高血压患者血清基质金属蛋白酶9、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1、脂联素水平与白蛋白尿的关系

目的 探讨高血压患者血清基质金属蛋白酶9（MMP-9）、基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂1（TIMP-1）和脂联素（ADPN）的水平变化及其与白蛋白尿发生的相关性.方法 选择在我院进行体检的建筑工人175名,检测血压、尿常规、尿白蛋白肌酐比值（ACR）、血糖、血脂及肾功能,根据其血压和ACR分为健康对照组、单纯白蛋白尿组、单纯高血压组和高血压合并白蛋白尿组.测定各组受试者血清MMP-9、TIMP-1和ADPN水平,采用t检验进行数据分析.结果 与健康对照组比较,单纯高血压组及高血压合并白蛋白尿组血清MMP-9和TIMP-1水平明显升高（P＜ 0.05或P＜0.01）,高血压合并白蛋白尿组血清MMP-9水平较单纯高血压组明显升高（P＜0.05）,两组血清TIMP-1水平差异无统计学意义.与健康对照组比较,高血压合并白蛋白尿组血清ADPN水平明显下降（P＜0.05）.结论 高血压患者血清MMP-9和TIMP-1水平明显升高,MMP-9/TIMP-1平衡及血清ADPN可能参与高血压患者白蛋白尿的发生.     

Role of neutrophil derived oxidants and elastase in lipopolysaccharide-mediated renal injury

Gram-negative bacterial sepsis is frequently associated with acute renal failure but the specific effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial products on kidney function are not known. Since either LPS or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)--a chemotactic peptide from bacterial cell walls--activate neutrophils (PMN) to release a number of potentially toxic factors in vitro, we determined the effect of adding PMN with LPS and/or FMLP to isolated perfused rat kidneys. Isolated rat kidneys perfused with LPS alone or LPS and normal PMN had normal glomerular filtration rates (GFR) and tubular Na reabsorption (TNa). Kidneys perfused with FMLP alone or FMLP and normal PMN also had normal GFR and TNa. In contrast, addition of PMN with both FMLP and LPS caused progressive renal dysfunction. For example, after 60 minutes of perfusion, GFR was reduced from 610 +/- 31 to 147 +/- 17 microliters/min/g and TNa from 97 +/- 1 to 72 +/- 2%, both P less than 0.01. Perfusion with the O2 metabolite scavengers catalase or dimethylthiourea afforded no protection while perfusion with the neutrophil elastase inhibitor Eglin C conferred substantial, but not complete, protection: GFR 492 +/- 34 microliters/min/g; TNa 91 +/- 3%. However, perfusion with both Eglin C and catalase completely prevented the toxic effects of LPS and FMLP-treated PMN on renal function. We conclude that in isolated kidneys, 1) the toxic effects of LPS requires FMLP-treated PMN and that 2) LPS and FMLP treated PMN cause progressive renal injury which is mediated by both O2 metabolites and neutrophil elastase.     

Ovine forestomach matrix biomaterial is a broad spectrum inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases and neutrophil elastase

Proteases play a critical role in the ordered remodelling of extracellular matrix (ECM) components during wound healing and tissue regeneration. However, the usually ordered proteolysis is compromised in chronic wounds due to over‐expression and high concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase's (MMPs) and neutrophil elastase (NE). Ovine forestomach matrix (OFM) is a decellularised extracellular matrix‐based biomaterial developed for tissue regeneration applications, including the treatment of chronic wounds, and is a heterogeneous mixture of ECM proteins and proteoglycans that retains the native structural and functional characteristics of tissue ECM. Given the diverse molecular species present in OFM, we hypothesised that OFM may contain components or fragments that inhibit MMP and NE activity. An extract of OFM was shown to be a potent inhibitor of a range of tissue MMPs (IC₅₀s = 23 ± 5 to 115 ± 14 µg/ml) and NE (IC₅₀ = 157 ± 37 µg/ml), and was more potent than extracts prepared from a known protease modulating wound dressing. The broad spectrum activity of OFM against different classes of MMPs (i.e. collagenases, gelatinases and stromelysins) may provide a clinical advantage by more effectively addressing the protease imbalance seen in chronic wounds.     

Neutrophils mediate acute lung injury in rabbits: role of neutrophil elastase

We investigated the roles of neutrophil and neutrophil elastase in acute lung injury (ALI) to elucidate the mechanism of ALI. We designed two protocols. Protocol I: Experimental ALI was induced by endotoxin (0.02 mg/kg) and platelet-activating factor (8 microg/kg/4 h) in untreated rabbits (control group I), in neutropenic rabbits pretreated with nitrogen-N-oxide hydrochloride, and in untreated rabbits infused with a neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046; 20 mg/kg/4 h). Protocol II: ALI was induced by smaller doses of endotoxin (0.015 mg/kg) and platelet-activating factor (7 microg/kg/4 h) than those used in protocol I in untreated rabbits (control group II), in neutrophilic rabbits pretreated with human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and in neutrophilic rabbits infused with ONO-5046 (as in protocol I). The severity of ALI was assessed by the protein concentration, the elastase activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and the histologic pulmonary edema ratio. The degree of pulmonary neutrophil accumulation was assessed by pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity and histological findings. Both ALI and pulmonary neutrophil accumulation were suppressed by neutropenia (protocol I), while they were exacerbated by neutrophilia (protocol II). The neutrophil elastase inhibitor could suppress ALI, but it could not suppress pulmonary neutrophil accumulation in both untreated and neutrophilic rabbits (protocols I and II). These findings indicate that neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of ALI via neutrophil elastase.     

Sports, joint injury, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis

Participation in sports increases the risk of joint injuries that can lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis, a clinical syndrome caused by trauma-initiated joint degeneration that results in permanent and often progressive joint pain and dysfunction. Minimizing the risk of joint injuries and helping people with osteoarthritis participate in regular physical activity, including some sports, requires understanding of the relationships between joint use, joint injury, and joint degeneration. Lifelong participation in sports that cause minimal joint impact and torsional loading by individuals with normal joints and neuromuscular function does not increase the risik of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. In contrast, participation in sports that subject joints to high levels of impact and torsional loading increases the risk of joint injury and subsequent joint degeneration. Immediate diagnosis and appropriate treatment and rehabilitation following joint injuries decrease the risk of subsequent injuries and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Individuals with abnormaljoint anatomy or alignment, previous significant joint injury, osteoarthritis, joint surgery, joint instability, disturbances of joint or muscle innervation or inadequate muscle strength have increased risk of joint damage during participation in athletics. These individuals can benefit from regular exercise, including selected sports, but they should have an evaluation of their joint structure and function, muscle strength, and neuromuscular function before participating in vigorous physical activity.     

A neutrophil elastase inhibitor, sivelestat, improves leukocyte deformability in patients with acute lung injury

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitor, sivelestat, improves leukocyte deformability and pulmonary function in patients with acute lung injury (ALI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-four patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) were divided into two groups: those with ALI (ALI group, n = 14), and those without ALI (non-ALI group, n = 10). Within 72 hours after the diagnosis, we measured the total leukocyte count (TLC), C-reactive protein (CRP) level, NE concentration, APACHE II score, Goris multiple organ failure (MOF) index, respiratory index (RI), lung injury score (LIS), and oxygenation index (P/F ratio). Leukocyte deformability was examined with a microchannel array etched on a single-crystal silicon tip that simulates the microvasculature. The number of obstructed microchannels (NOM) because of stiffened neutrophils and transit time (TT), defined as the time needed for 100 microL of whole blood to pass through the microchannels, were determined.We then administered sivelestat (4.8 mg/kg/d) to nine ALI patients (sivelestat group) for 5 days and compared with seven ALI patients treated previously without sivelestat (conventional group). The factors described above were measured before and 5 days after treatment. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in age, TLC, CRP, APACHE II score, and MOF index between ALI and non-ALI group. RI and LIS were higher and the P/F ratio was significantly lower in the ALI group than in the non-ALI group. NE concentration, NOM, and TT were significantly higher in the ALI group than in the non-ALI group (p < 0.05).After 5 days of treatment with sivelestat, the APACHE II score, MOF index, RI, LIS, NE concentration, TT, and NOM were lower and the P/F ratio was significantly higher than baseline values and those in the conventional group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: NE concentration and neutrophil rigidity are significantly increased in SIRS patients with ALI. Sivelestat appears to reduce NE concentration and neutrophil stiffness and improve pulmonary oxygenation in patients with ALI.     

中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶在重症胰腺炎急性肺损伤中的表达及大黄附子汤的干预作用

目的 观察中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)在重症急性胰腺炎并急性肺损伤(SAP-ALI)中的表达及大黄附子汤的干预作用.方法 健康SD大鼠80只,按体质量随机分成4组:假手术组(n=19)、SAP-ALI组(n=21)、NE处理组(n=20)及大黄附子汤治疗组(治疗组,n=20).假手术组开腹后行空肠造瘘,翻动胰腺数次后关腹;SAP-ALI组在假手术组基础上经胰胆管逆行注入4%牛磺胆酸钠(1 ml/kg),建立SAP-ALI模型;NE处理组造模后静脉输注NE 0.5 U/100 g,其他同SAP-ALI组;治疗组在NE处理组基础上经空肠造瘘管注入大黄附子汤10 ml.酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测肺泡灌洗液和血清的NE含量及血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β含量.逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)、Western b1ot法分别检测肺组织NE mRNA和蛋白表达,同时观察胰腺和肺组织湿/干重比和病理形态学变化.结果 NE处理组BALF和血清NE含量及血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量均较SAP-ALI组大鼠明显增加(P<0.05).NE处理组肺组织NE mRNA表达较SAP-ALI组显著升高.经大黄附子汤治疗后BALF和血清NE含量、血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量及肺组织中NE mRNA表达均较NE处理组明显降低(P<0.05).结论 NE的过度释放参与了SAP-ALI的发病过程,大黄附子汤可通过抑制NE的释放,降低血清TNF-α、IL-1β含量,减轻肺损伤程度.     

Benefical effect of neutrophil elastase inhibitor on renal warm ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a significant problem in renal transplantation. Neutrophils play an important role in renal I/R injury. Several reports have demonstrated that neutrophil elastase derived from the activated neutrophils might play an important role in this injury. We investigated the effect of a neutrophil elastase inhibitor in renal I/R injury. Male Lewis rats (270-320 g) were used in the model. The right kidney was harvested and the left renal artery and vein were clamped at laparotomy. The kidney was reperfused after 90 minutes of ischemia. Neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046: 30 mg/kg) was delivered intravenously before ischemia and after reperfusion to prevent neutrophil activation. In the nontreatment I/R group, no hosts survived 4 days. However, after treatment with neutrophil elastase inhibitor, 3 of 10 rats in the I/R group, survived more than 7 days. These results demonstrated that treatment with neutrophil elastase inhibitor ameliorated renal I/R injury.     

Elastase deposits in the kidney and urinary elastase excretion in patients with glomerulonephritis--evidence for neutrophil involvement in renal injury

OBJECTIVE: Elastase is a key proteolytic enzyme released during polymorphonuclear leukocyte degranulation. There are abundant data of elastase involvement in the development of injury in experimental models of glomerulonephritis (GN), but scant direct evidence of its involvement in human primary GN. The aims of this study were to determine the immunolocalization of elastase deposits in kidney biopsy specimens from patients with primary idiopathic GN, to attempt to correlate the distribution and intensity of deposits with urinary elastase excretion, and to determine clinical markers of renal injury in several types of primary idiopathic GN. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The immunohistochemical localization and intensity of elastase deposits in kidney biopsies, the urinary excretion of leukocyte elastase, and proteinuria and serum creatinine levels were evaluated in 23 patients with primary GN and the associations between these factors were sought. RESULTS: Patients with crescentic proliferative GN had the highest intensity of elastase deposits. In this group of patients, elastase was present in the glomerular endothelium, as well as in the tubular epithelium and interstitium. Patients with a high intensity of elastase deposits within the glomerular endothelium and Bowman's capsule had significantly higher urinary excretion of elastase. Patients with interstitial, mesangial and perivascular elastase deposits had significantly higher serum creatinine than those without. Patients with elastase deposits in the glomerular endothelium and in the interstitium had insignificantly higher proteinuria than those without. CONCLUSION: Our data provide morphological evidence of leukocyte elastase involvement in renal injury occurring in the course of primary idiopathic GN, in particular in the proliferative types.     

Inhibition of fibroblast activation protein ameliorates cartilage matrix degradation and osteoarthritis progression

Fibroblast activation protein(Fap) is a serine protease that degrades denatured type I collagen, α2-antiplasmin and FGF21. Fap is highly expressed in bone marrow stromal cells and functions as an osteogenic suppressor and can be inhibited by the bone growth factor Osteolectin(Oln). Fap is also expressed in synovial fibroblasts and positively correlated with the severity of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). However, whether Fap plays a critical role in osteoarthritis(OA) remains poorly understood. Here, ...     

重组人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶的制备及鉴定

目的:利用基因工程技术制备纯化的重组人中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(HNE),为进一步制备HNE的相应抗体和建立精液HNE的检测方法奠定基础。方法:利用HNE的特异引物从人外周血粒细胞中获得HNEmRNA,并将其cDNA克隆入质粒pGEX-2T中以获得重组质粒pGEX-2T/HNE。重组质粒经PCR、双酶切和基因测序鉴定后转入感受态大肠埃希菌DH5α中,并用异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达重组融合蛋白GST/HNE。重组融合蛋白经凝血酶裂解后获得重组HNE,并经谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠纯化后获得纯化的重组HNE。结果:成功制备重组表达质粒pGEX-2T/HNE,并转化入大肠埃希菌DH5α中。经IPTG在18℃过夜诱导后成功获得重组融合蛋白GST/HNE的表达。经凝血酶裂解和谷胱甘肽琼脂糖珠纯化后成功获得纯化的重组蛋白HNE。结论:纯化的重组HNE的获得为进一步制备HNE的相应抗体和建立精液HNE的检测方法奠定了基础。     

Repair after cholestatic liver injury correlates with neutrophil infiltration and matrix metalloproteinase 8 activity

BACKGROUND: Although timely surgical treatment of liver disease can interrupt inflammation and reduce fibrosis, the mechanisms of repair are unknown. We questioned whether these mechanisms of repair include changes in the inflammatory infiltrate and associated biological activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 8 and 2. METHODS: Rats (n >or= 3) underwent biliary ductal suspension for 7 days followed by decompression. Livers were collected after 7 days of obstruction (d0) and after 2, 5, and 7 days of repair (d2, d5, d7, respectively), and assessed morphometrically for collagen, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), Kupffer cells (KCs), and inflammatory mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs). In situ zymography was performed by using fluorogenic substrates for MMP-8 and MMP-2 to spatially localize enzymatic activity. RESULTS: Cholestatic injury resulted in significantly elevated (P 相似文献   

Association between injury pattern of patients with multiple injuries and circulating levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil elastase

BACKGROUND: Our knowledge about the bidirectional interactions between brain and whole organism after trauma is still limited. It was the purpose of this prospective clinical study to determine the influence of severe head trauma (SHT) as well as trauma in different anatomic injury regions on posttraumatic inflammatory mediator levels from patients with multiple injuries. METHODS: Thirty-five healthy controls, 33 patients with an isolated SHT, 47 patients with multiple injuries without SHT, and 45 patients with both SHT and multiple injuries were studied. The posttraumatic plasma levels of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors p55 and p75, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) elastase were monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. The influence of head injuries as well as thorax, abdomen, and extremity injuries on the mediator release from patients with multiple injuries was investigated by multivariate linear regression models. RESULTS: The soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55/p75 ratio was significantly elevated within 3 hours of trauma in all three injury groups and returned to reference ratios after 12 hours. The lowest increase was found in patients suffering from an isolated SHT. Lowest mediator levels in this patient population were also found for IL-6, IL-10, and PMN elastase during the first 36 hours after trauma. Additional injuries to the head, thorax, abdomen, and extremity modulated mediator levels to a different degree. No specific effect was found for SHT when compared with other injury groups. Thorax injuries caused the quickest rise in mediator levels, whereas abdominal injuries significantly increased PMN elastase levels 12 to 24 hours after trauma. CONCLUSION: Traumatic injuries cause the liberation of various mediators, without any specific association between anatomic injury pattern and the pattern of mediator release.     

Effect of specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat liver transplantation.

Activated neutrophils have been implicated as playing an important role in ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver by releasing toxic mediators such as oxygen free radicals and elastases. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a novel, specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor (ONO-5046) on cold-ischemia/reperfusion injury of the liver allograft in rodents. Livers from male Lewis rats were procured and stored cold (4 degrees C) in lactated Ringer's solution and transplanted orthotopically. Recipients were divided into three groups: Vehicle group, 5-h preservation and vehicle (n = 8); ONO-5046 group, 5-h preservation and administration of ONO-5046 (n = 8); and Control group, minimum preservation only (n = 8). Bile output after reperfusion was significantly larger in the ONO-5046 group compared to the Vehicle group (P < 0.05 or less). Sinusoidal endothelial cell function represented by the serum hyaluronic acid concentration at 120 min after reperfusion of the ONO-5046 group was significantly lower than that in the Vehicle group (17.0 +/- 7.9 vs 36.2 +/- 14.9 ng/ml, P < 0.05), whereas serum transaminase levels 120 min after reperfusion were comparable between the two groups. Liver tissue energy charge 120 min after reperfusion was significantly better in the ONO-5046 group compared to the Vehicle group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the number of neutrophils infiltrating the allograft after reperfusion was significantly depressed in the ONO-5046 group compared to the Vehicle group (P < 0. 02). These data suggest that the neutrophil elastase might cause liver damage early after reperfusion in cold-stored liver, which can be ameliorated by the administration of a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor, ONO-5046.     

PMN elastase in bone and joint infections

Summary PMN (polymorphonuclear neutrophil) elastase is a proteolytic enzyme which is a biochemical marker for abnormal granulocyte stimulation. In inflammation and sepsis, excessive neutrophil stimulation results in significant amounts of PMN elastase being released into the plasma which indicates the severity of the disease and its prognosis. In 62 patients with osteomyelitis or suppurative arthritis, PMN elastase had a diagnostic sensitivity of 81%, which is comparable to the nonspecific erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Sensitivity of C-reactive protein (CRP) was 71%, fibrinogen 54% and leucocyte count 26%. PMN elastase was also useful in the follow up of patients with bone and joint infections; in the early post-operative period it became normal more quickly than the other findings unless the patients developed complications. Ten days after operation, PMN elastase was normal in 75% of the patients compared to the CRP which became normal in only 25%. Later both results were similar: on discharge from hospital, PMN elastase was normal in 77% and CRP in 71%.

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Résumé La PMN élastase, enzyme protéolytique, est un marqueur biochimique de la stimulation granulocytaire pathologique. En cas d'inflammation ou d'infection il se produit une stimulation neutrophile excessive. La PMN élatase est libérée dans le plasma en quantités significativement importantes susceptibles de renseigner sur la sévérité de la maladie et sur le pronostic. Chez 62 patients atteints d'ostéomyélite ou d'arthrite septique, le taux de PMN élastase a atteint une sensibilité diagnostique de 81%, n'étant dépassé que par la vitesse de sédimentation érythrocytaire non spécifique (sensibilité de 90%). Les sensibilités des autres paramétres d'inflammation étaient plus basses: C-réactive protéine (CRP) 71%, fibrinogène 54% et numération leucocytaire 26%. Dans le cadre de la surveillance post-opératoire, chez les patients présentant des infections osseuses et articulaires, la mesure du taux de PMN élastase revient plus vite à la normale que ceux des autres paramètres, sauf en cas de complications. Au 10è jour post-opératoire, la PMN élastase était normale dans 75% des cas, la CRP dans 25%. Ultérieurement les deux paramétres évoluent de façon similaire: à la sortie des malades les taux de PMN élastase étaient normaux dans 77% des cas, ceux de CRP dans 71% des cas.