我国肝胆胰外科发展与国际接轨的挑战和机遇

This article traced how western medicine and surgery were introduced into China, described where Chinese surgery stands currently at the international scene, and proposed future strategies as to how Chinese surgery can go internationally. Surgery, a major component of western medicine,was first introduced into China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the missionaries and the merchants of the East Indian Company. Surgical centers were soon established in the big cities along the coastal region, then spread inland along the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Pearl River. The establishment of general surgery centers soon led to the development of the subspecialty in hepatopancreatobiliary surgery because of high prevalence of hepatitis B related hepatocellular carcinoma, intrahepatic stones, portal hypertension caused by schistosomiasis and pancreatic disease. For historical reasons,Chinese surgery was cut off from the outside world in the 1960s.This led to the development of Chinese surgery along a different path from that taken internationally. With the opening up of China in the 1980s, and the recent economic developments,Chinese surgery needs to merge with surgery in the rest of the world. Suggested proposal for future strategies for Chinese surgery to go internationally include undergraduate medical reform, introduction of structured surgical training and examination for the whole country, life long continuing medical education for all surgeons, academic exchanges with internationally renowned centers, publication in international peer-review journals, active involvement in international surgical societies and conferences.     

Research and development of additional aids for dermatologic and plastic surgery

Increasing numbers of accessories continue to be found to make laser surgery more effective for dermatologic and plastic surgery. Argon laser surgery aids are available to increase the dilatation of the superficial vessels and to localize increasing numbers of red cell masses. Laser probes for intravascular thrombogenesis and thrombolysis have now been adapted for intradermal and deep dermal tissues and for cardiology. Studies on laser effects on platelets and heat transmission and thromboembolic phenomena are lacking. Investigative studies are developing for laser fiber optic probes for laser-induced fluorescence, not only for oncology, but also for studies of metabolism of tissues and also for spectroscopy. The use of different wavelengths and shorter pulses, more flexible fiber-optics transmission for all laser systems, combinations of laser systems into a single operating probe, as well as the increased use of lasers for diagnosis and treatment will all stimulate the development of new aids for laser surgery. Cooperative programs developed jointly by dermatologic and plastic surgeons will make for great progress in skin and soft-tissue laser surgery.     

Image-guided spine surgery: state of the art and future directions

Navigation technology is a widely available tool in spine surgery and has become a part of clinical routine in many centers. The issue of where and when navigation technology should be used is still an issue of debate. It is the aim of this study to give an overview on the current knowledge concerning the technical capabilities of image-guided approaches and to discuss possible future directions of research and implementation of this technique. Based on a Medline search total of 1,462 publications published until October 2008 were retrieved. The abstracts were scanned manually for relevance to the topics of navigated spine surgery in the cervical spine, the thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, as well as ventral spine surgery, radiation exposure, tumor surgery and cost-effectivity in navigated spine surgery. Papers not contributing to these subjects were deleted resulting in 276 papers that were included in the analysis. Image-guided approaches have been investigated and partially implemented into clinical routine in virtually any field of spine surgery. However, the data available is mostly limited to small clinical series, case reports or retrospective studies. Only two RCTs and one metaanalysis have been retrieved. Concerning the most popular application of image-guided approaches, pedicle screw insertion, the evidence of clinical benefit in the most critical areas, e.g. the thoracic spine, is still lacking. In many other areas of spine surgery, e.g. ventral spine surgery or tumor surgery, image-guided approaches are still in an experimental stage. The technical development of image-guided techniques has reached a high level as the accuracies that can be achieved technically meet the anatomical demands. However, there is evidence that the interaction between the surgeon (‘human factor’) and the navigation system is a source of inaccuracy. It is concluded that more effort needs to be spend to understand this interaction.     

Comparison of robotic reduced-port and laparoscopic approaches for left-sided colorectal cancer surgery

Background/objectiveThe reduced-port approach can overcome the limitations of single-incision laparoscopic surgery while maintaining its advantages. Here, we compared the effects of robotic reduced-port surgery and conventional laparoscopic approaches for left-sided colorectal cancer.MethodsBetween January 2015 and December 2016, the clinicopathological characteristics and treatment outcomes of 17 patients undergoing robotic reduced-port surgery and 49 patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer were compared.ResultsThe two groups were comparable in almost all outcome measures except for the distal resection margin, which was significantly longer in the laparoscopic group (P < 0.001). The between-group differences in reoperation, incisional hernia development, and overall and progression-free survival were nonsignificant; however, the total hospital cost was significantly higher in the robotic group than in the laparoscopic group (US$13779.6 ± US$3114.8 vs. US$8556.3 ± US$2056.7, P < 0.001).ConclusionRobotic reduced-port surgery for left-sided colorectal cancer is safe and effective but more expensive with no additional benefit compared with the conventional laparoscopic approach. This observation warrants further evaluation.     

Laparoscopic hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: an overview

Although they are not widely employed, advanced laparoscopic hepatobiliary pancreatic (HBP) procedures can be performed. Laparoscopic common bile duct (CBD) exploration has gained wide acceptance, and endoscopic retro-grade cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic sphincterotomy (ERCP/ES) may become less important in the treatment of CBD stones. Choledochal cyst is another example that is suitable for laparoscopic treatment. It can be removed, and bilioenteric flow is reestablished laparoscopically. Simple cyst of the liver is an excellent indication for laparoscopic surgery. Cysts are unroofed, and recurrence is rare. Hydatid disease can also be treated laparoscopically. In liver resection, the use of laparoscopy is limited to wedge resection and left lateral segmentectomy at most. Laparoscopic staging for pancreatic cancer can demonstrate respectability in 90% of cases. This staging may obviate unnecessary laparotomy. Although laparoscopic Whipple is feasible, laparoscoic distal pancreatectomy is a realistic indication for pancreatic resection. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy may be indicated for cystic neoplasms of low-grade malignancy, and for islet cell tumors. When internal drainage is indicated, pseudocysts can be treated laparoscopically. If the cyst is located close to the posterior gastric wall, cystgastrostomy can also be achieved with an endoluminal surgical technique. Received: March 25, 2002 / Accepted: April 14, 2002 Offprint requests to: T. Mori     

Single visit surgery for pediatric ambulatory surgical procedures: a satisfaction and cost analysis

Background

Single visit surgery (SVS) consists of same-day pre-operative assessment and operation with telephone post-operative follow-up. This reduces family time commitment to 1 hospital trip rather than 2–3. We began SVS for ambulatory patients with clear surgical indications in 2013. We sought to determine family satisfaction, cost savings to families, and institutional financial feasibility of SVS.

Transgastric instrumentation and bacterial contamination of the peritoneal cavity

Introduction Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a rapidly evolving technique providing access to the peritoneum utilizing an endoscope via a natural orifice. One of the most significant requirements of this technique is the need to minimize the risk of clinically significant peritoneal contamination. We report the bacterial load and contamination of the peritoneal cavity in patients requiring a gastrotomy Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LSRYGB). Methods We prospectively studied 50 patients undergoing a gastrotomy with creation of a gastrojejunostomy during LSRYGB. We recorded the patient’s proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) utilization preoperatively and sampled gastric contents without lavage. We also sampled peritoneal fluid prior to and after gastrotomy, noting the length of time the gastrotomy was open to the peritoneum. Each of the three samples was sent for bacterial colony counts, and culture with identification of species. Results Fifty patients underwent LSRYGB with a mean operative time of 93 min. The gastrotomy was open to the peritoneal cavity for an average of 18 min. Seventeen of 50 patients were on PPIs preoperatively, resulting in a significant difference in postgastrostomy peritoneal bacterial counts. The average number of colony-forming units (CFU) of the gastric aspirate was 22,303 CFU/ml. Peritoneal aspirates obtained for examination prior to creation of a gastrotomy showed no CFUs in 44 of 50 patients. Peritoneal sampling after gastrotomy showed contamination of the abdomen with an average of 1102 CFU/ml. There was no correlation between the bacterial load in the stomach and peritoneal load after gastrotomy. No infectious complications or leaks developed. One complication of rhabdomyolysis in a patient with no peritoneal bacterial contamination developed. Conclusions Transgastric instrumentation does contaminate the abdominal cavity but pathogens are clinically insignificant due to species or bacterial load. Patients on PPIs do have an increased bacterial load in the gastric aspirate, with no clinical significant infection.     

在澳大利亚利用腹腔镜进行附件手术的现状和变化趋势

自从引入腹腔镜手术,普遍认为应用腹腔镜进行附件手术会取代开腹手术。然而事实证明,虽然腹腔镜手术开展了20多年,开腹附件手术仍未被淘汰。这份来自澳大利亚各州及地区关于附件手术病人的资料显示了在澳大利亚应用腹腔镜进行附件手术的变化趋势。同时还有一份来自悉尼利物浦医院病人的资料同样也说明了在附件手术中决定选择何种手术方式的影响因素。我们的研究认为,在所有附件手术中,应用腹腔镜进行手术已经增加到90%,然而大概还有10%的病人需要开腹手术。全国范围内附件手术在手术方式选择上的变化趋势受政府医疗保险政策变化的影响。利物浦医院的当地资料显示,不同个体在手术方式选择上的变化趋势与澳大利亚全国范围内附件手术方式变化趋势不同,是由于管理人员和资金的改变引起的。从病人利益角度考虑,一项对妇科医师问卷调查显示,下述因素是导致医师选择开腹手术的重要原因：术前怀疑肿瘤是恶性的;医生缺少腹腔镜技术的培训;急诊状况下。术前应用敏感性高和特异性好的肿瘤标志物改善附件恶性肿瘤术前诊断的准确性有利于更多病人进入腔镜组而不是开腹组,同时医师经过良好的训练和提高手术技术也可以在不久的将来促进腹腔镜手术的发展。     

微创外科时代的机遇、挑战和思考

创新是外科学持续发展的灵魂和动力.面对二十一世纪微创外科时代腹腔镜技术给我们带来的机遇和挑战,勇于创新的同时我们还应该多一些冷静的思考.一些传统外科的观念和方法可以进行重新评估和发展,但外科学的一些基本原则不应随意改变.外科学是实用性的科学,创新应该建筑在实用的基础之上,微创外科技术的发展依托的是现代科学技术的发展.     

快速康复外科在胃肠手术中的新理念及展望

快速康复外科是一种广泛应用于外科手术中的理念,贯穿患者手术前后的整个治疗过程,通过采取一系列积极措施,极大地改善了患者术后康复速度及预后,提高了治疗效果及患者生活质量.本文综述了快速康复外科在胃肠外科围手术期的新理念及应用展望.     

Guidelines and checklists for short‐term missions in global pediatric surgery

Pediatric surgeons, anesthesia providers, and nurses from North America and other high‐income countries are increasingly engaged in resource‐limited areas, with short‐term missions as the most common form of involvement. However, consensus recommendations currently do not exist for short‐term missions in pediatric general surgery and associated perioperative care. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Delivery of Surgical Care Subcommittee and American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) Global Pediatric Surgery Committee, with the American Pediatric Surgical Nurses Association, Inc. (APSNA) Global Health Special Interest Group, and the Society for Pediatric Anesthesia (SPA) Committee on International Education and Service generated consensus recommendations for short‐term missions based on extensive experience with short‐term missions. Three distinct, but related areas were identified: (i) Broad goals of surgical partnerships between high‐income countries and low‐ and middle‐income countries. A previous set of guidelines published by the Global Paediatric Surgery Network Collaborative (GPSN) was endorsed by all groups; (ii) Guidelines for the conduct of short‐term missions were developed, including planning, in‐country perioperative patient care, post‐trip follow‐up, and sustainability; and (iii) travel and safety considerations critical to short‐term mission success were enumerated. A diverse group of stakeholders developed these guidelines for short‐term missions in low‐ and middle‐income countries. These guidelines may be a useful tool to ensure safe, responsible, and ethical short‐term missions given increasing engagement of high‐income country providers in this work.     

泌尿外科单孔多通道腹腔镜技术在中国的应用与创新

目的 系统回顾并总结评价单孔腹腔镜技术在中国泌尿外科领域的发展现状. 方法 通过检索2009年1月至2012年7月万方数据资源系统、中国知网CNKI、维普期刊、中国生物医学文献数据库、GoogleScholar搜索引擎、MEDLINE等数据库中我国学者公开发表的有关泌尿外科单孔腹腔镜手术文献,分析泌尿外科单孔腹腔镜技术在国内的临床应用特点和变化趋势. 结果 共纳入全国 66家单位205篇相关文献,其中科学引文索引(science citation index,SCI)期刊收录文献26篇,中文期刊文献179篇.文献类型构成为:病例报告或经验介绍133篇(64.9％),对比研究13篇(6.3％),综述、述评20篇(9.8％),护理相关28篇(13.7％),动物实验6篇(2.9％),培训相关5篇(2.4％).共报道临床病例1790例,其中上尿路手术1018例(56.9％),下尿路手术104例(5.8％),男科及其他手术668例(37.3％).肿瘤相关手术336例(18.8％),需重建的手术334例(18.7％).按手术通道分为单孔多通道手术1043例(58.3％),单切口多套管手术747例(41.7％).单孔多通道手术中选择商业化专用装置者476例(45.6％),选择自制装置者567例(54.4％).按入路途径分为经腹腔途径1065例(59.5％),经腹膜外(腹膜后和腹膜前)途径725例(40.5％);按切口部位分为经脐单一切口1047例(58.5％),经脐外单一切口743例(41.5％).共涉及25种手术方式:①上尿路手术,包括肾上腺切除、肾囊肿去顶减压、单纯性肾切除(无功能肾、重复肾等)、肾癌根治性切除、肾脏部分切除、肾肿瘤冷冻消融、活体供肾切取、肾蒂周围淋巴管结扎、肾盂或输尿管癌根治、肾盂或输尿管上段结石切开取石、肾盂输尿管狭窄成型、输尿管松解等手术;②下尿路手术,包括膀胱癌根治性切除+尿流改道、膀胱癌膀胱部分切除、经膀胱膀胱肿瘤剜除、输尿管膀胱再植、前列腺癌根治(经腹腔、经腹膜外、经膀胱)、经膀胱前列腺剜除、盆腔淋巴结清扫等手术;③男科手术,包括精索静脉曲张结扎、隐睾下降固定、男性假两性畸形整形、小儿鞘状突未闭修复等手术;④其他手术,包括腹膜透析管放置、腹膜后淋巴结清扫术.单一术式病例数前三位的依次为:精索静脉曲张结扎术601例(33.6％)、肾囊肿去顶减压术408例(22.8％)、肾上腺切除术179例(10.0％).总体手术中转率为5.5％,总体手术并发症发生率为3.4％. 结论 泌尿外科单孔多通道腹腔镜技术在国内已广泛普及,开展术式几乎涵盖了所有传统腹腔镜手术类型,但目前仍以非重建手术治疗泌尿系良性病变为主要适应证.总体上说,单孔腹腔镜技术在国内泌尿外科领域的应用仍处于初级探索阶段,需要更多的自主创新和规范科研工作,以更好地评价单孔腹腔镜技术在泌尿外科手术中的应用价值.