北京市成人血、发及脏器的铅、镉背景值

以中学教师和北京市瘁死居民为对象，在严格的质量保证措施下，对北京市居民血、发和脏器铅、镉背景值进行了研究。结果表明，北京市男性吸烟者、不吸烟者及女性不吸烟者的血铅均值分别为８５．０、７４．６和５６．７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉为２．２３、０．７８和０．８３μｇ／Ｌ，其９５％上限值血铅分别为１６０．２、１３１．４和１０７μｇ／Ｌ，血镉分别为６．５、１．９８和１．９５μｇ／Ｌ。各脏器（鲜重，以下同）铅、镉背景值分别为：肝，０．２２和０．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肺，０．１１和０．１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ；心，０．０１４和０．０１２ｍｇ／ｋｇ；脾，０．０３８和０．０７１ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肾，０．０７９和３．９３ｍｇ／ｋｇ；肌肉，０．０５８和０．０２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，并讨论了血、发和各脏器铅镉含量间的相关性及其意义。     

新冠肺炎疫情下高校传染病防控工作的思考

在国内新冠疫情已进入科学精准的常态化防控阶段,高校传染病防控成为当前学校卫生工作的重点,系统性分析高校传染病 流行特点及传染病防控中存在的问题,并提出合理防控策略十分必要。探讨高校传染病防控的策略和方法,为高校传染病工作实践提供思考和帮助。     

出入境邮包快件检验检疫监管模式的创新与对策

目的加强出入境邮包快件的检验检疫监管，保护人体健康和我国动植物生命安全。方法通过出入境邮包快件的检验检疫监管模式的调查研究，发现存在问题与不足，并结合本口岸和兄弟口岸邮检工作实际，对出入境邮包快件的检验检疫监管工作进行探讨。结果出入境邮寄物存在严重的卫生安全隐患，截获扣检率和疫情检出率逐年居高不下。结论检验检疫机构应统一全国邮检工作模式，利用科技手段，深化邮检现场关检合作机制，有效防控疫情疫病通过邮政口岸传入传出，有效应对各种突发公共卫生事件有着重大而深远的意义。     

云南省妇幼卫生信息系统运行现状及发展规划

云南省妇幼卫生信息系统对全省常规妇幼卫生信息、妇幼卫生监测和国际、国内合作项目等信息进行管理。目前全省妇幼卫生信息管理方式既有手工模式，也有单机版软件和网络直报管理模式，但缺乏整合妇幼卫生信息系统和信息网络平台，各级妇幼信息系统建设缺乏统一标准，信息的及时性和准确性亟待提高。云南省妇幼卫生信息系统计划用3年时间建成妇幼卫生信息网络直报系统，实现九类妇幼卫生信息的网络直报；建成省级妇幼卫生数据管理中心和网络平台；研发云南省妇幼卫生标准数据格式，统一数据接口规范，使全省各级妇幼卫生信息系统建设标准化；建立妇幼卫生信息数据库，全面掌握全省妇女儿童健康和服务信息。     

母婴疾病防治领域的新兴医学科技进展

提高妇幼健康水平作为建设健康中国的重要任务之一,需要加强和推动医药健康科技创新,为保障和改善妇幼健康提供有力的科技支撑。因此,本文对基因诊断与基因治疗技术、多组学技术、干细胞技术、组织工程技术等前沿生物技术以及机器人技术、大数据与人工智能技术在母婴健康医学科技领域的发展现状和未来趋势作一概述,对新兴技术在母婴疾病防治中...     

江苏省儿童青少年超重与肥胖流行趋势分析

了解江苏省2005-2015年儿童青少年超重和肥胖的流行趋势,为采取有针对性的干预措施提供参考.方法 选取江苏省2005年、2010年和2015年7~22岁学生体质与健康调研资料,应用中国肥胖工作组(WGOC)“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查BMI分类标准”,比较超重和肥胖变化情况.结果 江苏省2005年、2010年和2015年7~22岁儿童青少年超重检出率依次为10.67%,12.22%和13.79%,2015年超重检出率高于2005年和2010年(x2值分别为110.383,61.212,P值均<0.05);肥胖检出率依次为5.05%,5.54%和5.61%,2015年肥胖检出率高于2005年(x2=7.74,P<0.01).2005年、2010年和2014年男生超重检出率分别为13.67%,15.96%和17.43%,肥胖检出率分别为6.54%,7.79%和7.54%;女生超重检出率分别为7.65%,8.50%和10.18%,肥胖检出率分别为3.54%,3.29%和3.69%.城市超重检出率分别为13.08%,13.74%和15.08%,肥胖检出率分别为7.51%,6.66%和6.41%;乡村超重检出率分别为8.25%,10.74%和12.52%,肥胖检出率分别为2.57%,4.44%和4.82%.苏南地区(经济较好)超重检出率分别为12.66%,12.91%和12.24%,肥胖检出率分别为5.19%,6.04%和4.68%;苏北地区(经济较差)超重检出率分别为9.70%,12.99%和15.00%,肥胖检出率分别为6.88%,7.01%和9.03%.结论 2005-2015年江苏省7~ 22岁儿童青少年超重、肥胖比例持续增加,其中小学生群体、乡村地区和苏北地区增长迅速.     

文献计量学在科技实力评估中的作用

从科技实力的涵义、科技实力的评估以及评价指标体系等方面,阐述了文献计量学在科技评估中的实践应用和发展。强调在当前我国人口和计划生育科技管理工作中,应正确认识科技评估工作的重要意义以及存在的问题,有效利用科技期刊,建立并完善科学的评估指标体系将有利于促进我国人口和计划生育科技事业的健康、可持续发展。     

当代水利科技期刊对其根脉的传承和发展

【目的】弥补中国近现代水利科技期刊鲜有研究,当代与近现代水利科技期刊关联问题似未见文献论及的缺陷。【方法】对现存近现代和当代水利科技期刊、有关水利史志文集以及CNKI和期刊检索数据库等文献进行考证、统计、对比和综合分析,总结近现代水利科技期刊概况及其传播和影响。提出源流期刊的概念,探讨当代和近现代水利科技期刊有无关联的问题。【结果】当代水利科技期刊对近现代水利科技期刊在办刊历史、涵盖水利分支学科、论著的深广度、学术和社会影响以及总体水平诸方面有所传承和重要发展。有较深厚历史积淀的当代水利科技期刊,学术和社会影响较大。证实源流期刊等近现代水利科技期刊确系当代水利科技期刊的根脉。【结论】对根脉的传承和发展,体现了当代水利科技期刊对历史和对科学的尊重,有助于提升其总体水平。     

Working through resistance in engaging boys and men towards gender equality and progressive masculinities

Over the last two decades, a focus on challenging and transforming dominant forms of masculinity and engaging boys and men towards gender equality and healthy masculinities has permeated South African social and health sciences and the humanities. This focus on men and boys has also been evident in intervention and activist work. However, the turn to boys, men and masculinities has not gone without resistance, contestation and contradictions. A range of localised and global realities has frustrated much of the enthusiasm for rapid, sweeping and concrete changes regarding gender justice and the making of progressive masculinities. Among the discursive and material forces that oppose work that engages boys and men are those to do with income-related issues, race and racism, cultural traditions and gender itself. Because of this, it is contended that engagement with boys and men needs to consider not only gender but also economic inequality, poverty and unemployment, divisions created by race, and struggles around tradition. This paper discusses these forces that undermine and counteract work with boys and men and how we might work through resistance in engaging with men and boys.     

我国疾病预防控制体系人力综合素质影响因素探讨

目的：探讨影响我国疾控体系人力综合素质的因素。方法：采用系统抽样的方法,调查全国省市县各级疾控机构的基本情况,利用多元逐步回归分析进行影响因素的探讨。结果和讨论：（1）影响疾控机构现有人力综合素质的因素主要是机构面临的公共职能要求及其开展情况、人员待遇情况、工作被政府及其财政支持重视程度、机构所在地区经济状况和机构工作环境等;（2）影响机构对新进人员吸引力的最主要因素是政府对于疾控工作的重视及其财政支出力度,其次是当地经济的发展状况,第三是机构公共职能任务要求及其开展情况,第四是人员培训和再教育的机会。     

传染病暴发或流行的探测、监测和预警

传染病继续成为全球发病死亡主要原因之一,影响公众健康生命、社会经济发展甚至国家安全。早期探测重点是及时、敏感地发现传染病暴发流行异常信息,并进行现场调查和核实,也是有效监测、预警系统的前期;有效监测、预警系统能够全面准确地认识特定传染病暴发流行可能发生的事实条件、驱动因素和传播链,并提出科学有效预防控制策略措施;因衡量收集具体数据的资源支撑和价值大小,难以及时、完整、准确地获得流行病学、病原学等数据信息。本文综述传染病早期探测、有效监测、有效预警理论技术,整合利用中国有效传染病监测预警体系和多时空节点触发与多学科渠道监测暴发流行情况、病因、风险、过程和驱动因素的多源数据,构建运行敏感特异、分期度量的中国（急性）传染病监测、预警和响应创新技术体系,为加强新发重大传染病和传染病突发公共卫生事件监测预警、避免应对不力传染病蔓延与防止过度响应资源浪费提供依据。     

Position of the American Dietetic Association: Child and Adolescent Nutrition Assistance Programs

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that children and adolescents should have access to an adequate supply of healthful and safe foods that promote optimal physical, cognitive, and social growth and development. Nutrition assistance programs, such as food assistance and meal service programs and nutrition education initiatives, play a vital role in meeting this critical need. Nutrition assistance programs create a safety net that ensures that children and adolescents at risk for poor nutritional intakes have access to a safe, adequate, and nutritious food supply. Federally funded nutrition assistance programs help ensure that children and adolescents receive meals that provide adequate energy and nutrients to meet their growth and development needs; children and adolescents have access to adequate food supplies; and women, infants, and children who have nutritional or medical risk factors, such as iron-deficiency anemia or overweight, receive supplemental nutritious foods as well as nutrition education. In addition, federally funded nutrition assistance programs serve as a means to combat hunger and food insecurity and as a vehicle for nutrition education and promotion of physical activity designed to prevent or reduce obesity and chronic disease. It is important that continued funding be provided for these programs that have been consistently shown to have a positive influence on child and adolescent well-being. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, are uniquely qualified to design, implement, and evaluate nutrition assistance programs for children and adolescents. Registered dietitians and dietetic technicians, registered, are the only food and nutrition practitioners with adequate training in food science, nutrition, and food systems to implement research and surveillance programs to monitor, evaluate, and improve the nutritional status of children and adolescents.     

Maternal death inquiry and response in India - the impact of contextual factors on defining an optimal model to help meet critical maternal health policy objectives

Objective

To collaborate with consumer and community representatives in the Alcohol and Pregnancy Project from 2006-2008 http://www.ichr.uwa.edu.au/alcoholandpregnancy and evaluate researchers' and consumer and community representatives' perceptions of the process, context and impact of consumer and community participation in the project.

Methods

We formed two reference groups and sought consumer and community representatives' perspectives on all aspects of the project over a three year period. We developed an evaluation framework and asked consumer and community representatives and researchers to complete a self-administered questionnaire at the end of the project.

Results

Fifteen researchers (93.8%) and seven (53.8%) consumer and community representatives completed a questionnaire. Most consumer and community representatives agreed that the process and context measures of their participation had been achieved. Both researchers and consumer and community representatives identified areas for improvement and offered suggestions how these could be improved for future research. Researchers thought consumer and community participation contributed to project outputs and outcomes by enhancing scientific and ethical standards, providing legitimacy and authority, and increasing the project's credibility and participation. They saw it was fundamental to the research process and acknowledged consumer and community representatives for their excellent contribution. Consumer and community representatives were able to directly influence decisions about the research. They thought that consumer and community participation had significant influence on the success of project outputs and outcomes.

Conclusions

Consumer and community participation is an essential component of good research practice and contributed to the Alcohol and Pregnancy Project by enhancing research processes, outputs and outcomes, and this participation was valued by community and consumer representatives and researchers. The National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia expects researchers to work in partnership and involve consumer and community representatives in health and medical research, and to evaluate community and consumer participation. It is important to demonstrate whether consumer and community participation makes a difference to health and medical research.     

染料木黄酮对乳鼠颅骨成骨细胞增殖分化的影响及其与c-jun的关系

目的研究染料木黄酮对成骨细胞活性的影响及其相关机制。方法胰蛋白酶和Ⅱ型胶原酶分步消化法获得乳鼠盖骨成骨细胞,Ⅱ代细胞用于实验。MTT和3H-TdR测定成骨细胞增殖和DNA合成,原位杂交的方法测定c-jun表达。结果成骨细胞培养基中加入(10-5、10-6和10-7mol/L)染料木黄酮或10-9mol/L和10-10mol/L雌激素培养48h和72h后,MTT的吸光度值与对照组相比均明显升高,48h和72h后对照组、染料木黄酮组和雌激素组MTT值分别为0.19、0.15;0.39、0.45、0.46;0.29、0.32、0.37和0.35、0.38;0.50、0.49。3H-TdR掺入量均显著增加,对照组、染料木黄酮组和雌激素组3H-TdR掺入量分别为68.47;101、844、512和1108.8、1204.2。c-jun表达各组差异无显著性。结论染料木黄酮不是通过促进c-jun表达来促进成骨细胞增殖与分化。     

我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制任务及其工作内容研究

目的研制我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构艾滋病防制任务及其工作内容,为实施艾滋病防制项目管理、人力、财力和物力的项目零基预算界定了工作范围。方法在系统文献查阅的基础上,运用头脑风暴法和焦点小组访谈相结合的方法,对102位专家进行了14轮540人次的咨询与论证,并经过全国180个被调查样本机构和11个模拟运作机构的意向调查加以完善。结果我国地(市)、县级疾病预防控制机构必须开展包括基线调查和制订防制规划、健康教育、艾滋病防制的行为干预、检测实验室网络建设及管理、综合监测、艾滋病自愿咨询检测等在内的11项防制任务及其工作内容,该11项任务及其工作内容得到了全国180个样本机构的高度一致认可(总体认可程度达到了99.0%)。     

整合视角下我国糖尿病防控模式的提供与展望

系统梳理国内外经典的糖尿病防控模式的相关文献,基于整合型医疗卫生服务体系的发展理念与糖尿病防控模式的单一性和可持续性欠缺等问题,在整合医疗的视角下对我国糖尿病的防控模式展开研究综述。发现当前研究大多是对单一的防控模式进行分析总结,但鲜有文章站在整合视角下对糖尿病的防控模式进行梳理,缺乏对整合过程中各利益相关者之间的权责关系进行清晰划分,且农村地区还留有大量防控空白。在整合视角下可以通过对研究技术、防控理念和管理策略进行防控模式的创新,防控模式中清晰划分各利益相关者的权责界限,同时做好农村地区糖尿病防控工作。     

医防融合视角下我国医疗卫生信息化现状与发展研究

医防融合是“治病”和“防病”有效衔接。多年来,医防融合研究多聚焦在慢性非传染性疾病及慢性传染性疾病,对急性传染病关注不足。面对新发突发传染病,如何做好持续监测、早期预警、应急处置和合理救治,将是医疗卫生体系发展和改革的重点。而医疗健康数据互通共享是弥合医防裂隙的首要前提,也是推动智慧化传染病监测预警的重要路径,信息化则是实现医防高效协同的必由之路。本文通过梳理美国、欧洲国家的医疗卫生信息化发展历程,对比并探讨我国医疗卫生信息化发展中存在的主要问题与挑战,以期为我国医疗卫生信息化的发展及医防融合机制创新提供参考。     

Effects of nutritional status on contents of tryptophan, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rat brain]

Effects of nutritional status on the levels of tryptophan (Trp), serotonin (5HT), and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in six brain regions of rats were investigated. 1) A low-protein high-carbohydrate diet decreased Trp, 5HT and 5HIAA levels in the cortex and hippocampus, and those of 5HT and 5HIAA in the hypothalamus. This diet did not affect the contents of Trp and 5HT in the midbrain, but decreased 5HIAA. No significant changes of Trp, 5HT and 5HIAA were observed in the pons and medulla and striatum. 2) A low-carbohydrate high-protein diet increased the levels of Trp, 5HT and 5HIAA in the striatum, and 5HT and 5HIAA in the cortex, but showed no effect on the contents of Trp, 5HT and 5HIAA in the hippocampus, midbrain, pons and medulla and hypothalamus. 3) An energy-restriction low-carbohydrate diet increased Trp, 5HT and 5HIAA contents in the striatum, and 5HT and 5HIAA in the cortex and pons and medulla. In the hypothalamus, only 5HIAA was increased by this diet. The diet did not influence Trp, 5HT and 5HIAA contents of the midbrain and hippocampus. These results suggest that i) lowered fat and carbohydrate intakes enhance 5HT synthesis and metabolism in the cortex and that lowered carbohydrate intake enhances them in the striatum, ii) energy restriction enhances the 5HT metabolism in the cortex, pons and medulla and hypothalamus, and 5HT synthesis in the cortex and pons and medulla, iii) lowered protein intake inhibits 5HT metabolism in the cortex, midbrain, hippocampus and hypothalamus, and 5HT synthesis in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus.     

期刊编辑和科研人员对量和单位常见问题及其规范使用的认知调查分析

【目的】 通过问卷调查的形式了解期刊编辑和科研人员对法定计量单位常见问题及其规范使用的认知情况,提出推广使用法定计量单位的建议和对策,为期刊编辑和科研人员规范使用量和单位提供帮助,也为相关管理部门制定策略和措施提供参考。【方法】 针对期刊编辑人员和科研人员设计2种类型问卷,通过“问卷星”平台进行问卷调查并对调查数据进行整理分析。【结果】 获得有效问卷354份,其中期刊编辑问卷179份,科研人员问卷175份。30岁以下的年轻编辑和科研人员对量和单位规范使用的关注度高。超过50%的编辑和科研人员虽知道《中华人民共和国计量法》,但不清楚其内容; 40%左右的编辑和科研人员不知道量名称和数学符号的使用和书写要求,也不清楚法定单位的使用和构成原则;65%左右的编辑希望期刊审读部门能将期刊常见的计量单位错误汇总供编辑部参考,并将各刊不规范使用的量和单位及理由返给编辑部。90%左右的编辑和科研人员认为有必要由相关部门制订量和单位规范使用手册,建立相应数据库查询平台。【结论】 有必要系统梳理我国量和单位体系及国际单位制,分类整理常见问题,汇总不规范的、废弃的、易忽视的量名称、符号和单位及其换算方法,将其整理成册,并加以宣传及推广使用。调查结果可为期刊编辑和科研人员提供帮助,亦可为相关管理部门制定策略提供参考。     

论新时代科技期刊的质量要素与高质量发展

【目的】 深入探讨科技期刊质量的内涵与要素、质量建设的策略与措施,为科技期刊高质量发展提供有价值的参考。【方法】 通过对比分析研究国内外一流科技期刊的质量规范、质量发展理念和发展措施,抽提质量建设要素,阐明科技期刊高质量发展的有效路径。【结果】 科技期刊的质量是一个质量体系,是由能够反映期刊满足科学技术内容报道所需要的各种编辑出版能力的特性组成。科技期刊的质量,既反映了刊物作为编辑出版产品的优劣程度,又反映了编辑出版工作过程的优劣程度,更反映了办刊队伍组织体系的水平高低。国内外一流科技期刊都非常重视内容质量、编校质量、出版传播质量、管理质量等的建设,有明确的质量标准、质量管控措施、质量发展战略和人才培养目标。【结论】 科技期刊要想高质量发展,必须结合新时代的需要,从满足科技创新、出版转型升级和文化繁荣发展的多角度需求出发,全面设计期刊的质量体系;必须抓好选题策划和内容组织,加强审稿质量、编校质量和科研诚信建设,不断融入出版产业和文化产业的新技术、新业态、新动能,不断提升面向国内外市场的品牌塑造能力和经营管理能力,不断提高办刊人才队伍素养水平,才能不断发展和完善一流科技期刊的质量内涵,实现高质量、可持续发展。