塑料支架技术成功率、胆道金属支架植入技术成功率、临床治疗成功率（对比分析术前术后白细胞计数、肝功能指标及术后临床症状改善情况）、术后并发症及胆道金属支架通畅率。结果 所有患者DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架与经皮肝穿途径胆道金属裸支架植入手术顺利,技术成功率及临床治疗均获成功。术后所有患者的梗阻性黄疸临床症状明显改善,合并严重感染的患者白细胞计数逐渐恢复正常范围,未发生严重并发症。术后所有患者的转氨酶、胆红素等肝功能指标较术前下降,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。整个随访期间,术后1、3、6、12个月时患者胆道裸金属支架通畅分别有13例、12例、11例和9例,胆道金属支架保持通畅的中位时间为（8.4±3.2）个月。结论 对于内镜下置入胆道塑料支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻后发生支架阻塞,DSA下取出阻塞的胆道塑料支架联合经皮经肝穿刺植入胆道金属支架的介入治疗是一种可行、安全、有效的微创手术,值得临床探讨和应用。     

内镜下置入胆管支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的临床应用

 目的 探讨内镜下胆管支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效及应用价值.方法 全部病例经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)确定胆管狭窄部位及程度,选择合适的支架,在透视引导下置入支架.塑料支架组16例,金属支架组12例.观察其操作成功率、黄疸消退效果、并发症发生情况及6~12个月生存率.结果 首次置管成功率83.3%,总置管成功率93.3%,置管成功28例均达到降黄疸目的,临床症状缓解.早期并发症主要为ERCP术后胰腺炎及胆管炎,其中胰腺炎2例,发生率7.1%;胆管炎3例,发生率10.7%;晚期并发症主要为支架堵塞.6个月、12个月生存率分别达78.6 %及39.3 %.结论 内镜下胆管支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全有效的方法.     

Acute intrahepatic biliary obstruction caused by hydatid cysts. Correlation between various imaging techniques

An 18-year-old male was evaluated for recurrent attacks of right abdominal pain and intermittent jaundice caused by hydatid cysts of the liver. The case illustrates the value of dynamic functional information provided by Tc-99m-HIDA imaging over noninvasive modalities that demonstrate structural changes, such as ultrasound, computed tomography, and tin colloid liver imaging.     

Mucin-hypersecreting intrahepatic biliary neoplasms

The radiologic findings are described in six patients with "mucin-hypersecreting" intrahepatic biliary neoplasms (biliary cystadenocarcinoma or papillary cholangiocarcinoma). Massive amounts of mucin were confirmed in the dilated bile ducts at surgery or autopsy. Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) demonstrated severe dilatation of the intrahepatic bile ducts distal to the tumor in all patients and of extrahepatic ducts in five. On cholangiograms, large, amorphous filling defects caused by retention of mucin were found in the dilated ducts in three patients. The tumor was multilocular and cystic in five patients; in the other patient it was too small to be detected at CT or US. The presence of liver tumor (mostly multilocular and cystic), marked biliary dilatation distal to the tumor, and filling defects in the dilated bile ducts are important findings that indicate a mucin-hypersecreting intrahepatic biliary neoplasm.     

胆道支架位置对治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸的影响

目的 比较胆道支架跨与不跨十二指肠壶腹部放置治疗低位恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床预后差异.方法 分析本院符合条件的56例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,其中支架跨十二指肠壶腹部放置31例,支架不跨十二指肠壶腹部放置25例,比较2组患者间支架置入术后4~7 d总胆红素下降率、胆道感染率及支架再阻塞率等方面的差异.结果 跨壶腹部组与不跨壶腹部组的生存期分别为(180.3±142.5) d、(178.6±137.7) d(P=0.840).2组患者术后4~7 d总胆红素下降率为42.0%±43.6%、41.4%±28.7%(P=0.950);治疗成功率分别为93.5%、92.0%(P=1.0).跨壶腹部组术后胆道感染7例(22.6%),不跨壶腹部组术后胆道感染5例(20.0%)(P=0.815).2组患者支架再阻塞率分别为22.6%、28.0%(P=0.642).结论 2种支架置入方式均是治疗低位胆道梗阻安全、有效的方法;与支架非跨壶腹部放置相比,支架跨壶腹部放置未增加胆道感染及支架再狭窄发生率.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗常见问题的处理

介入治疗作为恶性梗阻性黄疸的重要的治疗手段已经广泛应用,但仍有许多问题值得我们重视和研究。我们总结12年来800余例恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗病例的经验;详细分析恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的适应证、禁忌证;研究介入治疗多种并发症的发生原因和处理方法;详细讨论胆管引流方法和胆管支架植入的时机和适应证;提出手术麻醉方法的选择、抗生素和止血药物的应用等见解;总结止痛剂的术前术后临床应用;对术后胰腺炎的发生和处理方法以及围手术期病死率进行了深入的探讨。希望我们的经验和教训能够对介入工作者有所帮助。     

Malignant biliary obstruction: treatment with self-expandable metallic stents

In a 3-year period, 57 self-expandable metallic biliary stents (Wallstent) were successfully placed in 49 patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Thirty-three of our patients have died. In this group follow-up was 1–12 months with a mean of 4.5 months and stent patency was 1–12 months with a mean of 4.3 months. Sixteen patients are still alive. In this group, follow-up was 2–26 months with a mean of 8.4 months and stent patency was 1–18 months with a mean of 6.8 months. In 4 patients a secondary stent was used due to malpositioning during deployment. In 1 patient bilateral drainage was achieved with two stents. Four patients required 5 reinterventions due to reocclusion, with a reocclusion rate of 9.4 %; 3 of them were treated with secondary metallic stents, 1 with a conventional stent and the remaining 1 with balloon dilatation. Thirty-day mortality rate was 8.1 % and procedure-related mortality was 2 %. Major and minor complication rates were 10 % and 22 %, respectively. Self-expandable metallic stents provide good palliation in patients with malignant biliary obstruction. Correspondence to: M. N. Özmen     

改良式经皮肝穿刺胆道内外引流术治疗高位胆道恶性梗阻效果的初步临床观察

目的 探讨改良式经皮肝穿刺胆道内外引流术(PTBIED)的可行性及临床效果.方法 3年之间连续就诊的,经影像检查(部分经病理检查)证实为恶性梗阻性黄疸的患者纳入研究.其中,胆道梗阻部位在肝门部至胆总管近段,残留的胆总管长度＞3 cm,血清总胆红素(TBIL)≥70μmol/L的患者,纳入试验组,行改良式PTBIED;符合前述条件但不愿行改良式PTBIED的患者和低位恶性胆道梗阻的患者纳入对照组,按常规行传统式PTBIED.试验组患者根据术中造影,对胆道外引流管增加侧孔改造,将改造后的引流管头端置入残留的肝总管或胆总管,同时将增加的侧孔置于梗阻近侧扩张的胆管内.记录手术前后患者的临床症状、肝功能、血常规及并发症情况.术后随访至患者死亡.本研究中,2组患者计量资料的比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用x2检验,生存时间的比较采用生存分析.结果 46例患者被纳入本研究.其中21例行改良式PTBIED,25例行传统PTBIED,2组患者均手术成功,无手术相关死亡.2组患者在皮肤瘙痒、纳差、腹胀、腹痛等临床症状改善方面相似,术后胆汁日平均引流量[试验组(521±136) ml/d,对照组(606±159) ml/d(t=1.930,P＞0.05)]、血清TBIL下降水平[试验组(87±51)mol/L,对照组(105±66) μmol/L(t=1.061,P＞0.05)]、中位生存期[试验组7.7个月,对照组6.9个月(x2=0.610,P＞0.05)]比较差异均无统计学意义.术后对照组白细胞计数为(10.9±5.2)×109/L,较术前的(7.8±2.9)×109/L明显增高,差异有统计学意义(t =3.606,P＜0.05);试验组术前为(8.2±3.4)×109/L,较术后的(7.4±2.6)×109/L明显降低(t =2.649,P＜0.05).术后试验组患者未出现十二指肠液反流现象,1例发生胆道感染;对照组11例患者发生十二指肠液反流,其中8例发生胆道感染.术后胆道感染发生率对照组明显高于试验组(x2 =5.381,P＜0.05).结论 改良式PTBIED方便、可行,相对传统PTBIED,可减少胆道感染并发症发生率.     

肝吸虫性胆道梗阻的早期诊断与治疗

胆道梗阻的病因多以结石或肿瘤为主 ,中华分枝睾吸虫引起者较为少见 ,尤其是在其非流行地区更加容易被忽视。我院近 5年来外科收治 2 1例因中华分枝睾吸虫感染导致胆道梗阻的患者 ,现就其早期诊断和治疗报告如下 :1　临床资料本组患者 2 1例 ,其中男性 14例 ,女性 7例 ;年龄 12～ 39岁 ,平均 2 4 1岁 ,均为四川籍。全部病人均有不同程度的右上腹疼痛、乏力、纳差、发热 ,15例曾反复出现黄疸。 13例经大便查出中华分枝睾吸虫卵 ,其中 5例为术后以积卵法查出 ;7例术前经鼻胆管胆汁取样及 6例术后经Ｔ形管胆汁取样查出虫卵 ;所有病人均行Ｂ超…     

金属与塑料支架姑息性治疗恶性胆道梗阻疗效对比研究

目的 :比较经皮肝穿金属支架与塑料支架置入术姑息性治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效及开通时间 ,探讨两种支架治疗的适应证。方法 :对 45例金属支架与 3 4例塑料支架介入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 :两组术后对降低胆红素和改善临床症状均有明显疗效 ,选择病例以肝门部梗阻占多数。术后早期并发症较少 ,晚期并发症主要为支架阻塞。金属支架中位开通时间为 2 76d ,明显长于塑料支架的 112d(P <0 .0 1)。结论 :两种支架均能有效解除胆道梗阻 ,且对高位梗阻具有优势 ,适用于不宜手术者。金属支架开通期明显长于塑料支架 ,但价格较贵 ;估计生存期 >3个月者 ,宜选择金属支架 ;生存期 <3个月和 /或经济条件不许可者 ,可选用塑料支架     

经皮胆道支架联合支架旁125I粒子条植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的 评估经皮胆道支架联合支架旁125I粒子条植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效.方法 选取28例恶性胆道梗阻患者,行经皮胆道支架联合支架旁125I粒子条植入,疗效评价标准:统计手术成功率、临床症状缓解情况、术后并发症以及生存期.结果 所有患者手术均获得成功,未发生与手术相关严重并发症,术后梗阻性黄疸症状逐步改善,术后1个月血...     

腔内近距离放疗联合及支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的：评价经皮植入125I粒子条及支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻的安全性及疗效。方法对2009年6月至2013年6月,在上海中山医院接受介入治疗的68例恶性胆道梗阻患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中41例在胆道梗阻段同时植入支架和125I粒子条(联合治疗组),27例仅植入支架(传统治疗组),对两组患者的生存期、至黄疸进展时间及手术相关不良事件发生率进行比较。结果所有125I粒子条和支架植入均获成功。传统支架组和联合支架组术后7、14 d血清胆红素水平组间差异有统计学意义(P<0．05);联合支架组术后未发生明显骨髓抑制;单纯支架组和联合支架组中位生存期分别为123和215 d,差异有统计学意义(P<0．05)。结论腔内近程放疗联合支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻安全,疗效较单纯植入支架明显。     

Management of malignant biliary obstruction

Malignant bile duct obstruction is not uncommon, particularly in the later stages of disease, and may result in significant deterioration in the patient's quality of life, particularly if the patient becomes pruritic. Patients who have undergone previous intervention such as surgery with bilioenteric bypass, sphincterotomy, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography may present with cholangitis. In addition, obstructive jaundice may preclude the use of certain chemotherapeutic agents either because of increased toxicity or because they require hepatic metabolism or excretion. This article discusses the indications for drainage in this patient population, technical considerations that may be unique to this patient population, and technical suggestions for performing drainage that may be helpful.     

Computed tomography of primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy

Fifteen patients with primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy (cholangiocarcinoma in 13, biliary cystadenocarcinoma in two) were examined by computed tomography (CT). The CT features were classified into three types: (A) a well-defined round cystic mass with internal papillary projections, (B) a localized intrahepatic biliary dilatation without a definite mass lesion, and (C) miscellaneous low-density masses. Intrahepatic biliary dilatation was noted in all cases of Types A and B and half of those of Type C; dilatation of extrahepatic bile ducts occurred in 4/4, 1/3, and 0/8, respectively. CT patterns, such as a well-defined round cystic mass with papillary projections or dilatation of intra- and extrahepatic ducts, give important clues leading to a correct diagnosis of primary intrahepatic biliary malignancy.