钝性胸部伤早期救治中64排螺旋CT的应用

目的探讨64排螺旋CT在钝性胸部伤早期救治中的作用。方法回顾性分析2006年1月以来收治的170例钝性胸部伤，单纯胸部伤74例，多发伤96例，胸部伤AIS2—4分，平均3．2分；多发伤ISS11～34分，平均24．6分。其中到院后3小时内64排螺旋CT检查160例，平均8分钟。结果诊断肺挫伤117例，肺挫裂伤及肺内血肿19例，肺不张24例，血胸67例，气胸45例，血气胸52例，纵隔血肿7例，纵隔积气8例，皮下气肿25例，膈疝17例，肋骨骨折103例，连枷胸34例。143例（84．1％）经非手术处理，其中43例行胸腔闭式引流术，22例行机械呼吸支持。紧急剖胸手术27例（15．9％）。治愈161例，死亡9例（5．3％）。结论胸部钝性伤初次评价在有条件时应首选采用64排螺旋CT扫描。     

胸部穿透伤伴异物存留诊治分析

目的总结胸部穿透伤伴异物存留的救治经验,进一步提高诊治水平。方法笔者回顾性分析1997年1月~2015年5月收治的胸部穿透伤伴异物存留28例患者的临床资料,其中男性24例,女性4例;年龄15~64岁,平均43.5岁。受伤至入院时间20min~37h,平均52.4min。结果本组28例患者均急诊行剖胸探查及异物取出术,剖胸手术入路选择前外侧切口14例(50.00%),后外侧切口7例(25.00%),锁骨及第1、2肋切断3例(10.72%),胸骨正中切口2例(7.14%),胸腹联合切口2例(7.14%);脏器损伤51例次,其中肺裂伤22例次(43.14%),心脏大血管伤5例次(9.80%),肋间动脉伤5例次(9.80%),脊柱及纵隔伤4例次(7.84%),膈肌伤8例次(15.69%),胸导管1例次(1.96%),腹腔脏器伤6例次(11.77%)。对损伤脏器均行一期确定性手术,包括肺裂伤切开深部止血后缝合、心脏大血管修补缝合、肋间动脉缝扎止血、纵隔血肿清除、膈肌修补、胸导管结扎以及肝脏、胃修补和脾切除。27例(96.43%)异物完全取出,1例(3.57%)部分异物残留,死亡2例(7.14%)。结论术前恰当的生命支持、术中针对性选择切口、明确人员分工、合理的手术操作是治疗胸部穿透伤伴异物存留成功的关键。     

创伤性膈肌破裂的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨创伤性膈肌破裂的早期诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析我科17年间收治的161例创伤性膈肌破裂患者的临床资料,包括诊断方法、术前确诊率、膈疝发生率、手术治疗方式和患者结局等.结果 161例中男139例,女22例;年龄9～84岁,平均32.4岁.ISS 13～66分,平均27.8;65.2%入院时有休克.钝性伤36例、穿透伤125例.术前膈肌损伤确诊率在钝性和穿透伤分别为88.9%和78.4%.膈疝发生率在钝性和穿透伤分别为94.4%和14.4%(P＜0.01).手术经胸30例,经腹106例,分别剖胸和剖腹18例、胸腹联合切口7例.病死率10.6%,ISS平均41.6;主要死因为失血性休克和严重感染并发症.钝性和穿透伤病死率分别为22.2%和7.2%(P＜0.01).结论 膈伤诊断依据,钝性伤主要为膈疝的影像学表现,穿透伤伤口远处腹或胸部也有阳性体征或影像学征象.膈疝手术的关键是准确判断疝入胃肠的活力.穿透伤预后相对较好.     

64层螺旋CT后处理技术联合应用在胸部创伤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨64层螺旋CT多种图像后处理技术联合应用在胸部创伤诊断中的价值.方法 利用64层螺旋CT对78例胸部创伤患者行快速扫描,将获得的原始数据进行多种图像后处理成像(包括MPR、MIP、CPR以及VR成像等).结果 肋骨骨折69例、肋软骨骨折10例、肩胛骨骨折16例、胸椎骨折25例、胸骨骨折4 例、锁骨骨折5例、胸锁关节脱位3例;胸壁软组织损伤及积气分别45例及17例;肺挫伤56例、肺撕裂伤11例;气胸21例、血胸26例、血气胸11例;支气管断裂3例、纵隔积气及血肿分别4例及2例、食管破裂1例,心包及大血管损伤各1例、膈肌损伤3例;肝脏、脾脏及肾脏损伤分别5例、8例及6例,腹腔积血14例.结论 64层螺旋CT多种成像后处理技术联合应用在胸部创伤诊断中有非常重要的意义和实际应用价值.     

严重胸外伤并多发伤218例早期救治体会

198 61999年 ,我院共收治以严重胸外伤为主的多发伤 (ＩＳＳ≥ 2 0 ) 2 18例 ,死亡 37例 ,病死率17 0 %。1　临床资料1 1　一般情况　 2 18例中 ,男 196例 ,女 2 2例 ;年龄 10 85岁 ,平均 39 1岁。交通伤 115例 ,刀伤 4 5例 ,高空坠落伤 39例 ,挤压伤 14例 ,其他 5例。胸部损伤中多发肋骨骨折 (含胸骨骨折、连枷胸 ) 169例 ,单侧血、气胸 149例 ,双侧血、气胸 52例 ,单侧肺挫裂伤 10 8例 ,双肺挫裂伤 4 6例 ,气管断裂 4例 ,心脏大血管损伤 7例 ;合并颅脑伤 92例 ,颌面伤 2 3例 ,腹部伤 64例 ,四肢骨折 (含骨盆及脊柱骨折 ) 12 7例。1 2　治…     

小剂量对比剂技术在胸部螺旋CT的应用价值

目的　评价胸部螺旋CT应用小剂量对比剂的可行性。材料与方法　选择临床怀疑胸部肿块而申请CT检查 60例作为研究对象 ,采用 1ml/kg体重对比剂 (平均总量 5 9.5ml± 8ml)、3ml/s注射速度、2 5s延迟时间作全胸螺旋扫描。测量增强后纵隔血管、心脏和增强前后肿块的CT值。结果　上腔静脉CT值平均 2 65HU± 92HU ,升主动脉 193HU± 41HU ,肺动脉 15 1HU± 3 2HU ,左房15 8HU± 3 3HU ,降主动脉 199HU± 46HU ,与纵隔肺门的非血管结构密度差异明显。 2 8例肺癌肿块强化满意 ,平均增强 3 0HU。结论胸部螺旋CT应用小剂量对比剂能获得较为满意的纵隔血管和肺内肿块强化效果 ,具有推广应用价值。     

多层螺旋CT与X线平片检查头胸复合伤患者中的应用对比分析

目的探讨多层螺旋CT与X线平片检查在头胸复合伤的临床价值。方法对收治的116例头胸复合伤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨多层螺旋CT、X线平片在头胸复合伤中的临床应用价值。结果 CT扫描相对于X线平片可以有效提高意识障碍患者的液气胸、肺挫伤、创伤性湿肺、肺部感染等胸部损伤,差异具有显著统计学意义。CT扫描相对于X线平片可以有效提高意识清醒患者的液气胸、肺挫伤、创伤性湿肺、肺部感染等胸部损伤,差异具有显著统计学意义。结论多层螺旋CT在头胸复合伤患者中对液气胸、肺挫伤、创伤性湿肺及肺部感染等的检查结果方面均优于X线平片,尤其适合意识障碍患者的检查,具有较高的临床诊断价值。     

胸部穿透伤234例救治体会

目的 探讨胸部穿透伤的诊治方法和效果.方法 回顾性分析我科2000年1月～2006年12月收治的胸部穿透伤234例的临床资料.非手术治疗164例,胸腔穿刺11例,胸腔闭式引流106例.手术治疗70例(29.9%),其中51例在入院后1小时内手术,急诊室剖胸2例,术前安放胸腔闭式引流51例.剖胸探查40例,肺脏及支气管手术40例,心脏及大血管手术18例.剖腹探查19例,肝脾手术18例,胃肠手术17例.剖腹 剖胸2例.结果 本组治愈227例(97.0%).死亡7例(3.0%),其中4例未来得及手术死于失血性休克;手术组分别因多心腔伤、ARDS和肺部感染术后死亡3例.结论 胸部穿透伤比钝性伤较多需要手术,也比钝性伤有较好预后;诊断处理是否及时准确往往比伤情本身更影响生存率.     

交通事故致连枷胸的损伤特征与救治

目的　探讨交通事故致连枷胸的损伤特征与救治。方法　回顾性分析 1994年 10月～ 1998年 12月我科收治 2 3例交通事故所致连枷胸患者的临床特点及诊治体会。 7例行气管切开 ,4例行肋骨牵引 ,胸骨和肋骨内固定 3例。结果　治愈19例 (82 .6 % ) ,17例肺功能恢复正常 ;死亡 4例 (17.4% )。结论　连枷胸常伴发于交通事故所致多发伤 ,钝性心脏损伤和休克发生率高 ;肺挫伤和“反常呼吸运动”是引起呼吸功能障碍的重要原因。保持呼吸道通畅、恢复胸壁稳定性、治疗肺挫伤和止痛是治疗的关键措施     

猪胸部枪弹伤后胸部螺旋CT检查的应用价值探讨

目的：利用64层螺旋CT容积扫描及重建技术探讨猪胸部枪弹伤后胸部影像学表现,结合解剖结果加以分析,为胸部枪弹伤的早期、全面救治提供参考依据。方法：建立猪胸部枪弹伤动物模型10只,致伤后2 h内行胸部64层螺旋CT容积扫描及三维重建,其后解剖。结果：（1）2只（4、10号）弹道出口处粉碎性肋骨骨折,大量出血致失血性休克及右肺功能丧失而死亡。2只（1、9号）CT及解剖出血量有较大差异,提示损伤的右肋间后动脉持续出血可能,符合数小时后解剖发现右侧胸腔积血量明显增加改变。1只（8号）出血量有部分增加,结合CT表现考虑为右肋间后动脉副支损伤导致出血。2只（5、7号）双肺散在渗出性积液、积血,肺组织外观呈暗红色团片影与正常萎缩肺组织相间分布,结合死亡时间,提示5号为急性呼吸衰竭死亡,而7号为继发呼吸衰竭而死亡。（2）肺组织解剖标本测值,弹道区变化不明显,挫伤区及震荡区较CT检查结果明显缩小,考虑为肺组织萎缩后弹道区因血凝块充填,萎缩程度小,而挫伤区及震荡区相反则萎缩程度大。结论：64层螺旋CT不但能清晰显示胸部枪弹伤后血气胸程度,而且能较好地显示枪弹所致肺组织损伤及肋间动脉、胸廓内动脉损伤等易被忽视的致死性损伤,为降低此类患者的死亡率,提高临床救治水平起到重要作用。     

Chest trauma

Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the advent of specialised trauma centres the outcome of patients who sustain major trauma remains disappointing. Plain radiography and more advanced imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computerised tomography (CT) and angiography, have a major role to play in the early decision making and subsequent management of patients who sustain polytrauma. This article discusses the choice of emergency imaging techniques available in chest trauma for clinicians and radiologists; their evaluation and some of the common pitfalls that may lead to errors of interpretation.     

Evaluating the role of ultrasound in chest trauma: Common complications and computed tomography comparative evaluation

Objective

to establish the role of transthoracic ultrasound as a bed-side, available, and affordable technique for imaging chest trauma patients and compared its sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for detecting chest trauma sequelae and complications to those of CT.

Evaluation of the role of chest computed tomography in the management of trauma patients

The role of chest computed tomography (CT) in the management of trauma patients is evolving. The present study reviews the chest radiographic and chest CT findings in a group of trauma patients to determine the clinical impact of findings noted exclusively on chest CT.Fifty-five trauma patients examined with chest radiography and chest CT and whose clinical charts were available for review were retrospectively identified. There were 46 men and 9 women, with a mean age of 39 years. The presence (and size) of pneumothorax, hemothorax, pulmonary contusion, and fractures was tabulated for the chest radiographs and CT scans. The presence of mediastinal widening on chest radiographs and all mediastinal findings on CT were noted. The results of aortography, when applicable, were correlated. The clinical charts were reviewed to assess the impact of CT findings on patient management.Pneumothorax (P<0.05), hemothorax (P<0.05), pulmonary contusions, and fractures were noted more frequently on chest CT than on chest radiography. However, clinical management was affected in only three (5%) of these patients. Chest CT findings related to the mediastinum affected patient management in 13 (24%) patients. CT obviated the need for aortography in 7 of 10 patients with mediastinal widening on chest radiographs. Six other patients had aortography, four for mediastinal hematoma with a normal-appearing aorta on contrast medium-enhanced CT, and two for mediastinal hematoma and aortic injury on CT.Despite detection of significantly more pneumothoraces and hemothoraces on chest CT, clinical management was affected in only a small minority (5%) of cases. CT did prove useful in evaluating the mediastinum, obviating the need for aortography in 7 of 10 patients with a widened mediastinum on chest radiography and accurately diagnosing the presence and site of aortic injury in the two patients with that diagnosis.     

Gas in the sternoclavicular joints of patients with blunt chest trauma: significance and frequency of CT findings.

OBJECTIVE: In trauma patients, gas (vacuum phenomenon) in the sternoclavicular joints could represent sequelae of significant distraction forces and thus serve as a potential marker for severe intrathoracic injury. We evaluated the significance and frequency of the finding of gas in the sternoclavicular joints on chest CT of patients with blunt trauma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We prospectively studied all chest CT examinations performed at our institution over a 14-week period for the finding of gas in the sternoclavicular joints. Chest CT examinations (n = 267) were performed in 234 patients. We excluded data from follow-up CT examinations (n = 33), limiting our evaluation to the initial CT examination for each patient. Of the study population, 103 patients (83 men and 20 women) who ranged in age from 14 to 79 years (mean, 40 years) had sustained blunt chest trauma. For all trauma patients, we recorded the mechanism of injury and the associated thoracic injuries. RESULTS: CT revealed gas in the sternoclavicular joints in 47 patients (21%). Gas was unilateral in 27 patients and bilateral in 20 patients. Sternoclavicular joint gas was seen in 39 (38%) of the 103 trauma patients but was found in only eight (6%) of the 131 nontrauma patients (p < .0001). In the 39 trauma patients with sternoclavicular joint gas, associated thoracic injuries were seen in 17 patients (44%); either a sternal fracture or a retrosternal hematoma was seen in three patients. Radiographically evident thoracic injury was revealed in 20 (31%) of the 64 trauma patients who had no gas in the sternoclavicular joint; however, 10 of these 20 patients had either a sternal fracture or a mediastinal hematoma. CONCLUSION: Although gas in the sternoclavicular joints is more frequently seen in patients with blunt chest trauma than in patients undergoing chest CT for other indications, this finding does not indicate a greater risk of significant mediastinal or thoracic injury.     

Costal cartilage fracture: A commonly missed thoracic injury in trauma patients

In this report, we describe a case of a 43-year-old male who sustained a displaced mid chondral costal cartilage fracture along with multiple ipsilateral rib fractures following a jet ski collision. Costal cartilage fractures (CC) are commonly missed on imaging evaluation, and accordingly underreported in the literature. High-energy blunt chest trauma represents the most common mechanism for CC injuries. Computed Tomography (CT) is the modality of choice to diagnose CC fractures along with the associated cardiopulmonary and abdominal injuries in polytrauma patients. There is currently no consensus with respect to the management of CC fractures. Further research is required to explore the long-term impact of CC fractures on thoracic cage stability.     

Retrospective review of image quality of CT in polytrauma patients: comparison of patients scanned using a scoop stretcher and without a scoop stretcher

Increasingly pre-hospital trauma management involves transfer of patients using a scoop stretcher; a number of computed tomography (CT) compatible scoops have recently appeared on the market. We sought to evaluate any differences in image quality in polytrauma patients scanned in a scoop stretcher. CT studies of 234 consecutive patients presenting between December 2011 and August 2012 at our regional level 1 tertiary trauma centre were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were allocated into two groups: those scanned with a scoop stretcher and without. CTs were reviewed by a consultant radiologist and two senior radiology trainees and graded separately for quality/artefact. A scale of 1–5 was employed: 1—uninterpretable, 2—borderline image quality, 3—acceptable, 4—good, 5—excellent. A total of 128 (54.7 %) patients were scanned in a scoop stretcher and 106 (45.3 %) were scanned without, 183 males and 51 females (average age, 46 (16–94)?years; SD, 20). The average quality grading for the patients scanned in the scoop was 4.64 compared to 4.68 in those without the scoop. There was no significant grading difference between the groups, consultant (p?=?0.096) and trainees (p?=?0.782). No artefacts were attributable to the scoop stretcher 0/128 (0 %). Following our experience, the use of scoop stretchers is recommended for efficient, safe and practical management of trauma patients and in terms of imaging, with no detrimental effect on image quality.     

Classification of parenchymal injuries of the lung

Pulmonary contusion, implying interstitial and alveolar injury without significant laceration, has been accepted as the primary lung injury in nonpenetrating chest trauma. Computed tomographic (CT) findings were compared with those of chest radiography in 85 consecutive patients with chest trauma in which there was a pulmonary radiodensity consistent with pulmonary contusion or patients with a history of severe chest trauma with normal parenchyma despite rib fractures, hemothorax, pneumothorax, or widened mediastinum. CT was found to be more sensitive than radiography in that 151 abnormalities (excluding rib fractures) were demonstrated on radiographs versus 423 abnormalities on CT scans, and 99 lacerations were seen on CT scans versus five on radiographs. Pulmonary lacerations were classified into four types on the basis of CT findings and mechanism of injury: compression rupture, compression shear, rib penetration, and adhesion tears. In these cases, pulmonary laceration was shown to be an integral component of the mechanism of injury in pulmonary contusion, pulmonary hematoma, pulmonary cyst or pneumatocele, or cavitation in pulmonary contusion.     

Application of spiral computerized tomography in the study of traumatic lesions of the thoracic aorta

PURPOSE: Acute thoracic aortic injuries account for up to 10-20% of fatalities in high-speed deceleration road accidents and have an estimated immediate fatality rate of 80-90%. Untreated survivors to acute trauma (10-20%) have a dismal prognosis: 30% of them die within 6 hours, 40-50% die within 24 hours, and 90% within 4 months. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of Helical Computed Tomography (Helical CT) in acute traumatic injuries of the thoracic aorta, and the role of this technique in the diagnostic management of trauma patients with a strong suspicion of aortic rupture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We compared retrospectively the chest Helical CT findings of 256 trauma patients examined June 1995 through August 1999. All patients underwent a plain chest radiograph in supine recumbency when admitted to the Emergency Room. Chest Helical CT examinations were performed according to trauma score, to associated traumatic lesions and to plain chest radiographic findings. All the examinations were performed with no intravenous contrast agent administration and the pitch 2 technique. After a previous baseline study, contrast-enhanced scans were acquired with pitch 1 in 87 patients. All examinations were assessed for the presence of mediastinal hematoma, periaortic hematoma, traumatic pseudodiverticulum, irregular aortic wall or contour and intimal flap as signs of aortic rupture. RESULTS: Helical CT showed thoracic aortic lesions in 9 of 256 patients examined. In all the 9 cases we found a mediastinal hematoma and all of them had positive plain chest radiographic findings of mediastinal enlargement. Moreover, in 6 cases aortic knob blurring was also evident on plain chest film and in 5 cases depressed left mainstem bronchus and trachea deviation rightwards were observed. All aortic lesions were identified on axial scans and located at the isthmus of level. Aortic rupture was always depicted as pseudodiverticulum of the proximal descending tract and intimal flap. We also found periaortic hematoma in 6 cases and intramural hematoma in 1 case. There were no false positive results in our series: 7 patients with Helical CT diagnosis of aortic rupture were submitted to conventional aortography that confirmed both type and extension of the lesions as detected by Helical CT, and all findings were confirmed by gross inspection at surgery. No false negative results have been recorded so far: untreated aortic ruptures are fatal within 4 months in 90% of patients, or they may evolve into chronic pseudoaneurysm in about 5% of survivors. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience Helical CT had much higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity than plain chest radiography. In agreement with larger published series, in our small one the diagnostic accuracy of Helical CT was 100% in the evaluation of traumatic aortic ruptures. Moreover, Helical CT is faster and less invasive than conventional aortography, which makes this diagnostic modality increasingly used and markedly improves the management of the serious trauma patient. The more widespread use of this diagnostic tool has permitted to standardize the technique and now Helical CT can be used not only as a screening modality for patients that undergo digital aortography, but also as a reliable diagnostic method for surgical planning.     

Lung parenchymal injury and its frequency in blunt thoracic trauma: the diagnostic value of chest radiography and thoracic CT

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to determine the value of chest radiography in diagnosing lung parenchymal injury in patients with thoracic trauma, and to evaluate the frequency of lung parenchymal injury by using thoracic computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2005 and June 2006, we retrospectively evaluated the anteroposterior chest radiographs and thoracic CTs of 60 patients that presented to our emergency department and were hospitalized due to multi-organ trauma. RESULTS: Chest radiography revealed parenchymal injury in 32 of the patients, while thoracic CT confirmed parenchymal injury in only 27 of these 32 patients. Chest radiographs did not reveal any parenchymal injury in 28 of the patients, whereas thoracic CT detected parenchymal injury in 12 of these 28 patients. Thoracic CT results were accepted as the gold standard in the evaluation of patients with chest trauma and showed that the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of chest radiography in determining parenchymal injury were 69%, 76%, 84%, and 57%, respectively. In addition, thoracic CT revealed that 65% of the patients with blunt thoracic trauma suffered parenchymal injury. CONCLUSION: The sensitivity of anteroposterior chest radiography in identifying lung parenchymal injury was low, with a high false negative rate; therefore, we think that early evaluation with thoracic CT is extremely helpful in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with thoracic trauma, adding to the cooperative work that exists between radiologists and emergency physicians.     

Can chest and abdominal trauma CT eliminate the need for plain films of the spine? – Experience with 329 multiple trauma patients

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of spine plain films with chest and abdominal trauma CT in detection of spine fractures. Methods: The study prospectively enrolled 329 multiple trauma patients. Of these, 38 patients had both chest CT for trauma and thoracic spine plain films, and 87 patients had both abdominal CT for trauma and lumbar spine plain films. Results: Of the fractures visible at either chest trauma CT or thoracic spine plain film examination, all were diagnosed on CT and 62 % on plain films. Of fractures visible at either abdominal trauma CT or lumbar spine plain films, 94 % were diagnosed on CT and 67 % on plain films. The one false negative CT involved an articular process fracture, which was visible but not mentioned, in a patient with a sacral fracture. Conclusion: Evaluation of the digital scout images and bone windows when a patient has chest and abdominal trauma CT appears to be as accurate as thoracic and lumbar spine plain films in the evaluation of spinal trauma.