Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychological Distress in Juvenile Offenders: The Protective Influence of Resilience and Youth Assets

Purpose

To examine whether internal resiliency and external assets directly protect juvenile offenders exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) from psychological distress and moderate the relationship between ACE exposure and psychological distress.

Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Hawai‘i Adults: Findings from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey

The prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) among Hawai‘i adults and their impact on the health of affected individuals are unknown. Aiming to provide Hawai‘i State baseline information on ACEs and their associations with health conditions and risk behaviors, the 2010 Hawai‘i Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) included the ACE module. Using 5,928 survey respondents who completed the module, demographic attributes were estimated and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between ACEs and sixteen selected health indicators. In 2010, approximately 57.8% of Hawai‘i adults reported experiencing at least one ACE. Native Hawaiians had the highest prevalence followed by Whites. Adults aged ≥ 65 years had the lowest prevalence on all ACEs. The prevalence of ACEs was inversely related to education and household income levels. Compared to those without ACEs, adults with ACEs had higher odds for a number of health conditions and risk behaviors. Moreover, as the number of ACEs increased, the odds for these health conditions and risk behaviors increased. Hawai‘i adults with ACEs were more likely to report dissatisfaction with life compared to those without ACEs. Men were more likely to report having a family member in prison, while women were more likely to report experiencing sexual abuse. Recommendations include further research on the unbiased contributions of ACEs to diseases and risk behaviors, and the development of culturally-appropriate interventions to reduce the prevalence of ACEs in Hawai‘i.     

Association Between Parental Marital Status and Types of Suicidal Behavior Among Korean Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study

ObjectivesAdolescent suicide is a global problem. This study aimed to identify associations between parental marital status and suicidal behavior.MethodsThis study analyzed 118 715 middle and high school students from the 13th and 14th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The odds ratios (ORs) of suicidal ideation, planning, and attempts were calculated based on parental marital status, living situation, and socioeconomic factors. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression.ResultsWhen compared to those living with 2 married biological parents, the ORs of suicidal ideation among adolescents living with either remarried or no parents were 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17 to 1.53) and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.66), respectively. For suicidal planning, the OR of those living with 1 remarried biological parent was 1.24 (95% CI, 1.01 to 1.52), and that of those living without parents was 1.28 (95% CI, 0.95 to 1.73), when compared to adolescents living with 2 married biological parents. For suicide attempts, when compared to adolescents with 2 married biological parents, the OR of those living with 1 remarried biological parent was 1.48 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.87) and that of those living without parents was 2.02 (95% CI, 1.44 to 2.83). For adolescents living with 1 remarried biological parent, suicidal behavior was strongly associated with having no siblings and were weakly associated with not living with grandparents.ConclusionsSuicidal behavior among adolescents was associated with the remarriage and loss of parents. Therefore, special attention and interventions are needed for adolescents in those situations.     

How Connectedness Contributes to Experimental Smoking Among Rural Youth: Developmental and Ecological Analyses

The influences of peer, sibling, and parents smoking on adolescents initiation of tobacco use have been explained as a function of peer pressure, genetics, and social learning processes, but rarely in combination or with assessments of the quality of these relationships. This study examined the additional contributions of connectedness to friends, siblings, parents, and teachers beyond the effects of friend, sibling, and parental smoking using logistic regression analyses with a cross-sectional middle and high school sample of 303 rural adolescents. Friends and siblings smoking, and connectedness to friends, were the strongest predictors of experimental smoking. Parental smoking and connectedness to parents and to teachers were significant predictors of experimental smoking when considered independently, but not after accounting for friend and sibling factors. Connectedness to parents and teachers decreased the odds of experimental smoking, while connectedness to friends increased the odds.Editors Strategic Implications: This strategy of assessing connectedness to–and smoking behaviors of—friends, siblings, teachers, and parents shows promise in predicting teens cigarette smoking choices. The finding that the negative effects of unconventional connectedness and smoking by friends and siblings outweigh positive effects of connectedness to adults awaits replication with different samples and measures.     

广州中学生自杀意念与家庭关系研究

目的了解广州市中学生自杀意念的报告情况,分析其与家庭的关系,为制定青少年相关健康教育政策和采取干预措施提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法分别抽取广州市8所中学约6 420名学生进行无记名问卷调查。结果有17.5%的中学生报告有自杀意念;中学女生自杀意念的报告率高于男生;父亲文化程度较高的学生自杀意念的报告率较高。自杀意念与喜欢家庭、家庭成员互相关心呈负相关(P<0.05);与家人不了解我、觉得被家人忽略呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论应重视青少年自杀意念的发生,并及早干预,减少自杀的发生以促进青少年身心健康。     

南昌市高中生童年期不良经历与自杀相关行为的研究

目的 了解高中生自杀意念、自杀计划现状及童年期不良经历,探索童年期不良经历与自杀意念、自杀计划的关系,掌握童年期不良经历对自杀意念、自杀计划的累积效应。方法 2015年5月,采取分层整群随机抽样方法,将南昌市城区34所高中按中考录取分数线由高到低排序随机抽取5个学校,共调查高中生884名。结果 884名高中生中125人（14.14%）有自杀意念,55人（6.22%）有自杀计划。logistic分析表明,躯体虐待(OR=3.002,P<0.001),家庭成员有精神异常者(OR=3.465,P<0.001)与自杀意念呈正性相关;性虐待(OR=3.105,P=0.008)、躯体虐待(OR=3.439,P<0.001),家庭成员有精神异常者(OR=5.295,P<0.001)与自杀计划呈正性相关。累积效应分析发现,随着童年期不良经历数目的增加,自杀意念、自杀计划发生的风险增加,有三种及以上不良经历者产生自杀意念OR=10.836,产生自杀计划OR=22.660。结论 童年期不良经历是高中生自杀意念、自杀计划发生的危险因素,加强对有童年期不良经历青少年的干预可有效防控高中生自杀相关行为。     

Examining Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Young Survivors of Urban Violence

Our study examines the association between Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among survivors of violence. In this cross-sectional study, an ACE questionnaire and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) were completed by 147 participants ≤ 3 months after presenting to a Philadelphia, PA emergency department between 2014 and 2019 with a violent injury. This study treated ACEs, both separate and cumulative, as exposures and PTSD symptom severity as the outcome. Most participants (63.3%) met criteria for provisional PTSD, 90% reported experiencing ≥ 1 ACE, and 39% reported experiencing ≥ 6 ACEs. Specific ACEs were associated with increasing PCL-5 scores and increased risk for provisional PTSD. Additionally, as participants’ cumulative ACE scores increased, their PCL-5 scores worsened (b = 0.16; p < 0.05), and incremental ACE score increases predicted increased odds for a positive provisional PTSD screen. Results provide further evidence that ACEs exacerbate the development of PTSD in young survivors of violence. Future research should explore targeted interventions to treat PTSD among survivors of interpersonal violence.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11524-022-00628-4.     

Distinct Contributions of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Resilience Resources: A Cohort Analysis of Adult Physical and Mental Health

Although evidence is rapidly amassing as to the damaging potential of early life adversities on physical and mental health, as yet few investigations provide comparative snapshots of these patterns across adulthood. This population-based study addresses this gap, examining the relationship of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to physical and mental health within a representative sample (n = 19,333) of adults, comparing the prevalence and explanatory strength of ACEs among four birth cohorts spanning ages 18–79. This assessment accounts for demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as both direct and moderating effects of resilience resources (social/emotional support, life satisfaction, and sleep quality). Findings demonstrate (1) increasing trends of reported ACEs across younger cohorts, including time period shifts such as more prevalent family incarceration, substance abuse, and divorce, (2) significant bivariate as well as independent associations of ACEs with poor health within every cohort, controlling for multiple covariates (increasing trends in older age for physical health), and (3) robust patterns wherein resilience resources moderated ACEs, indicating buffering pathways that sustained into old age. Theoretical and practice implications for health professionals are discussed.     

Adverse Childhood Experiences,Family Functioning,and Resilience in Military Families: A Pattern‐Based Approach

Linkages between adverse childhood experiences and long‐term consequences in servicemen and servicewomen were examined in relation to family‐level resiliency processes predicted to mitigate this link. Using a pattern‐based, multi‐informant approach, resilience was explored through a systemic lens in relation to family‐level processes. Latent family profiles were identified using diverse dimensions of family functioning guided by the circumplex model. Data were collected from parents and their adolescents, age 11 to 18, living in the continental United States (N = 273 military families). Variations in adverse childhood experiences among servicemembers and their partners were related to heterogeneous family functioning typologies (profiles). One adaptive family functioning typology illustrated that a select group of families with higher levels of early adverse experiences evinced adaptive functioning outcomes in multiple domains in adulthood. Implications for examining individual resilience via a family‐level process and applications to educational and clinical contexts are discussed in relation to military and nonmilitary families.     

家庭收入对中小学生口腔健康和口腔卫生行为的影响

目的评估不同家庭收入对重庆市中小学生口腔健康和口腔卫生行为的影响，为开展口腔疾病防治工作提供依据。方法根据WHO口腔健康调查方法，参考全国第2次口腔流行病学调查方法，设汁调查问卷，在重庆市8个区县分层整群抽取48个调查点，抽取中小学生8334人进行问卷调查和口腔检查：结果不同家庭收入的中小学生患龋情况、软垢指数、牙周出血、牙周结石刷牙次数、刷牙时机、牙膏的选择、吃零食的次数、吃蔬菜和水果情况、牙痛的处理方法等变量的差别有统计学意义。结论不同家庭收入对中小学生的口腔健康和口腔卫生行为有重要影响。     

中小学生攻击行为与家庭因素的病例对照研究

目的:探讨中小学生攻击行为与家庭因素的内在关系。为制定干预措施提供依据。方法:应用CBCL量表、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)对湖北省5个地区的4 010名6~15岁学生进行调查,筛查出131名有攻击行为的学生,并对131名有攻击行为学生采用1∶1配对病例对照研究方法进行分析。结果:攻击行为的检出率为3.27%(其中男生为3.72%,女生为2.74%),性别无明显差异;攻击行为组的亲密度、知识性、娱乐性3个因子得分明显低于对照组,而矛盾性因子得分明显高于对照组(P<0.01);多因素条件Logistic回归分析表明,中小学生攻击行为的主要危险因素为父母对孩子的教育态度不一致、高矛盾性、低亲密度。结论:中小学生攻击行为与家庭环境之间存在显著的相关关系,良好的家庭环境有助于减少攻击行为的发生。     

Exposure to Partner,Family, and Community Violence: Gang-Affiliated Latina Women and Risk of Unintended Pregnancy

While teen pregnancy rates appear to be declining in the USA overall, the rate of decline among young Latinas has been less than other ethnic groups. Among the myriad factors associated with elevated pregnancy rates, for Latina girls living in the inner city, exposure to gang and community violence may be a critical context for increased pregnancy risk. This study explores the relationship between gang involvement and reproductive health, and the pathways through which childhood, family, and relationship violence exposure may lead to unintended pregnancy. Interviews of 20 young adult Latinas with known gang involvement in Los Angeles County were audiotaped, transcribed, and coded for key themes related to violence exposure and reproductive health. Limited access to reproductive health care compounded by male partner sexual and pregnancy coercion, as well as physical and sexual violence, emerged in the interviews. Exposures to interparental domestic violence, childhood physical and sexual abuse, and gang violence were prominent and closely associated with unhealthy and abusive intimate relationships. Adverse childhood experiences and exposure to partner, family, and community violence impact the reproductive lives and choices of young Latina women in gangs. These findings may guide targeted pregnancy prevention efforts among urban gang-affiliated Latinas as well as encourage the integration of sexual violence prevention and reproductive health promotion within gang violence intervention programs.     

The Impact of Household Economic Deterioration Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic and Socioeconomic Status on Suicidal Behaviors in Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study Using 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey Data

ObjectivesEconomic hardship has a serious impact on adolescents’ mental health. The financial impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was more severe for low-income families, and this also impacted adolescents. This study aimed to examine the associations of economic deterioration (ED) caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and low socioeconomic status (SES) with adolescents’ suicidal behaviors.MethodsThis study analyzed data from the 2020 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey, which included 54 948 middle and high school students. Odds ratios (ORs) of suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, and suicide attempts related to ED and SES were calculated using multivariable logistic regression. We calculated relative excess risks due to interaction to assess additive interactions.ResultsThe ORs for suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, and suicide attempts related to combined severe ED and low SES were 3.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.13 to 4.23), 3.88 (95% CI, 3.09 to 4.88), and 4.27 (95% CI, 3.21 to 5.69), respectively.ConclusionsED and low SES were significantly associated with suicidal behaviors in adolescents. Although no significant additive interaction was found, the ORs related to suicidal ideation, suicidal planning, and suicide attempts were highest among adolescents from low-income families with severe ED. Special attention is needed for this group, considering the increased impact of economic inequality due to the COVID-19 pandemic.     

家庭环境对学龄期儿童社交焦虑与心理孤独感的影响研究

目的:分析不同家庭环境对学龄期儿童社交焦虑与心理孤独感的影响。方法:采用整群随机抽样,在宁夏某县5所小学随机选择3~6年级共990名学生进行一般情况、儿童社会交往焦虑测评量表和儿童孤独量表调查。结果:家庭中不同兄弟个数的学龄期儿童其在害怕否定和社交得分的社交焦虑方面差异均存在统计学意义(P<0.05)。家庭中父母不与其谈心的儿童其社交焦虑和心理孤独感最严重(P<0.05)。多重线性回归分析中得出:兄弟个数越多学龄期儿童越害怕否定;家中排行越大及留守儿童的社交焦虑严重;留守儿童其心理孤独感强;兄弟个数多的儿童其兴趣爱好匮乏。结论:应多关注家中孩子数量多、排行靠前、父母经常不与子女谈心的学龄期儿童的社交焦虑与心理孤独感。