Caesarean scar pregnancy: comparative efficacy and safety of treatment by uterine artery chemoembolization and systemic methotrexate injection

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of uterine artery embolization (UAE) combined with intra-arterial methotrexate (MTX) infusion for the treatment of caesarean scar pregnancy (CSP), compared with systemic MTX injection combined with uterine curettage.

Study design

A retrospective cohort study. An analysis of CSP patients was performed using records from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Renji Hospital for the period between January 1, 2000 and December 30, 2010. Twenty-two patients received UAE combined with intra-arterial MTX infusion and in this group 16 patients received uterine curettage after UAE, whereas 25 patients received intramuscular MTX injection and subsequent uterine curettage. The clinical information on these patients and clinical outcomes were reviewed.

Results

All patients in the UAE group were treated successfully and 2 patients in the non-UAE group had to undergo hysterectomy or uterine repair. No patients in the UAE group had recurrent vaginal bleeding of more than 100 ml/day after treatment, while 8 patients in the non-UAE group did, and this difference was significant. The blood loss during uterine curettage in the UAE group was much less than in non-UAE group. The serum β-hCG level in the UAE group recovered more quickly than in the non-UAE group, and hospital stay was significantly shorter in the UAE group.

Conclusions

UAE combined with intraarterial MTX infusion turned out to be an effective and safe treatment for CSP.     

腹腔镜双侧髂内动脉临时阻断下子宫修补联合宫腔镜清宫术在Ⅲ型剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜下髂内动脉可逆性结扎及子宫修补联合宫腔镜下清宫术在Ⅲ型剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠术中的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2017年11月～2020年11月广州医科大学附属广州市妇女儿童医疗中心收治的剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠患者135例,其中Ⅲ型患者32例,根据术前处理措施不同,分为髂内动脉临时阻断组(21例)和子宫动脉栓...     

224例剖宫产术后子宫疤痕妊娠不同治疗方法的临床疗效分析

目的:比较剖宫产术后子宫疤痕妊娠(CSP)不同治疗方法的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析在福建省妇幼保健院妇产科诊治的224例CSP患者,按首治方案分组:药物治疗加清宫术(A组),子宫动脉栓塞(UAE)加清宫术(B组),经腹CSP病灶切除加修补术(C组),腹腔镜下CSP病灶切除加修补术(D组)。根据治疗药物不同将A组再分为:甲氨蝶呤(MTX)(局部/全身)组(A1组),天花粉组(A2组),MTX(局部/全身)加天花粉组(A3),米非司酮组(A4)。根据术前是否行UAE,将C组分为:术前未行UAE(C1组),术前行UAE(C2组)。结果:A、B、C、D组的治疗成功率分别为90.12%、95.61%、100%和100%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.255);入院时血β-HCG、CSP分型、手术出血量、手术时间、住院时间及住院费用比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。A1~A4组的治疗成功率分别为85.37%、100%、83.33%、96.43%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.381),入院时血β-HCG、术后2~3天血β-HCG下降程度、手术出血量、手术时间差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),住院时间和住院费用差异有统计学意义(均P=0.000)。C1、C2组的治疗成功率均为100%;入院时血β-HCG、术后2~3天血β-HCG下降程度和住院费用差异有统计学意义(均P0.05);手术出血量、手术时间、住院时间差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:根据入院时血β-HCG水平、B超情况选择恰当的治疗方案,均能取得好的临床效果。药物治疗采用MTX、或天花粉、或米非司酮临床效果相似,住院时间长,费用增加。UAE后清宫术,可以减少术中出血量。经腹疤痕妊娠病灶切除加子宫修补,术前行UAE未减少术中出血量。     

Clinical outcome of high-intensity focused ultrasound as the preoperative management of cesarean scar pregnancy

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the feasibility and safety of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment as the preoperative management of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP).Materials and methods225 patients with definite Type I CSP were treated with suction curettage under hysteroscopic guidance. Among them, 103 patients chose HIFU treatment before hysteroscopy (assign to the HIFU group), and the other 122 patients without any pretreatment before hysteroscopy to the control group. The successful rate, volume of intraoperative blood loss, time for serum β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) level returned to normal, gestational sac disappeared, normal menstrual recovery, and adverse effects were collected and analyzed to compare the two approaches.ResultsThe successful rate (98.06%) in the HIFU group was higher than that (91.80%) in the contrast group. The median ablation time was 39 min and the median HIFU sonication time was 106.6 s. The median volume of intraoperative blood loss in the HIFU group was lower than that in the contrast group (P < 0.001), and the median time of gestational sac disappeared in the HIFU group was shorter than that in the contrast group. There were no statistically significant differences in the time of serum β-hCG returned to normal and days of menstrual recovery between the 2 groups.ConclusionBased on our results, it appears that HIFU ablation is a safe and effective modality as pre-treatment before hysteroscopy in the management of CSP.     

腹腔镜在子宫瘢痕部位妊娠处理中的应用

目的探讨腹腔镜在治疗子宫瘢痕部位妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)处理中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析武汉大学中南医院16例CSP患者的临床资料。依超声结果对CSP分型及分级,相应行腹腔镜监测下刮宫术或病灶切除术并缝合修补切口,腹腔镜下双侧子宫动脉阻断术和/或子宫下段Foley水囊压迫法止血。术后随访血β-hCG及月经情况。结果 16例手术均成功。7例选择腹腔镜监测下刮宫术,手术平均出血量(74±23)ml,平均时间(31±15)min,4例同时Foley水囊压迫法止血;9例腹腔镜镜下病灶切除术并缝合修补切口,手术平均出血量(199±35)ml,平均时间(65±25)min,7例行腹腔镜下双侧子宫动脉阻断术止血,其中2例需同时行Foley水囊压迫法止血。16例患者病理结果均符合CSP。住院日3～7d,术后监测血β-hCG,4周内均降至正常。术后4～9周月经恢复来潮,月经规律。结论彩色超声对CSP治疗方案有指导意义。腹腔镜下根据子宫下段切口瘢痕处浆膜层、肌层情况选择个体化治疗,可有效清除病灶并快速止血,是目前可选择的安全有效的治疗方法。     

Analysis of the Reproductive Outcome of Patients with Cesarean Scar Pregnancy Treated by High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound and Uterine Artery Embolization: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Study ObjectiveTo investigate risk factors for infertility and recurrent cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) after previous CSP.DesignA retrospective cohort study (Canadian Task Force classification II-1).SettingUniversity hospital.PatientsBetween January 2007 and April 2016, a total of 650 patients were included, all diagnosed with CSP and treated by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and uterine artery embolization (UAE), followed by suction curettage under hysteroscopic guidance.InterventionNone.Measurements and Main ResultsFollow-up of the reproductive outcomes ended in June 2017. A total of 135 of the 650 patients with CSP were involved in the study, among whom 32 became infertile, 78 had an intrauterine pregnancy, and 25 had recurrent CSP after previous CSP. Age (≥35 years; odds ratio [OR], 4.252; p = .002), β-human chorionic gonadotropin (≤5000 mIU/mL; OR, 3.778; p = .011), and longer duration of amenorrhea (>56 days; OR, 2.507; p = .05) were risk factors for infertility. Treatment with UAE (OR, 5.796; p = .003), more abortions (≥4; OR, 2.851; p = .022), and being asymptomatic (OR, 4.175; p = .039) were risk factors for recurrent CSP. There was no statistically significant difference in the subsequent outcomes of pregnant women in the HIFU and UAE groups (p >.05).ConclusionMore attention should be given to subsequent reproductive outcomes after CSP, not only for intrauterine pregnancy, but also for infertility and recurrent CSP. Early diagnosis and treatment of CSP could reduce the risk of infertility and recurrent CSP. HIFU seemed to be superior to UAE in reducing the risk of recurrent CSP. Patients with CSP should adhere to strict contraception if they do not desire more children.     

Reproductive outcomes of cesarean scar pregnancies pretreated with methotrexate and uterine artery embolization prior to curettage

ObjectiveTo evaluate the reproductive outcomes of cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) pretreated with methotrexate (MTX) and uterine artery embolization (UAE) prior to curettage.Materials and methodsThe medical records of patients with CSP who were pretreated with MTX and UAE prior to curettage in our institute from January 2013 to December 2015 were collected and retrospectively reviewed.ResultsA total of 53 patients were eligible for further analysis. Consecutive systemic MTX or a single dose of MTX was administered in 31 or 15 patients, respectively. The UAE procedure was uneventful, and no side effects occurred. The duration of the curettage operation was 21.4 ± 10.4 min, and the volume of blood loss was 23.5 ± 61.6 ml. The serum β-HCG level returned to normal 36.1 ± 10.1 days after the date of initial MTX administration. Eight of 10 patients with a desire to have children became pregnant naturally. Two (25%) patients developed recurrent CSP during the first trimester. One patient underwent emergency cesarean delivery and hysterectomy due to placental implantation and sudden massive hemorrhage during delivery. A total of 6 live newborns were delivered.ConclusionPretreatment with MTX and UAE prior to curettage is safe and effective for the management of CSP. The reproductive outcomes are encouraging.     

宫腔镜联合子宫动脉栓塞术终止剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠的疗效与安全性

目的 探讨宫腔镜终止剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾性分析2003年8月至2010年12月浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院收治的、术中采用B超或腹腔镜监护的33例采用宫腔镜治疗的CSP病例资料,观察分析孕龄、术前血β-hCG水平、子宫峡部肌层厚度、病灶形态、手术成功率、治愈率、手术时间、术中出血量、CSP包块消失时间、血β-hCG恢复正常时间以及并发症等.结果 33例患者中位孕龄为54 d(37～140d),术前中位血β-hCG为15 000 U/L(3.3～151 747U/L),子宫峡部肌层厚度平均为3.3 mm.33例中29例术前联合子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE),宫腔镜下见91%(30/33)的患者子宫峡部凹陷呈腔隙状,所有病例妊娠物均突向宫腔或峡部腔隙内,采用宫腔镜电切割环联合刮宫清除妊娠物.平均手术时间为(34±10)min,手术成功率、治愈率均为94%(31/33),其中1例术后追加单次甲氨蝶呤(MTX)治疗.血β-hCG术后平均(22±10)d恢复正常,子宫峡部包块平均(21±12)d消失.并发症发生率为9%(3/33),其中1例下肢静脉血栓形成,2例大出血并行子宫切除术,无子宫穿孔发生.出血量≤100ml者31例.术后4例再次妊娠,其中1例足月妊娠,3例人工流产各1次,无CSP复发.结论 宫腔镜联合UAE终止CSP安全、有效.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate safety and efficacy of hysteroscopy in treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy(CSP).Methods From Aug.2003 to Dec.2011, 33 cases with CSP treated by hysteroscopy guided by transabdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy were studied retrospectively in Women's Hospital,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University.The clinical characteristics including gestational age, myometrial thickness anterior to the CSP, β-hCG level before treatment,success rate, cure rate, operative time, blood loss, time of serum β-hCG resolution and CSP mass clearance, and complication were collected and analyzed.Results Median gestational age was 54 days (range, 37 - 140 days).Median level of β-hCG before treatment was 15 000 U/L( range,3.3 - 151 747 U/L).Mean thickness of anterior myometrium was 3.3 mm.Twenty-nine cases underwent uterine artery embolism (UAE) before hysteroscopy.Pouch in the anterior uterine isthmus with gestation masses implanted were observed in 30 cases (91%, 30/33 ).CSP masses progressed toward the pouch or uterine cavity in all cases was removed by cutting wire loop electrode combined with curettage.The mean operative time was (34 ± 10) minutes.Both success rate and cure rate were 94% ( 31/33 ) .Salvage methotrexate ( MTX ) therapy was administrated in one case.Complication occurred in three cases (9%, 3/33 ).Both massive hemorrhage rate and hysterectomy rate were performed in two cases (6%, 2/33).No uterine perforation occurred.The mean time of hCG resolution was (22 ± 10)days.The mean time of CSP mass clearance was (21 ± 12) days.Four pregnancies were achieved in four cases:one term pregnancy and three abortions.No recurrent CSP occurred.Conclusion Management of CSP by hysteroscopy combined with UAE is safe and effective.     

甲氨蝶呤联合子宫动脉栓塞术后定点吸胚术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠51例临床分析

目的:探讨甲氨蝶呤(MTX)预处理联合子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)后超声引导下定点吸胚术治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的临床疗效和最佳给药方法。方法:回顾性分析首都医科大学附属朝阳医院2011年1月—2014年12月收治的采用MTX预处理联合UAE后超声引导下定点吸胚术治疗的51例CSP患者资料,按MTX不同给药方式分为3组。A组(23例):MTX全身用药后行UAE,然后行定点吸胚术;B组(11例):MTX子宫动脉灌注化疗栓塞(UACE)后行定点吸胚术;C组(17例):MTX全身用药联合UACE,再行定点吸胚术。比较各组患者的基本信息、治疗前情况和术中情况,并评估治疗效果指标。结果:3组患者均一次性手术成功,无需腹腔镜手术等二次处理,无膀胱损伤、子宫穿孔和子宫切除等并发症发生。3组患者出血量、手术时间、血清人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚单位(β-hCG)转阴时间、包块吸收时间、手术成功率和并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。B组的住院时间和住院费用较另2组减少,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。孕囊或包块最大直径在Logistic回归模型中有统计学意义(OR=1.094,95%CI:1.012～1.183,P=0.024)。结论:MTX预处理联合UAE后定点吸胚术疗效确切、手术难度小、创伤小且花费少,可广泛用于治疗内生型和外生型CSP,推荐UACE作为术前预处理的首选方式,该方法对于病灶最大直径<4.3 cm的患者更安全。     

剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠96例临床分析

目的 探讨剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)的临床表现、诊断依据、治疗方法和卫生经济学特点.方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属妇产科医院2005年1月至2008年12月收治的96例CSP患者的临床资料,按不同治疗方法分为A组33例,行甲氨蝶呤(MTX)50 mg/m2静脉滴注,其中18例MTX静脉治疗后5～10 d内行清宫术(MTX+清宫);15例先行清宫术,术后每48小时复查1次血人绒毛膜促性腺激素β亚单位(β-hCG)水平,3次均下降不足30%者,再用MTX 50 mg/m2静脉滴注治疗(清宫+MTX).B组60例,行MTX双侧子宫动脉介入栓塞治疗,每侧子宫动脉注入MTX 100 mg,术后2 d内行清宫术.C组3例,行子宫病灶切除术.比较各组出血量(M)、病灶直径(-x±s)、治疗前血β-hCG水平(M)、病灶距子宫浆膜层≤3mm的例数、病灶血流阻力指数(RI)≤0.5的例数、治疗费用(-x±s)、住院时间(-x±s)的差异,并分析出血量与病灶直径和血β-hCG水平的相关性.结果 (1)临床指标:出血量:A组MTX+清宫者为20 ml、清宫+MTX者为10 ml,B组为12 ml,C组为200ml,C组与A、B组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);病灶直径:A组MTX+清宫者为(16±8)mm、清宫+MTX者为(23±15)mm,B组为(30±14)mm,显著高于A组MTX+清宫者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),C组为(52±7)mm,3组分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01);治疗前血β-hCG水平:A组MTX+清宫者为21 592 U/L、清宫+MTX者为979 U/L,两者比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B组为11 312 U/L,C组为101 U/L,C组与A、B组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);病灶血流RI0.5共28例,其中A组8例(24%,8/33)、B组18例(30%,18/60),C组2例(2/3),C组高于其他两组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);病灶距子宫浆膜层≤3 mm共23例:A组2例(6%,2/33),B组21例(35%,21/60),C组0例,B组高于其他两组,差异也有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗费用:A组MTX+清宫者为(5578±3679)元、清宫+MTX者为(5346±2765)元,两者比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),B组为(7860±2104)元,C组为(5004±421)元,B组高于A、C组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);住院时间:A组MTX+清宫者为(15±8)d、清宫+MTX者为(19±14)d,B组为(16±10)d,C组为(17±8)d,各组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).(2)相关性:出血量与子宫病灶直径(r=0.31,P＜0.05)以及治疗前血β-hCG水平(r=0.35,P＜0.05)均呈正相关关系.结论 MTX静脉治疗、动脉介入栓塞治疗和子宫病灶切除术用于治疗CSP,如应用恰当都能取得良好效果;病灶大、血β-hCG水平高、病灶距浆膜层近或子宫病灶血液供应丰富时,可选择MTX子宫动脉介入栓塞+清宫术治疗,但费用较高.     

Is ultrasound-guided suction curettage a reliable option for treatment of cesarean scar pregnancy? A cross-sectional retrospective study

Purpose: The purpose of our study is to present clinical courses and outcomes of 50 first-trimester cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) cases, which are managed either with transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS)-guided suction curettage alone or abdominal hysterotomy.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed our records from 2011 to 2016 at a single-center. TAUS-guided suction curettage alone was preferred in hemodynamically stable patients when the myometrial thickness was ≥3?mm and there was no vascular invasion. If the myometrial thickness was <3?mm and/or vascular invasion was present, then hysterotomy was preferred.

Results: Statistical analysis of age, gravidity, parity, history of previous CS (≥3 or <3), presence of embryonic cardiac activity, complaints (vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or both), preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin levels (g/dl), blood transfusion, initial serum β-hCG levels, and duration to resolution of β-hCG demonstrated no significant difference between TAUS-guided suction curettage and abdominal hysterotomy groups. There was a significant difference between two groups in terms of postoperative length of stay in the hospital and gestational age.

Conclusion: TAUS-guided suction curettage in selected cases may be considered as a reliable first-line treatment option due to its low cost, ease of application, lower side-effect profile, and potentially minimal influence on future fertility in CSP patients that are hemodynamically stable.     

子宫动脉栓塞术治疗剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠相关问题探讨

目的:探讨子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)辅助治疗剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕部位妊娠(CSP)的临床效果及相关问题处理对策。方法:51例CSP病例,扩刮宫术(D&C)前采用明胶海绵进行UAE,术后观察终止妊娠术中出血量、术后并发症、血hCG下降情况、超声检测子宫异常妊娠局部情况及费用等。结果:38例UAE后行扩刮宫术(A组),10例行UAE+D&C术前已应用药物治疗(天花粉3例,氨甲喋呤7例)(B组)。3例患者直接扩刮宫术时因大出血行子宫腔填塞术,同时施行紧急UAE(C组)。血β-hCG恢复正常值时间、术中出血量A、B组间均无差异;A组住院时间和治疗总费用远低于B组,P<0.01。结论:终止剖宫产瘢痕部位妊娠术前采用UAE辅助治疗,具有疗效确切、安全、住院时间短等特点,有条件的医院可选择先行UAE再刮宫治疗方案。     

剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠71例临床分析

目的:探讨剖宫产术后子宫瘢痕妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。方法:回顾性分析71例CSP患者的临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后的临床资料。结果:71例CSP患者均经阴道彩色超声确诊,其中58例有临床表现。63例行子宫动脉栓塞术(UAE)+甲氨蝶呤(MTX)灌注术,9例行UAE。术后24~48 h,34例B超引导下行清宫术,29例宫腔镜下行清宫术,8例行腹腔镜手术;术后定期监测血人绒毛膜促性腺激素(hCG)至正常。71例均痊愈,月经平均复潮时间40.4±9.0(20~83)d。结论:盆腔彩色超声在CSP诊断中有重要意义,UAE+MTX灌注术+宫腔镜下清宫术(或腹腔镜手术)是治疗CSP的有效方法。     

Three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis and conservative management of cesarean scar pregnancy with prominent neovascularization

ObjectiveCesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a rare potentially life-threatening form of ectopic gestation. However, optimal management has not yet been established. Furthermore, there are limited reports on the diagnostic value of three-dimensional computed tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) for the conservative management of this disorder.Case reportA 33-year-old woman (gravida 3, para 2), with two previous deliveries by low segmental transverse cesarean section, was referred after 5 weeks of amenorrhea. Her serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) value was 2921 mIU/mL. Cesarean scar pregnancy was diagnosed by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. On 3D-CTA, a prominent uteroplacental neovascularized mass was identified. It was supplied by the left uterine artery and a thick draining left ovarian vein. After three cycles of systemic methotrexate (MTX) administration, the serum β-hCG value decreased to 142 mIU/mL. However, the gestational sac enlarged and peritrophoblastic blood flow persisted. In contrast to the ultrasonographic findings, marked reduction of uteroplacental neovascularization at the CSP site with regression of the draining ovarian vein was evident on 3D-CTA. The gestational products were thereafter successfully resected by hysteroscopic surgery without hemorrhagic complications. Fifty-seven days after the initial MTX administration, serum β-hCG reached a normal level.ConclusionThis case emphasizes that, when selecting the method of intervention, 3D-CTA is potentially useful for evaluating uteroplacental neovascularization in a hemodynamically stable CSP.     

65例剖宫产后切口瘢痕妊娠病例诊疗回顾性研究

目的:探讨介入治疗在子宫下段剖宫产后切口瘢痕处妊娠(cesarean scar pregnancy,CSP)的价值。方法:回顾性分析65例CSP患者的诊疗过程,按治疗方案分为直接手术组(A组,n=23)、介入+手术组(B组,n=21)、介入+化疗+手术组(C组,n=8)、化疗+手术组(D组,n=7)和直接化疗组(E组,n=6)。比较各组患者的治疗情况。结果:B、C组患者的胚囊大小、胚芽直径、血流指数、治疗前血β-hCG水平均显著高于其他各组,但手术出血量显著低于其他各组,D组患者的住院天数、住院金额均显著低于B、C组(P0.05)。结论:针对术前胚囊较大、血流丰富、血β-hCG水平较高的患者,介入+手术治疗子宫下段剖宫产后切口瘢痕处妊娠能显著减少患者出血量,效果良好。     

Indwelling Intrauterine Foley Balloon Catheter for Intraoperative and Postoperative Bleeding in Cesarean Scar Pregnancy

Study ObjectiveCesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy, and a significant concern in the management of this condition is the control and prevention of bleeding. We aimed to determine the efficacy and value of an indwelling, intrauterine Foley balloon catheter in controlling and preventing intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in patients with CSP.DesignRetrospective case series.SettingUniversity-affiliated hospital.PatientsBetween January 1, 2015 and May 31, 2017, 70 patients presented with CSP.InterventionsAll patients underwent uterine curettage under hysteroscopic guidance and ultrasound monitoring. Patients were then assigned to 2 groups: the study group, with an indwelling Foley balloon catheter placed in the uterine cavity during surgery and retained for 24 to 48 hours, and the control group, without catheter placement. Data were collected to compare the 2 groups in terms of intraoperative and postoperative complications, surgical time, and status of menstruation resumption.Measurements and Main ResultsThe average daily volume of postoperative blood loss during the first 3 postoperative days in the study group was 23.1 mL compared with 31.5 mL observed in the control group (p = .041). Moreover, the study group had significantly shorter average duration of bleeding (p = .027) and fewer menstruation abnormalities than the control group. Uterine ultrasonography performed after resumption of menstruation showed that none of the enrolled patients had any intrauterine abnormalities.ConclusionsThe use of an indwelling, intrauterine Foley balloon catheter has positive results in the management of CSP.     

Cervical pregnancy treated by uterine artery embolisation combined with office hysteroscopy

Objective

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of uterine artery embolisation in conjunction with hysteroscopic resection of trophoblast in the conservative treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancies.

Study design

Five women diagnosed with cervical pregnancies at University Hospital of Foggia, Italy, between May 2009 and February 2012 underwent uterine artery embolisation followed by office hysteroscopic resection of trophoblast. Data on operating time, blood loss, blood transfusion, conversion to other techniques, complications related to surgery, change of serum β-hCG level, hospitalisation days and outcome of the women after discharge were collected.

Results

The mean hysteroscopic operative time was 9.8 min, and the blood loss was negligible in all cases. Blood transfusion was not needed for any of the women. None of the women required conversion to other techniques. In all cases the operations were uneventful. The serum β-hCG level in all the cases declined to normal within 15 days of surgery. The total hospitalisation time was 4 days in all the cases. No vaginal bleeding or other side effects were observed throughout and after the treatment, all women recovered without complications.

Conclusions

Uterine artery embolisation with office hysteroscopic resection is an effective option in treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy.     

Cervical pregnancy: a case report of hysteroscopic resection and balloon compression combined with systematic methotrexate treatment

ObjectiveCervical pregnancy is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy. When the pregnancy is terminated, it will sometimes lead to persistent bleeding. In some cases, hysterectomy is inevitable and the patient loses fertility. Therefore, early diagnosis and targeted management with systemic or local injection of methotrexate is the first-line treatment. Multiple interventions of cervical pregnancy were used to prevent massive hemorrhage, including dilatation and curettage, laparoscopic resection, hysteroscopic resection combined with uterine artery embolization, or uterine artery clip.Case reportWe report a case of cervical pregnancy with a high beta-hCG level accompanied by a visible fetal heartbeat that was successfully treated with hysteroscopic cervical tissue resection and balloon compression combined with systemic administration of methotrexate.ConclusionEfficacy and safety with preserved fertility were important issues in the management of cervical pregnancy. We provide a safe, simple and effective treatment of cervical pregnancy.     

A case of placental polyp treated with an intraoperative injection of prostaglandin F<Subscript>2α</Subscript> followed by hysteroscopic resection

A 27-year-old woman had massive genital bleeding after an artificial abortion. Color Doppler ultrasonography showed a hypervascular mass. Hysteroscopy revealed a placental polyp. Serum hemoglobin level was decreased to 7.7 g/dl. Although uterine artery embolization (UAE) followed by hysteroscopic resection has been used for treatment of a placental polyp, UAE may not be an ideal option for patients with intent for future pregnancy because of the risk of ovarian function failure. This report presents a case of a placental polyp managed successfully with intracervical injection of prostaglandin F_2α, as an alternative UAE, followed by hysteroscopic resection.     

剖宫产瘢痕妊娠127例临床分析

目的:探讨剖宫产瘢痕妊娠(CSP)的有效治疗方法。方法:回顾分析2013年1月至2015年3月复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的127例CSP患者的临床资料,按治疗方法分组:单纯超声引导下清宫术组(A组)38例,行双侧子宫动脉化疗栓塞后超声引导下清宫术组(B组)72例,宫腹腔镜联合治疗组(C组)17例。比较3组的临床资料和社会经济学指标;分析CSP预后的相关因素。结果:A组患者的病灶体积为(9.76±2.30)cm3,治疗前血β-HCG为(40983±11132.40)m IU/ml,术中出血(48.55±16.07)ml,住院天数(4.63±0.29)天,住院费用(5171.57±730.41)元。B组患者的病灶体积为(27.33±6.47)cm3,治疗前血β-HCG为(76771.23±7582.95)m IU/m L,术中出血(42.32±15.15)ml,住院天数(6.42±0.28)天,住院费用(11113.41±405.94)元。C组患者的病灶体积为(65.82±29.61)cm3,治疗前血β-HCG为(47010.10±112106.42)m IU/m L,术中出血(267.65±113.41)ml,住院天数(6.82±0.52)天,住院费用为(18018.40±1209.61)元。3组的病灶体积比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。C组的术中出血量高于A、B组,差异有统计学意义(P均=0.003);A、B组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);3组的治疗成功率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而住院费用比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组的住院时间与B、C组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0001、0.0009);B、C组比较差异则无统计学意义(P=0.4936)。多因素回归分析提示,停经天数、CSP超声分型、病灶体积、血β-HCG水平与CSP预后相关。结论:临床工作中可根据超声分型、病灶体积、血β-HCG水平等综合考虑给予个体化治疗,但早期发现、正确诊断是合理治疗的关键。