手汗症患者胸交感神经节乙酰胆碱受体α7亚单位的表达与临床意义

目的探讨胸交感神经节乙酰胆碱受体α7亚单位（nAchRα7）的表达与手汗症（PH）的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学方法检测20例手汗症患者胸2、3、4交感神经节nAchRα7的表达情况，并与正常人进行对照研究。结果手汗症患者胸2、3、4交感神经节nAchRα7表达水平比正常人明显增高（胸2神经节相比，Х^2=19．51，P〈0.05；胸3神经节相比，Х^2=20．92，P〈0．05；胸4神经节相比，Х^2=11．19，P〈0．05），同时手汗症患者胸2、3交感神经节nAchRα7表达水平高于胸4交感神经节的表达水平（胸2较胸4神经节，Х^2=7．05，P〈0．05；胸3较胸4神经节，Х^2=6.48，P〈0.05）。结论胸交感神经节兴奋性增高可能为手汗症的发病基础之一，切断胸2或胸3交感神经节可有效治疗手汗症。     

手汗症患者胸交感神经节胆碱乙酰转移酶、血管活性肠肽的表达及意义

目的探讨胸交感神经节胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）、血管活性肠肽（VIP）的表达与手汗症发病的关系。方法应用比色法与免疫组织化学方法分别检测17例手汗症患者胸3、4交感神经节ChAT、VIP的表达情况，并与非手汗症的患者进行对照研究。结果手汗症患者胸3、4交感神经节的ChAT活力比非手汗症患者明显增高（胸3神经节比较，q=14．27，P〈0．01；胸4神经节比较，q=6．05，P〈0．01），VIP表达水平比非手汗症患者明显增高（胸3神经节比较,Χ^2=13．28，P〈0．01；胸4神经节比较,Χ^2=8．27，P〈0．05）。结论胸交感神经节兴奋性增高可能是手汗症的发病机制之一。     

手汗症患者手术前后脑血流灌注显像研究

目的 观察手汗症患者手术治疗前后脑血流灌注特点,探讨手汗症中枢神经系统的可能发病机制.方法 采用单光子发射断层扫描(SPECT)方法,对10例手汗症患者行胸交感神经切断术前后的脑血流灌注进行半定量分析,观察术前脑血流灌注特点并比较手术前后的血流灌注变化.结果 10例术前患者中有9例表现为一侧基底节脑血流灌注增高,其中轻度增高1例,明显增高8例.放射性增高灶术前Ra值为(1.70±0.19),手术后下降为(1.10±0.06),平均下降值为(42.00±6.92)%(P<0.05).结论 基底节神经功能活动与手汗症的发病及术后代偿性多汗的出现有一定关系.     

胸腔镜下胸交感神经干切断术的临床研究(附200例报告)

目的总结胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术200例的临床经验.方法分析2003年1月～2005年4月经胸腔镜胸交感神经干T2～T4切断术治疗手汗症的临床资料.结果200例手术均获成功,术后患者手掌多汗症状消失,双手转为干燥温暖状,术后掌温升高(3.1±0.9)℃;192例术后随访1～28个月,平均18.4月,无一例复发,术后转移代偿性多汗52例(27.1%).结论胸交感神经干切断术是治疗手汗症安全、微创和有效的方法.     

手汗症胸交感神经链切断术后生活质量分析

目的探讨手汗症胸腔镜胸交感神经链切断术后的生活质量。方法 2011年8月~2014年10月,对61例手汗症全麻下行胸腔镜双侧交感神经链切断术,电钩直接灼断T3或T4交感神经链。术后通过电话、邮件对患者进行生活质量问卷随访,评价手术疗效、副作用和生活质量。结果 61例手术均获成功,术后手掌多汗症状全部消失,无严重并发症。术后代偿性多汗29例(47.5%)。与术前相比,术后1个月皮肤病生活质量指数量表(Dermatology Life Quality Index,DLQI)得分明显下降(13.88±4.34 vs.3.82±3.36,t=9.969,P=0.000),SF-36量表(The Short Form 36 Health Survey Scale)中生理机能、生理职能、情感职能、精神健康4个方面得分明显升高(78.56±12.41 vs.93.53±9.62,t=-3.626,P=0.002;33.78±31.80 vs.86.76±29.47,t=-5.053,P=0.000;52.94±40.92 vs.90.20±25.72,t=-3.172,P=0.006;64.94±18.84 vs.76.82±15.92,t=-3.681,P=0.012)。结论胸腔镜下T3、T4交感神经链切断术是治疗手汗症安全有效的方法,能显著提高患者术后生活质量,主要表现在生理机能、生理职能、情感职能、精神健康4个方面。     

微型胸腔镜下胸交感神经切除术治疗手汗症

目的探讨微型胸腔镜下治疗手汗症的的可行性及临床疗效。方法对我科1997年5月～2004年6月在双腔气管插管全麻下,应用微型胸腔镜切断胸2-3交感神经节治疗手汗症15例进行回顾性分析。结果全组病例手术均获成功。所有患者术后10min即双手干燥,皮温升高(左手升高3.55±1.01℃,t=15.47,P<0.01;右手升高3.45±1.25℃,t=18.78,P<0.01),双侧手术时间平均38min,平均住院时间为5.5d。3例术后出现残余气胸,8例出现代偿性多汗,均可治愈;无HornerQs综合症、血胸、胸背部疼痛等并发症。随访1月至7年,无复发病例。结论微型胸腔镜下胸2-3交感神经节切除术治疗手汗症,疗效确切,创伤小,恢复快,并发症少,且术后疤痕微小,能最大限度的减轻患者在精神和心理上的负担,值得推广。     

胸腔镜下胸交感神经切除对手掌温度的影响

目的观察46例手汗症行电视胸腔镜下胸交感神经切除术(transthoracic endoscopic sympathectomy,TES)后手掌大鱼际处温度随时间变化的情况. 方法 46例手汗症在胸腔镜下行双侧胸交感神经切除术,记录患者麻醉前、插管后、胸交感神经切除时及切除后3、5、10、15 min手掌大鱼际处温度变化. 结果先开胸侧手掌温度在该侧交感神经切除后3 min开始升高(q=3.853,P＜0.05),切除后15min升高到最大值(q=13.004,P＜0.05),以后手掌温度维持在较高水平.两侧手掌温度对比在一侧交感神经切除后5 min(t=13.26,P＜0.001)至双侧交感神经切除后10 min期间有显著差异(t=2.43,P＜0.02). 结论胸腔镜交感神经切除术后手掌温度明显升高,其温度变化可作为手术时观察疗效的重要参考指标.     

不同位置胸交感链切断治疗手汗症与术后代偿性出汗的关系

目的通过研究手汗症治疗中胸交感神经链切断位置与术后代偿性出汗的关系，探讨其并发症发生的可能机制。方法2004年10月至2005年12月我院手术治疗手汗症患者128例，术前随机分成胸3交感神经链组（T3组，61例），胸4交感神经链组（T4组，67例）。两组患者均为全身麻醉，单腔气管内插管经肋间行电视纵隔镜手术。结果两组手术均顺利，无严重并发症发生或围手术期死亡患者。手多汗症状均完全改善，两组间轻度代偿性出汗发生率差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1．866，P=0．122），中度代偿性出汗T4组显著低于T3组（χ^2=7．618，P=0．006），两组无1例发生重度代偿性出汗。结论降低胸交感神经链切断位置（T4）有利于降低代偿性出汗的发生率和严重程度。     

针型胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症

目的 探讨针型胸腔镜胸交感神经切断术治疗手汗症的安全性和有效性.方法 2004年3月-2005年4月,采用2 mm针型胸腔镜和器械治疗手汗症患者62例,其中男性23例、女性39例,年龄12～53岁,平均23岁.16例患者为手掌中度出汗,46例为重度出汗;8例合并明显腋下出汗.全身麻醉双腔气管插管,依次完成双侧胸交感神经干切断术,对单纯手汗症,仅将位于第2和第3肋骨头表面的交感神经干切断;对合并腋下多汗者,同时切断第4肋骨头表面的交感神经干,术中通过手掌温度和血流量监测判断疗效.结果 全组手术顺利,术毕患者手掌多汗的症状即消失,术中监测交感神经干切断前后手掌温度平均升高2.4℃,手掌血流量明显增加.术后平均住院1.2 d.54例（87%）患者1周内恢复正常的学习、工作或生活.随访1～13个月,平均6.3个月,手汗症状无一例复发,足底多汗和腋下出汗均有明显好转,26例（42%）患者出现代偿性多汗,均能耐受.结论 针型胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症安全、有效,较常规胸腔镜手术更为微创.     

正中神经手内肌功能束(组)的神经纤维定量研究

目的提供正中神经手内肌功能束组(支)的组织学特征,为临床修复手内肌功能的手术设计和估计预后提供组织学依据。方法应用Loyez髓鞘染色法显示断面有髓神经纤维,通过显微图像分析系统(德国产Leica),测算神经分支及各断面的神经纤维数目和结缔组织面积等指标。结果(1)鱼际肌支有髓神经纤维数为[(1475±143)根;x±s,下同]。(2)有髓神经纤维密度(有髓神经纤维数/鱼际肌支截面积)为(1130.76±77.09)根/mm2。结论臂丛神经损伤修复正中神经手内在肌支,从理论上讲,以选择在前臂远端直接修复为宜。因在近端修复需要数量庞大的供体运动神经纤维,移位的神经纤维数可能远远不够。     

The results of thoracoscopic sympathetic trunk transection for palmar hyperhidrosis and sympathetic ganglionectomy for axillary hyperhidrosis.

OBJECTIVES: To review our total experience of thoracoscopic sympathetic trunk transection for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis and second and third thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy for axillary hyperhidrosis. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study following up consecutive patients for 0.3 to 5.5 years. SUBJECTS: Fifty-four consecutive patients undergoing thoracoscopic sympathectomy for hyperhidrosis. METHODS: Prospective evaluation of immediate technical success, complications, late recurrence of hyperhidrosis and patient acceptability. RESULTS: 100% initial cure for palmar hyperhidrosis, 91% of sympathetic ganglionectomies for axillary hyperhidrosis were technically successful and initially curative. Compensatory sweating 44% patients, most severe after bilateral sympathetic ganglionectomy. Complications occurred in 14% patients, all resolving without further intervention. There were no cases of Horner's syndrome. 13% patients reported a return of some palmar sweating. 5.4% patients developed recurrent palmar hyperhidrosis at 6, 15 and 21 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Transection of the sympathetic trunk between the first and second thoracic sympathetic ganglia initially cures 100% of patients treated primarily for palmar hyperhidrosis. Technically successful 2nd and 3rd thoracic sympathetic ganglionectomy initially cures 100% of patients with axillary hyperhidrosis. Compensatory sweating is common after bilateral sympathectomy. Recurrent palmar hyperhidrosis occurs in 5.4% of cases, but can be cured by a second thoracoscopic sympathectomy. Horner's syndrome is an avoidable complication of thoracoscopic sympathectomy.     

阻断部分臂丛神经下干分支对健侧颈7移位下干后神经再生的影响

目的 以大鼠健侧颈7直接修复臂丛神经下干为模型,探讨阻断下干分支前后,尺神经和正中神经神经纤维数量和质量的变化.方法 雌性SD大鼠40只,随机分成4组.A组:健侧颈7直接修复下干,并从下干发出处阻断下干后股、胸前内侧神经、前臂内侧皮神经;B组:健侧颈7直接修复下干,并从下干发出处以远1 cm处阻断下干后股、胸前内侧神经、前臂内侧皮神经;C组:健侧颈7直接修复下干,并从下干发出处切断后股;D组:对照组.术后比较尺神经、正中神经、胸前内侧神经和前臂内侧皮神经的神经纤维数量、神经纤维密度(p)、神经纤维数占下干神经纤维总数百分比、神经纤维直径、有髓神经纤维面积与相应分支神经总面积比(N Ratio).结果 尺神经和正中神经中,神经纤维数量、神经纤维密度、正中神经与尺神经分别占下干神经纤维百分比、神经纤维直径、不同直径神经纤维百分比、N Ratio,A、B、C三组间差异均无统计学意义.前臂内侧皮神经和胸前内侧神经中,上述各检测指标B、C组间均无明显差异.结论 健侧颈7直接移位下干后,在根部及根部以远1 cm处阻断胸前内侧神经及前臂内侧皮神经后,对尺神经、正中神经、前臂内侧皮神经残端和胸前内侧神经残端中神经纤维的数量和质量无明显影响.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the changes of the nerve fibers from median and ulnar nerves after cutting the branches of lower trunk which was repaired by the contralateral C7.Methods Forty female SD rats were divided into A, B, C and D groups randomly.In group A,the contralateral C7 root was transferred to lower trunk directly, and the posterior division of lower trunk, medial anterior thoracic nerve and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve were severed at the beginning of them;In group B, the contralateral C7 root was trarsferred to lower trunk directly, and the posterior division of lower trunk, medial anterior thoracic nerve and the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve were severed at the point which was 1 cm away from the beginning of above branches;In group C, the contralateral C7 root was transferred to lower trunk directly, and the posterior division of lower trunk was severed at the beginning of it;In group D, control group.After the operation, myelinated fiber count, nerve fiber density, the percentage of the number of nerve fiber from branch accounting for that from lower trunk, nerve fiber diameter,the percentage of nerve fibers with different diameters and N Ratio were carried out to evaluate the outcome of each group.Results Myelinated fiber count, nerve fiber density, the percentage of the number of nerve fiber from branch accounting for that from lower trunk, nerve fiber diameter,the percentage of nerve fibers with different diameters and N Ratio in ulnar and median nerve, there were no difference between group A, group B and group C ( P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion After the medial anterior thoracic nerve and medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, repaired by the contralateral C7, were severed at the beginning and at the point which was 1 cm away from the beginning of above branches, the changes of the quantity and quality of the nerve fibers from median and ulnar nerves were not significant.     

Single-Port Microthoracoscopic Sympathicotomy for the Treatment of Primary Palmar Hyperhidrosis: an Analysis of 56 Consecutive Cases

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility and safety of single-port microthoracoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Between January 2008 and March 2013, 56 patients (36 male, 20 female; mean age 25.6 years, age range 16–39 years) underwent single-port microthoracoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy for palmar hyperhidrosis. Nineteen patients (33.9 %) had moderate palmar hyperhidrosis that could thoroughly wet a handkerchief, and 37 (66.1 %) had severe palmar hyperhidrosis with sweat dripping from the palm. Eight patients (14.3 %) had a positive family history, 34 (60.7 %) had plantar hyperhidrosis, 22 (39.3 %) had axillary hyperhidrosis, and 20 (35.7 %) had both plantar and axillary hyperhidrosis. In addition, 21 patients (37.5 %) had palmar pompholyx, five (8.9 %) had keratolysis exfoliativa, 10 (17.9 %) had chilblains, and nine (16.1 %) had palmar rhagades. A single 10-mm skin incision was made in the third intercostal space at the anterior axillary line, posterior to the pectoralis muscle. A 5-mm microthoracoscope and a 3-mm microelectrocautery hook were inserted through a single port into the thoracic cavity. The third and fourth ribs were identified, and the sympathetic chain was cut using the microelectrocautery hook. The bypassing nerve fibers, such as the Kuntz nerve fiber bundle, were ablated for 2–3 cm along the surface of the rib. The palmar temperature was recorded before and after sympathicotomy. All 56 procedures were completed using single-port microthoracoscopy. No postoperative complications such as hemorrhage, wound infection, hemopneumothorax, bradycardia, or Horner’s syndrome were observed. Bilateral procedures were completed in 20–56 min (mean 30 min). The palmar temperature increased by 2.2 ± 0.3 °C after surgery. The postoperative hospital stay was 1–4 days (mean 2.5 days). Mild compensatory sweating of the back and thigh occurred in five patients (8.9 %) at 2–3 days after surgery and disappeared at 7–15 days. The patients were followed up for 28.5 months (range 1–62 months). Hyperhidrosis resolved in both hands after surgery, and the previously wet, cold hands became dry and warm. The efficacy rate was 100 %. Plantar hyperhidrosis was also significantly reduced in 33 of the 34 patients with this condition (remission rate 97.1 %), and axillary hyperhidrosis was significantly reduced in 19 of 22 patients (remission rate 86.4 %). Eighteen of the 20 patients (90.0 %) with both plantar and axillary hyperhidrosis experienced significant alleviation of their symptoms. Single-port microthoracoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy is a safe, convenient, and effective method of treating palmar hyperhidrosis. This procedure can accurately locate the sympathetic chain with a small incision, minimal invasiveness, and good cosmetic results. The procedure is suitable for extensive clinical use.     

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy suppresses baroreflex control of heart rate in patients with essential hyperhidrosis

Endoscopic thoracic (T2-3 or T3-4) sympathectomy (ETS) is a highly effective treatment for palmar hyperhidrosis. Because the T2-3 or T3-4 sympathetic ganglia are involved in direct sympathetic innervation of the heart, sympathectomy at this level may alter baroreflex control of heart rate. The purpose of our study was to examine the influence of ETS on baroreflex responses to pressor and depressor stimuli under small-dose sevoflurane anesthesia. We studied 40 patients with palmar or axillary hyperhidrosis who were scheduled to receive ETS. In the ETS procedure, the sympathetic trunk was identified by using thoracic endoscopy and was transected. Before and after ETS, the pressor or depressor test was performed by using an IV infusion of phenylephrine or nitroglycerin, respectively, under small-dose general anesthesia. Baroreflex sensitivity was calculated from R-R intervals and systolic blood pressure. ETS did not change heart rate and systemic blood pressure at rest, although ETS significantly altered baroreflex in both pressor and depressor tests in all patients. Baroreflex was completely suppressed in 1 of 19 patients in the pressor test and in 9 of 21 patients in the depressor test. We conclude that baroreflex responses are suppressed in patients who receive ETS. IMPLICATIONS: Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy suppressed the baroreflex control of heart rate during pressor and depressor tests in patients with palmar or axillary hyperhidrosis.     

糖尿病大鼠神经系统内脑源性神经生长因子的表达与阴茎勃起功能障碍的关系

目的:观察糖尿病(DM)大鼠神经系统内脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)阳性神经元或神经纤维的表达,探讨BDNF与糖尿病性阴茎勃起功能障碍(ED)的相关性。方法:SD大鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素建立DM大鼠模型(DM组),分别于造模1、2、3、4个月注射阿扑吗啡(APO)作阴茎勃起功能试验,然后取糖尿病及相应月龄正常大鼠(对照组)的脑、腰骶段脊髓、胸腰段交感干、阴茎和前列腺,用免疫组织化学法和免疫荧光法显示BDNF阳性神经元和神经纤维。图像分析BDNF阳性细胞数及灰度。结果:糖尿病2个月时,DM大鼠阴茎勃起实验中阴茎勃起次数与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),3个月和4个月差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。糖尿病1个月时,大脑皮质、腰骶段脊髓、胸腰段交感干、阴茎和前列腺BDNF阳性神经细胞及纤维比对照组明显减少(P<0.05),随着病程延长下降更明显(P<0.01)。结论:糖尿病性早期神经系统内出现BDNF减少,BDNF的减少与糖尿病性ED的发病密切相关。     

胸腔镜视下双侧胸交感神经干切断治疗原发性手汗症的临床分析

目的 总结在胸腔镜视下行双侧胸交感神经干切断术治疗手汗症的临床经验并分析其可行性.方法 2006年至2010年,在胸腔镜视下行双侧部分胸交感干切断术治疗手汗症23例.在胸腔镜视下电灼切断胸交感神经干(胸2～胸3),每3个月随访,以掌侧皮肤温度较术前升高1℃以上及干燥温暖为有效,手掌皮肤温度较术前增加小于1℃且仍潮湿者为无效.结果 23例患者术后手掌多汗症状立即消失,4例有背部或足底轻度代偿性出汗,无中度及以上代偿性多汗或其余严重并发症.术后随访时间为3个月至3年,平均18个月,无手汗复发,全部有效.结论 胸腔镜视下交感神经干切断术是一种治疗手汗症的安全有效的方法,且不难为手外科医师所掌握.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic T2 sympathetic block by clipping for palmar hyperhidrosis: analysis of 52 cases

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy or sympathicotomy is a standard method in treating palmar hyperhidrosis, but postoperative compensatory sweating may be troublesome in some patients. Therefore, we designed a new technique for only T2 sympathetic blocking by clipping instead of interruption of the sympathetic trunk. PATIENTS and METHODS: Between September 2000 and July 2001, we saw a total of 100 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathetic blocking of the T2 ganglion. All patients were placed in a semisitting position under single-lumen intubated anesthesia. We performed sympathetic blocking by clipping of the T2 ganglion at the level of the second and third rib beds using an 8-mm, 0 degree thoracoscope (Storz). RESULTS: We supposed that the postoperative improvement in palmar hyperhidrosis would be perfect. The operation could be accomplished within 30 minutes. All patients were discharged within 4 hours after the operation. Surgical complications were minimal, without surgical mortality. A few patients were willing to receive the reverse operation and should get improvement of compensatory sweating after removal of the endo clips. CONCLUSION: We believe that video-assisted thoracoscopic T2 sympathetic block by clipping will be a safe and effective method of treating patients with palmar hyperhidrosis. Compensatory sweating may be improved by the reverse operation: removal of the endo clip.     

胸腔镜胸交感神经干切断术治疗原发性手汗症（附38例报告）

目的总结胸腔镜下胸交感神经干切断术治疗原发性手汗症的临床经验。方法回顾性分析2006年4月～2009年5月胸腔镜下胸交感神经链切断术治疗38例原发性手汗症的临床资料。结果 38例手术均获成功,手掌多汗症状立即消失,平均手术时间（双侧）42min,平均住院4.2 d;术后并气胸1例,胸腔积液2例,经胸腔穿刺治疗后均治愈。发生轻微的代偿性多汗2例。无霍纳氏综合征及死亡病例。随访12个月,均无复发。结论胸腔镜下胸交感神经链切断术是治疗原发性手汗症的一种安全、有效的微创治疗方法。     

Treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis using needlescopic T2 sympathetic block by clipping: analysis of 102 cases

Endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy, or sympathectomy by a 2-mm scope, is an effective method for treating palmar hyperhidrosis. However, postoperative compensatory sweating may be troublesome in some patients. We report needlescopic T2 sympathetic block by clipping, which may provide reverse operation for patients encountering compensatory sweating. Between January 1998 and January 2002, a total of 102 patients with palmar hyperhidrosis underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathetic blocking of the T2 ganglion. There were 47 males and 55 females (mean age, 24.1 years; range, 9-50 years). All patients were placed in a semi-sitting position under single-lumen intubated anesthesia. We performed T2 sympathetic block by clipping at the second and third intercostal spaces using a 2-mm, 0 degrees thoracoscope. Among these 102 patients, all bilateral T2 sympathetic blockings were achieved. The operation was usually accomplished within 30 minutes (range, 16-40 minutes). All patients were discharged within 4 hours after the operation. There were no surgical complications or surgical mortality cases. The mean postoperative follow-up period was 37.1 months (range, 16-64 months). Improvement of palmar hyperhidrosis can be obtained in all patients. Eighty-six patients (84%) have developed compensatory sweating of the trunk and lower limbs. Two patients had a reverse operation and had improvement of compensatory sweating at 2 and 13 days after removal of endo clips. Needlescopic T2 sympathetic block by clipping is a safe and effective method for treating palmar hyperhidrosis; compensatory sweating may be improved after reverse operation removal of endo clip.