早期康复治疗对脑卒中后抑郁患者细胞因子的影响

目的：观察早期康复治疗对脑卒中后抑郁患者神经功能及细胞因子的影响。方法：110例脑卒中后抑郁患者,随机分为康复组和对照组各55例,2组均接受神经内科常规治疗,康复组在此基础上给予早期康复治疗,治疗前后采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评定抑郁程度,简式Fugl-Meyer评分（FMA）评定运动功能,改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力,放射免疫法检测血清白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)水平。结果：治疗4周后,2组HAMD总分及各因子评分均较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,且康复组更低于对照组（P<0.05）;2组FMA及MBI评分均较治疗前明显提高（P<0.05）,且康复组更高于对照组（P<0.05）;2组血清IL-1、IL-6、TNF-α含量均较治疗前明显降低（P<0.05）,且康复组更低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：早期康复治疗对脑卒中后抑郁有显著的改善作用,可能通过降低脑卒中后抑郁患者患者血清细胞因子水平达到治疗效果。     

Immediate and long-term functional impact of repetitive locomotor training as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy for non-ambulatory patients after stroke

Purpose. The aim of the present study was to assess the heart rate intensity during gait training and to evaluate the relationship between heart rate intensity during gait training and walking ability of patients after stroke.

Methods. We included non-ambulatory patients within six weeks after first stroke. Over four weeks patients were trained five times a week, with either 20 minutes of repetitive locomotor training and 25 min of physiotherapy (RLT-PT), or 45 min of PT alone. We assessed the heart rate intensity during training period. Additionally we assessed walking ability (Functional Ambulation Categories) and the rate of independent ability to perform activities of daily life (Barthel Index) at the end of study and six months and three years later on.

Results. We included 30 patients in each group. Patients in RLT-PT group exercised longer in the HR target zone than in the PT group (16.1 ± 11.8 min vs. 5.3 ± 5.6 min, p < 0.001). Higher heart rates were associated with independent walking at the end of study, at six months and at three years after the end of study (Fishers exact test, p = 0.014, p = 0.012 and p = 0.017, respectively).

Conclusions. Higher heart rate intensities during gait-training of non-ambulatory post-stroke patients may improve walking function.     

脑卒中患者构音障碍的康复治疗

目的:探讨脑卒中患者构音障碍接受康复治疗的疗效。方法 :将50例脑卒中合并构音障碍的患者 ,根据病程分为三组。接受发音器官及颜面肌肉的康复训练 ,并进行效果比较。结果 :每组治疗后较治疗前构音障碍与生活质量明显改善 ,日常生活自理能力得到提高。有显著性差异。结论 :构音障碍早期康复治疗效果最佳 ,但对于早期未得到正规康复治疗的患者 ,无论其病程多长短 ,只要坚持正规康复治疗 ,均有疗效     

Extrinsic feedback for motor learning after stroke: What is the evidence?

Purpose. There is little guidance on using extrinsic feedback to enhance motor learning after stroke. This narrative review synthesises research findings and identifies questions remaining to be answered.

Method. A summary is given relating to the use of extrinsic feedback in healthy subjects. Then, research concerning content of feedback, feedback scheduling, and attentional focus is discussed in relation to patients with stroke.

Results. Though research is scarce, preliminary key findings were as follows: Patients' balance performance can improve from receiving visual feedback about weight distribution during practice; auditory feedback of force production may improve performance of sit-to-stand; providing feedback on less than 100% of trials, and giving summary or average feedback may enhance learning; instructions or feedback inducing an external focus may be more effective than those with an internal focus. Further research is needed concerning the relative benefits of verbal, visual, video and kinematic feedback; reduced feedback frequencies and summary feedback schedules; feedback delays, error estimation, and self-controlled feedback; and attentional focus of feedback.

Conclusions. Although there are some indications that feedback might enhance motor learning after stroke, there are many areas as yet not examined and there is clearly a need for considerable research in this area.     

强制使用运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的影响

目的研究强制使用运动疗法对脑卒中患者上肢运动功能恢复的影响.方法12例脑卒中偏瘫患者接受强制使用运动疗法治疗,在治疗期间要求患者健侧穿戴吊带和夹板来限制健侧肢体动作,每天清醒时固定时间不少于90%,连续12天.同时接受行为再塑的技巧训练,密集的训练患侧肢体活动,完成日常生活中的动作,连续2周共10个工作日.在治疗前的2周(基线)、治疗前和治疗后用上肢功能测验(UEFT)和简易上肢功能检查(STEF)来评价患者的上肢运动功能.结果患者在治疗前2周的基线期内,在UEFT和STEF上未显现出明显的改善(ES0.21;0.06).但患者在接受2周的强制使用运动疗法治疗后,在UEFT和STEF上显现出较为明显的改善(ES1.24;0.65),其中病程3-6个月的患者比病程＞6个月的患者的改善更为明显(ES1.430.96;0.810.5).结论强制使用运动疗法是改善恢复期和慢性期脑卒中患者上肢运动功能的有效治疗方法.     

镜像疗法对脑卒中后下肢功能障碍的康复疗效分析

下肢功能康复是脑卒中康复治疗的关键部分[1]。目前,下肢训练的方法多种多样,如虚拟现实技术、Bobath技术、减重步态训练等。然而,这些治疗方式需要较高的经济支持,尤其对发展中国家而言是一个巨大的经济负担。因此,一种低成本、高成效的治疗方式对脑卒中患者十分重要,可减轻家庭及社会负担。镜像疗法(mirror therapy,MT)是一种基于镜像神经元神经特征的认知治疗方法,已被推荐为脑卒中干预措施中成本低、效果好和简单化的辅助治疗手段[2]。     

脑卒中后感觉障碍的康复训练作用探讨

目的探讨脑卒中后感觉障碍的康复训练作用。方法将 60例脑卒中后感觉障碍患者分为治疗组 (3 0例 )和对照组(3 0例 ) ,在常规治疗基础上 ,治疗组实施感觉功能再训练 ;治疗前后采用Fugl Meyer法的感觉和运动评分、修订Barthel氏ADL指数 (MBI)评定对两组患者进行康复效果评价。结果 1个月后 ,两组患者的感觉障碍积分、运动积分及MBI均有明显改善 (P <0 .0 1) ,但治疗组的效果优于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论对脑卒中后感觉障碍患者实施感觉功能再训练不仅有利于感觉功能的进一步恢复 ,而且对提高运动功能和日常生活活动能力 (ADL)有促进作用。     

早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中运动功能恢复的影响

探讨早期康复治疗对急性脑卒中偏瘫患者发病1个月时运动功能恢复的影响。方法:将57例脑卒中患者随机分为康复组和对照组。于发病后7—23天,对康复组30例脑卒中患者,用以Bobath为主的运动疗法进行康复训练,至病后1个月时结束,对照组27例脑卒中患者不接受康复训练。两组药物治疗基本相同。用Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定法(FMA)评定患者的运动功能;用脑卒中患者临床神经功能缺损程度评分标准(ND)评定患者的病情严重程度。结果:康复治疗前后康复组与对照组比较肌张力差异均无显著性(P>0.05);康复治疗前、后ND的差值康复组与对照组比较差异有显著性(P=0.01),康复治疗后,康复组神经功能缺损程度明显减轻;康复治疗前、后FMA评分的差值,康复组与对照组比较,上肢差异有显著性(P<0.05),下肢差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:脑卒中发病1个月内,早期短期的康复治疗,可降低临床神经功能缺损积分,提高患者的上肢运动功能。     

Left/right judgement does not influence the effect of mirror therapy after stroke

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between left/right judgement and the effect of mirror therapy (MT). A partial aim was to describe adverse effects of MT. Methods: This prospective follow-up study included 36 stroke patients, mean time since stroke was 33?d, SD 23. Left/right judgement is the ability to judge a pictured hand as belonging to one side of the body or the other. In this study, left/right judgement was established before the onset of MT by asking the patient to recognise left and right hands in photographs. Patients were tested before and after the intervention with the motor assessment scale (MAS) and two-point discrimination (2PD). The correlation between left/right judgement and the change of effect measured on the MAS and 2PD were tested by Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: The ability to perform left/right judgement before the onset of MT had no significant correlation with change of effect measured on the MAS and 2PD (rho ?0.169, p?=?0.363 and rho?=??0.227, p?=?0.219). Thirty-one patients completed the intervention without adverse effects. Conclusion: Left/right judgement does not influence the effect of MT. There seems to be no reason to test the ability to perform left/right judgement before the onset of MT. MT is an intervention without major adverse effects.

• Implications for Rehabilitation

• Mirror therapy (MT) is a method for treating sensory and motor disturbances post-stroke.

• It is important to clarify whether the ability to perform left/right judgement influences the effect of MT.

• In this study, left/right judgement does not influence the effect of MT.

• Based on the results of this study, testing and training left/right judgement before commencing MT cannot be recommended.

     

影响脑卒中吞咽障碍康复的相关因素分析

目的：探讨影响脑卒中吞咽障碍患者康复的相关因素。方法：对84例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者进行基础训练和摄食训练，以4周时吞咽障碍严重程度分级变化作为疗效评价指标，并分为2组：预后良好组和预后不良组。对影响吞咽障碍康复疗效的因素进行多元Logistic回归分析。结果：吞咽康复预后良好者占77．38％（65／84）。单因素分析显示，吞咽功能障碍严重程度、合并慢支感染、认知障碍、视听觉障碍、是否合作、康复介入时间、感觉性失语7个因素为影响吞咽障碍康复疗效的危险因素。多因素Logistic回归表明，康复介入时间、吞咽障碍严重程度分级、认知障碍、视听觉障碍是影响吞咽康复的独立危险因素。结论：康复医师和治疗师应对患者的情况进行全面客观的评价，制订科学合理的康复措施和判断预后。     

社区康复治疗脑卒中偏瘫

目的:探讨社区康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者的重要性。方法 :采用以康复医师指导下的家庭康复训练为主的综合治疗方法 ,对17例脑卒中患者进行社区康复治疗 ,另20例同种疾病患者作为对照组 ,以Barthel指数及FMA积分法进行治疗前后的功能评定。结果 :康复组在治疗后肢体运动功能及日常生活活动能力均明显改善 ,与对照组相比 ,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论 :脑卒中导致偏瘫的患者在缺乏住院治疗的条件下 ,应积极接受社区康复治疗     

How physical therapists instruct patients with stroke: an observational study on attentional focus during gait rehabilitation after stroke

Purpose: People without neurological impairments show superior motor learning when they focus on movement effects (external focus) rather than on movement execution itself (internal focus). Despite its potential for neurorehabilitation, it remains unclear to what extent external focus strategies are currently incorporated in rehabilitation post-stroke. Therefore, we observed how physical therapists use attentional focus when treating gait of rehabilitating patients with stroke.

Methods: Twenty physical therapist-patient couples from six rehabilitation centers participated. Per couple, one regular gait-training session was video-recorded. Therapists’ statements were classified using a standardized scoring method to determine the relative proportion of internally and externally focused instructions/feedback. Also, we explored associations between therapists’ use of external/internal focus strategies and patients’ focus preference, length of stay, mobility, and cognition.

Results: Therapists’ instructions were generally more external while feedback was more internal. Therapists used relatively more externally focused statements for patients with a longer length of stay (B?=??0.239, p?=?0.013) and for patients who had a stronger internal focus preference (B?=??0.930, p?=?0.035).

Conclusions: Physical therapists used more external focus instructions, but more internally focused feedback. Also, they seem to adapt their attentional focus use to patients’ focus preference and rehabilitation phase. Future research may determine how these factors influence the effectiveness of different attentional foci for motor learning post-stroke.

• IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION

• Physical therapists use a balanced mix of internal focus and external focus instructions and feedback when treating gait of stroke patients.

• Therapists predominantly used an external focus for patients in later rehabilitation phases, and for patients with stronger internal focus preferences, possibly in an attempt to stimulate more automatic control of movement in these patients.

• Future research should further explore how a patients’ focus preference and rehabilitation phase influence the effectiveness of different focus strategies.

• Awaiting further research, we recommend that therapists use both attentional focus strategies, and explore per patient which focus works best on a trial-and-error basis.

     

社区脑卒中患者家庭康复现状调查分析

目的了解社区脑卒中患者家庭康复现状,分析其中存在的问题。方法对62例脑卒中患者及其主要照顾者进行家庭入户问卷调查。结果居家康复的脑卒中患者遗留有多种功能障碍,缺乏家庭康复训练,家庭设施未行相应改造,患者的综合自理能力及主要照顾者的照顾能力均较差。结论社区脑卒中患者的家庭康复存在问题较多,应加强家庭康复护理指导工作。     

综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者运动功能障碍的疗效

目的 探讨综合康复治疗对脑卒中患者运动功能障碍的疗效。方法 121例急性脑卒中患者随机分为康复组（59例）与对照组（62例），康复组采用综合康复治疗（运动再学习和Bobath疗法）；对照组给予一般康复治疗，如针灸、理疗。采用临床神经功能缺损评分、改良巴氏指数评分（MBI）、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分（FMA）在治疗前后对两组患者进行评定。结果 治疗前。两组患者的临床神经功能、FMA和MBI评分无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；治疗后，两组的评分均较治疗前明显改善（P〈0．01），但康复组改善的程度大于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论 综合康复治疗可促进脑卒中患者运动功能的恢复，对预后有良好影响。     

脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能早期康复护理体会

目的探讨脑卒中偏瘫患者进行早期康复护理对肢体功能的影响。方法对42例脑卒中偏瘫患者制定康复护理计划,早期康复护理。出院前对比护理前后的肌力变化,了解肢体功能康复程度。结果偏瘫患者肢体肌力均有不同程度的改善,入院时与出院时肌力比较有显著差异(P<0.001)。结论脑卒中偏瘫患者早期进行康复护理,能促进肢体功能恢复、降低致残率、提高生存质量。     

3个月康复治疗对急性脑卒中患者运动功能的影响

目的 探讨3个月康复治疗对脑卒中偏瘫患者运动功能的影响。方法 125例脑卒中偏瘫患者随机分为综合康复治疗组（治疗组）和常规药物治疗组（对照组）,进行3个月的康复治疗。治疗前后各进行一次Fugl-Mayer评价（FMA）。结果 治疗前两组间FMA评价无显著性差异（P＞0．05）,治疗后两组的FMA评价均较治疗前有非常高度显著性差异（P＜0．001）,但治疗组的运动功能恢复优于对照组（P＜0．001）。结论 3个月的康复治疗对患者的运动功能具有良好的促进作用,可显著降低患者的依赖程度,提高生存质量。     

运动治疗及针刺对急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者运动与平衡功能的影响

目的:观察运动治疗及针刺对急性期(发病7d)脑卒中偏瘫患者神经功能缺损、肢体运动功能及平衡能力的影响。方法:对83例发病7d内的脑卒中偏瘫患者,随机分组为4组:运动治疗加针刺组(A组)、单纯运动治疗组(B组)、单纯针刺组(C组)和药物治疗组(D组)。分别于入组时、治疗第8次后采用神经功能缺损量表、简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分及Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评分进行评定。结果:治疗第8次后,A组各项评分明显优于C、D组,B组各项评分明显优于C、D组,C组各项评分明显优于D组(P0.05),A、B组间差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:运动治疗及针刺治疗相结合能显著地改善急性期脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体运动功能及平衡能力。     

Profile of Patients at Admission into an Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation Programme: Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Functional Characteristics

Purpose:

The purposes of this study were to characterize the cardiorespiratory capacity of individuals on admission to inpatient rehabilitation following stroke and to examine the relationship between measures of cardiorespiratory capacity and standard indices of neurological deficit and functional status.

Methods:

We recruited 45 patients within the first 10 days of admission to rehabilitation. We performed measures of aerobic fitness (VO₂peak), functional status (Functional Independence Measure [FIM] and Clinical Outcomes Variable Score [COVS]), and neurological deficit (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] and Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment scale [CMSA]).

Results:

Nineteen women and 26 men with a mean (SD) age of 65.2 (14.5) years were admitted to rehabilitation 16.2 (11.9) (minimum 3, maximum 62) days post-stroke. Average VO₂peak was less than half the value expected in age-matched healthy individuals at 11.1 (3.1) ml/kg/min. The associations between VO₂peak and FIM, NIHSS, and COVS were weak (r = 0.25, -0.12, and 0.26 respectively, p = 0.12, 0.46, and 0.10 respectively). There were no differences in VO₂peak in higher-functioning individuals with CMSA leg scores of 5 and 6 compared to lower-functioning individuals with scores of 3 and 4 (p = 0.30).

Conclusion:

Cardiorespiratory capacity is extremely low in individuals during the first 3 months after stroke. Alternative measures of functional or clinical status do not adequately reflect this cardiorespiratory state; thus, routine measurement of cardiorespiratory capacity should be considered, along with a risk-factor profile.