中国人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV—1）D亚型毒株gag,env和t …

目的 通过对ＨＩＶ－１毒株ｇａｇ,ｔａｔ,ｅｎｖ基因的序列分析,阐明Ｄ亚型ＨＩＶ－１毒株已在中国出现。方法 从１名四川非洲回国营务人员ＨＩＶ感染者（ＳＣ９ ７１２）淋巴细胞（ＰＢＭＣ）中提取前病毒ＤＮＡ,使用套式ＰＣＲ方法分别扩增ＨＩＶ－１的ｇａｇ基因区,ｅｎｖ基因的Ｃ２Ｖ３区和ｔａｔ基因的第一外显子。结果 发现ＳＣ９ ７１２在ｇａｇ区,ｅｎｖ区和ｔａｔ区与国际标准Ｄ亚型毒株的基因距离最近,其中在     

Genomic and evolutionary characterization of a novel influenza-C-like virus from swine

We recently described the isolation of a novel influenza virus from swine exhibiting respiratory disease in the United States that is distantly related to human influenza C virus. Based on genetic, biochemical and morphological analysis, the virus was provisionally classified as C/swine/Oklahoma/1334/2011 (C/OK). To further understand the genetics and evolution of this novel pathogen, we performed a comprehensive analysis of its sequence and phylogeny. The results demonstrated that C/OK and human influenza C viruses share a conserved array of predicted functional domains in the viral RNA genome replication and viral entry machinery but vary at key functional sites. Furthermore, our evolutionary analysis showed that homologous genes of C/OK and human influenza C viruses diverged from each other an estimated several hundred to several thousand years ago. Taken together, the findings described in this study support and extend our previous observations that C/OK is a genetically and evolutionarily distinct influenza virus in the family Orthomyxoviridae.     

Identification of a novel agarolytic γ ‐Proteobacterium Microbulbifer maritimus and characterization of its agarase

The phenotypic and agar degrading features of an unidentified marine bacteria was investigated. The strain was Gram‐negative, obligatory aerobic and non motile. On the basis of several morphological features and a phylogenetic analysis of the genes coding for the 16S rDNA, this strain was identified as Microbulbifer maritimus. On solid agar medium, this isolate produced extracellular agarase which causes agar liquefaction around the colonies. An extracellular agarase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion‐exchange chromatography on DEAE‐cellulose. The purified protein migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and it had a molecular mass of 75.2 kDa. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.5. The kinetic parameters of the enzyme were K_m = 3 ± 0.19 mM, K_cat = 160 ± 10 S^–1 and K_cat/K_m = 53 ± 10 S^–1 · mM^–1. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Genomic characterization of a novel bat-associated Circovirus detected in European Miniopterus schreibersii bats

Circoviruses are small circular DNA viruses causing severe pig and poultry disease, recently identified in various bat species worldwide. We report the detection and full-genome molecular characterization of a novel bat-associated Circovirus identified in faecal samples of Miniopterus schreibersii bats (Schreiber’s bent-winged bats) from Sardinia, Italy. Full-genomic sequencing revealed a new putative member of Circoviridae family, with a genome size of 2063 nt. Sequencing allowed the characterization of the two major ORFs, inversely arranged, encoding replicase and capsid proteins, as well as the finding of a polythymidine tract within the genome, and highlighted phylogenetic relationships of the novel virus. This is the first report of circovirus in European bats. Giving the high level of genetic diversity of bat circoviruses, it is paramount to further investigate the relationships between these viruses and bats.

     

Identification and characterization of a hapten-modifiable TEPC 15 cross-reactive idiotype in swine

Rabbits and swine immunized with TEPC 15 IgA, goats immunized with T15-positive IgM and swine immunized with affinity-pure swine anti-phosphorylcholine (PC) all produce antibodies which recognize a hapten-inhibitable idiotypic determinant on swine anti-PC. The similarity in reactivity and order of inhibitability with various PC analogs of the heterologous (swine anti-TEPC 15) and isologous (swine anti-swine anti-PC) reagents indicates that they recognize a related idiotype and suggest it may be the predominant idiotype expressed on swine anti-PC antibodies. The heterologous and isologous anti-idiotypic reagents generated in this study recognize swine and mouse anti-PC but not normal swine IgM, IgG or MOPC 460. Only reactions with swine anti-PC and mouse T15-positive anti-PC proteins are hapten-inhibitable. The greater inhibitory capacity of trimethylammonium and acetylcholine than PC suggests that the idiotope(s) recognized on swine anti-PC by the anti-idiotypic reagents is integral rather than peripheral to the anti-PC binding site. The nearly exclusive IgM anti-PC response of swine to Streptococcus pneumoniae R36A and PC-Brucella have so far hindered attempts to study the isotypic distribution of the idiotype.     

Identification and partial characterization of a lipophosphoglycan from a pathogenic strain of Entamoeba histolytica.

An acidic glycoconjugate could be extracted from a delipidated residue fraction of [3H]galactose, [3H]mannose or [32P]orthophosphate metabolically labeled Entamoeba histolytica with water/ethanol/diethylether/pyridine/NH4OH (15:15:5:1:0.017). The radioactively labeled glycoconjugate comprised 50-55% of the total [3H]galactose label incorporated into macromolecules. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the radiolabeled glycoconjugate showed two diffuse smears centering around 110 kDa and 45 kDa. Similar profiles were observed for both [3H]galactose- and [32P]orthophosphate-labeled glycoconjugate. No such bands were visible in [35S]methionine-labeled material. The hydrophobic nature of this glycoconjugate was inferred from its chromatographic behavior on phenyl-Sepharose. The molecule was rendered hydrophilic after digestion with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. It was also sensitive to deamination by nitrous acid. Mild acid hydrolysis led to its fragmentation into smaller molecules as revealed by Sepharose 4B chromatography. Paper chromatographic analysis of the depolymerized [3H]galactose- and [3H]mannose-labeled fragments revealed that each was sensitive to alkaline phosphatase. The major dephosphorylated fragment migrated as an apparent galactose and mannose containing disaccharide which migrated identically to the Gal beta 1-4Man disaccharide derived from the lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania donovani. The above data support the existence of a major acidic glycoconjugate in E. histolytica bearing striking structural similarities to the lipophosphoglycan of Leishmania.     

Identification and characterization of a novel zebrafish semaphorin

The semaphorin gene family contains numerous secreted and transmembrane proteins. Some of them function as the repulsive and attractive axon guidance molecules during development. Herein, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel member of zebrafish semaphorin gene, semaphorin 6E (sema6E). Sema6E is expressed predominantly in the nervous system during embryogenesis. Results also show that Sema6E binds Plexin-A1, but not other Plexins. Sema6E chemorepels not only dorsal root ganglion axons but also sympathetic axons. Therefore, Sema6E might utilize Plexin-A1 as a receptor to repel axons of the specific types during development.     

Isolation and characterization of novel H3N1 swine influenza viruses from pigs with respiratory diseases in Korea

Pigs can play an important role in the genetic reassortment of influenza viruses and as a reservoir for another lineage of influenza viruses that have the ability to reassort and be transmitted between species. In March and April 2006, novel H3N1 influenza A viruses were isolated from pigs with respiratory diseases at two different commercial swine farms in Korea. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the sequences of all eight viral RNA segments showed that the novel H3N1 swine influenza viruses were reassortants that acquired the hemagglutinin gene from an H3 human-like virus and other genes from swine influenza viruses that are currently circulating in Korea. Serologic and virologic tests in the infected farms suggested that pig-to-pig and farm-to-farm transmissions occurred. Clinical signs in pigs and experimentally infected mice suggest the potential to transmit the virus between swine and other mammalian hosts. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of the swine H3N1 subtype from domestic pigs under field conditions in Korea. Further surveillance will be needed to determine whether this novel subtype will continue to circulate in the swine population.     

Identification and characterization of a novel 21.6-kDa tegumental protein from Clonorchis sinensis

Tegumental proteins form a membrane-bound outer surface and are thus involved in host–parasite interactions and parasite survival. A complementary DNA clone encoding a novel 21.6-kDa tegumental protein (CsTegu21.6, accession number JF911532) was identified in a sequence library for the adult Clonorchis sinensis liver fluke. The complete coding sequence was 564 bp and encoded a protein of 188 amino acids. A BLASTX search revealed identities from 43 to 47% with previously identified tegumental proteins in C. sinensis and other helminthic parasites. Multiple alignment of the amino acids of CsTegu21.6 with those of four other C. sinensis tegumental proteins, CsTegu21.1, CsTegu22.3, CsTegu20.8 and CsTegu31.8, revealed pair-wise sequence identities ranging from 24 to 31.8%. A calcium-binding EF-hand domain containing a basic helix–loop–helix structure at the N terminus and a dynein light chain domain at the C terminus were found in CsTegu21.6; these motifs are common in tegumental proteins. CsTegu21.6 was specifically observed on the tegument of adult worms using immunolocalization analysis.     

Identification and characterization of a new base substitution in the vaccine strain of Sabin 3 poliovirus.

The complete RNA sequence of Sabin 3 (LED3) used in vaccine in the United States has been determined. The LED3 Sabin 3 sequence contains the attenuating mutations at bases 472 and 2034 but differs from that published by Stanway et al. (Nucleic Acids Res., 11, 5629-5643, 1983) at two other base positions, 2493 and 6061. The change at base 6061 is silent and does not affect amino acid composition. The other base, a C at position 2493, is contained in the viral capsid protein VP1 and predicts a new Sabin 3 specific amino acid change of a threonine instead of an isoleucine at amino acid 6 of the protein [corrected]. Reversion of this base to that present in the pathogenic progenitor strain, Leon, is observed to occur after replication of vaccine virus in the gut of primary vaccines and in nervous tissue of neurovirulence test monkeys. Passage conditions have been identified that lead to the reversion of base 2493 as well as the reversion of the attenuated base to the parental base (Leon) at position 472 in the 5' noncoding region. The observation that these two bases delta position are found to revert during passage suggests that there is a selective advantage for virus containing the parental bases at these positions.     

Identification and characterization of a novel prespheroid 3-dimensional hepatocyte monolayer on galactosylated substratum

Three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte spheroids mimicking the structural and functional characteristics of hepatocytes in vivo were self-assembled onto a galactosylated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substratum, and the dynamic process of spheroid formation was investigated using time-lapse confocal microscopy. Hepatocytes cultured on this galactosylated substratum formed small cell-aggregates within 12 h, which gradually merged into "island-like" clusters at approximately 1 day and spread to form prespheroid monolayer within 2 days; the prespheroid monolayer was stretched to fold into compact and larger 3D spheroids after 3 days. We compared the expressions of F-actin (cytoskeleton), phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK, cell-substratum interactions) and E-cadherin (cell-cell interactions) during the dynamic process of 3D hepatocyte spheroid formation with the dynamic process of 2D hepatocyte monolayer formation on collagen substratum. Hepatocytes in the prespheroid monolayer stage exhibited the strongest cell-substratum interactions of all 4 stages during spheroid formation with cell-cell interactions and F-actin distribution comparable with those of the 3D hepatocyte spheroids. The prespheroid monolayer also exhibited better hepatocyte polarity (multidrug resistance protein 2) and tight junction (zonula occludens-1) formation, more-differentiated hepatocyte functions (albumin production and cytochrome P450 1 A activity), and higher sensitivity to hepatotoxicity than the conventional 2D hepatocyte monolayer. The transient prespheroid 3D monolayer could be stabilized on a hybrid glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine (GRGDS)/galactose-PET substratum for up to 1 week and destabilized to form 3D spheroids in excess soluble GRGDS peptide.     

河南省分离的HIV-1 B-Thai亚型流行株全基因组克隆及序列分析

目的 克隆、鉴定自河南省分离的HIV-1 B-Thai亚型流行株并进行系统发育分析。方法收集河南省1份HIV-1感染者全血后分离的淋巴细胞，在植物血凝素存在下与健康献血员淋巴细胞共培养，从培养的淋巴细胞中提取前病毒DNA。在HIV-1基因的长末端重复序列的保守区设计引物，利用LA Tag长链扩增系统扩增HIV-1全长基因，纯化的PCR产物与pWSK29-T载体连接，成功克隆CNHN24株。对鉴定的3个克隆进行全长测序，利用局部同源法计算同源率，同时采用Phylip软件绘制HIV-1 Env、Gag和Pol基因的进化树。结果 V3V4环序列分析表明：本次克隆的CNHN24株病毒为HIV-1 B-Thai亚型，V3环区氨基酸序列比对发现在9个位点发生氨基酸替换。在含有9010bp，全长HIV-1基因的CNHN24株克隆中未发现明显的缺失、插入和重排现象，Gag、Pol、Vpr和Vif基因与RL42株的同源率达到95．42％～97．08％，进化分析显示，CNHN24株与RL42株的遗传距离最近。结论 HIV-1 CNHN24株为国内实验室完成的HIV-1全长基因克隆，为进一步研究HIV-1流行特征提供了基础。     

Identification of the gene encoding a novel HLA-B39 subtype Two amino acid substitutions on the β-sheet out of the peptide-binding floor form a novel serological epitope

Serologic analysis suggests the existence of a novel HLA-B39 subtype (HLA-B39N) in the Japanese population. To identify this novel allele, a gene encoding HLA-B39N was cloned and the exons were sequenced. A gene encoding HLA-B39N (B^*3904) and B^*39011 differs by two nucleotide substitutions at codons 11 and 12 whereas B^*3904 and B^*39013 differ by three nucleotide substitutions at codons 11, 12, and 312. One nucleotide difference at codon 11 produces a change from serine in B^*3901 to alanine in B^*3904 whereas another difference at codon 12 changes valine in B^*3901 to methionine in B^*3904. The residues 11 and 12 are located on the β-sheet out of the peptide-binding floor and are completely buried in the molecule. These results suggest that the substitutions at these residues alter the conformation of other residues forming epitopes of alloantibodies. Analysis of HLA-B^*3901 genes in the Japanese population showed that both B^*39011 and B^*39013 were observed in the Japanese population. The present study suggests that B^*3904 may have evolved from B^*39011 rather than B^*39013.