PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制剂在卵巢癌治疗中的研究进展

卵巢癌是女性生殖系统最致命的恶性肿瘤。目前,针对卵巢癌的规范治疗方案是肿瘤细胞减灭术辅以紫杉醇/铂类联合化疗,然而大多数晚期卵巢癌患者最终因对化疗药物耐药而复发。PI3K/AKT/m TOR信号通路作为一条重要的原癌基因通路,在卵巢癌中激活并在卵巢癌的增殖、侵袭、细胞周期进程、血管形成及耐药中发挥着重要的作用,抑制该通路是卵巢癌的一个潜在治疗方法。对PI3K/AKT/m TOR信号通路抑制剂在卵巢癌治疗中的研究进展进行综述。     

PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路抑制剂在宫颈癌治疗中的研究进展

宫颈癌是女性常见恶性肿瘤之一。针对局部晚期及复发转移的宫颈癌患者尚未有令人满意的治疗手段,因此探索和发展更有效的治疗方案具有重要的意义。PI3K/AKT/m TOR信号通路在人类子宫颈癌细胞的增殖、分化和凋亡中具有重要的调节作用,有希望成为开发宫颈癌治疗药物的新型靶标。综述了近年来PI3K/AKT/m TOR信号通路的单一及双重靶点抑制剂针对宫颈癌的临床前及临床研究情况,包括PI3K抑制剂(wortmannin、LY294002、吲哚-3-甲醇)、AKT抑制剂(SC-66、MK-2206、木黄酮、冬凌草甲素和雷公藤)、m TOR抑制剂(替西罗莫司和依维莫司)及双重靶点抑制剂(GSK2126458、BEZ235、BGT226、PF04691502、GDC-0980和PKI-587)等。     

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A potential pharmacological target in COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a serious threat to global health. The disregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cell signaling pathway observed in patients with COVID-19 has attracted attention for the possible use of specific inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of the disease. Here, we review emerging data on the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the clinical studies investigating its tailored inhibition in COVID-19. Current in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data convergently support a role for the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in COVID-19 and suggest the use of specific inhibitors of this pathway that, by a combined mechanism entailing downregulation of excessive inflammatory reactions, cell protection, and antiviral effects, could ameliorate the course of COVID-19.     

Investigational PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in development for endometrial cancer

Introduction: Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common neoplasm of the female genital tract in developed countries. Despite the progress in early detection and treatment, a significant number of cases of advanced ECs are still diagnosed. These patients have few treatment options and a poor prognosis. Our understanding of EC pathogenesis and progression has been enhanced by recent genomic studies. Among the relevant biological pathways, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT (PIK3/AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is frequently upregulated in this cancer.

Areas covered: This review covers investigational EC therapeutics acting on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The authors review the results of clinical studies and highlight ongoing trials.

Expert opinion: Several new agents are under evaluation for treating patients with metastatic, recurrent, and persistent EC. Clinical trials investigating PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors have yielded controversial results. In the near future, new studies with dual inhibitors or multi-pathways inhibitors as mono or combination therapies with conventional chemotherapy (CT) or other targeted drugs may provide more promising data. Moreover, the evaluation of new serum and histological biomarkers is an attractive strategy for patient selection.     

雷公藤红素通过PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路对胃癌MFC细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的研究雷公藤红素对胃癌MFC细胞内PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路的影响及其对胃癌MFC细胞增殖的抑制和促凋亡作用机制。方法分别设置对照组和雷公藤红素低、中、高剂量(5、10、20 mmol/L)组,采用MTT法检测雷公藤红素对胃癌MFC细胞增殖的影响;采用流式细胞技术检测雷公藤红素对胃癌MFC细胞周期的影响及MFC细胞凋亡的情况;Western blotting检测雷公藤红素对胃癌MFC细胞内凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2和PI3K、AKT和mTOR蛋白表达的影响;实时定量PCR检测雷公藤红素对胃癌MFC细胞内PI3K、AKT和mTORm RNA表达的影响。结果与对照组比较,雷公藤红素能够呈剂量相关性地显著抑制胃癌MFC细胞的增殖(P0.05);与对照组比较,雷公藤红素能够呈剂量相关性地显著引起MFC细胞G2/M期阻滞(P0.05);与对照组比较,雷公藤红素能够呈剂量相关性地显著促进MFC细胞的凋亡(P0.05);与对照组比较,雷公藤红素能够呈剂量相关性地显著抑制MFC细胞内抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2蛋白和PI3K、AKT、mTOR蛋白的表达(P0.05),显著促进MFC细胞内促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达(P0.05);与对照组比较,雷公藤红素能够呈剂量相关性地显著抑制MFC细胞内PI3K、AKT和mTORm RNA的表达(P0.05)。结论雷公藤红素能够抑制胃癌MFC细胞的增殖并促进胃癌MFC细胞凋亡,其作用机制可能是通过抑制胃癌MFC细胞内PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路中PI3K、AKT、mTOR等蛋白的表达而抑制胃癌MFC细胞的增殖,进而促进胃癌MFC细胞内促凋亡蛋白Bax的表达,同时抑制抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,从而促进胃癌MFC细胞凋亡。     

磷脂酰肌醇-3磷酸激酶/AKT/雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号通路参与中枢神经损伤保护与修复的研究进展

中枢神经细胞对各种损伤刺激耐受差,损伤后神经修复困难.因此促进神经保护增强神经再生能力已成为神经治疗关键.磷脂酰肌醇-3磷酸激酶/AKT/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/AKT/mTOR)信号通路是调节细胞周期的重要通路,在细胞增殖、生长、分化过程中起中心调控作用,在神经损伤过程中通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路可减少神经细胞死亡,促进神经修复.该文对PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路在中枢神经损伤保护作用、修复机制及可能风险作一综述,探讨将PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路作为靶点治疗中枢神经疾病.     

PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路参与脊髓损伤后神经元自噬的研究进展

PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路是脊髓损伤后的一条经典的自噬途径,脊髓损伤后导致的神经元细胞凋亡、轴 突脱髓鞘和炎症反应等受 PI3K/AKT/mTOR 信号通路的调控,并和神经元自噬相关。介绍脊髓损伤后 PI3K/AKT/ mTOR信号通路在神经元自噬过程中的主要作用,为进一步研究脊髓损伤提供参考。     

PI3K/AKT信号通路在银屑病发病机制中的研究进展

银屑病是一种免疫介导的多因素炎症性皮肤病,以表皮角质形成细胞异常增殖、毛细血管扩张、中性粒细胞浸润为主要病理表现。磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase,PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,AKT）信号通路在表皮细胞增殖、细胞自噬、血管生成、脂质代谢等过程中...     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路在炎症相关疾病中分子机制研究进展

炎症是一种机体应对感染、组织损伤或者细胞应激的反应,并且可以通过修复机制恢复组织功能。炎症发生时会引起多条信号通路的激活,包括核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）通路、Janus激酶/信号转导与转录激活子（JAK/STAT）通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）通路以及磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B /雷帕霉素靶蛋白（PI3K/Akt/mTOR）通路等。本文综述了近年来磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B /雷帕霉素靶蛋白通路在炎症相关疾病中的分子作用机制,为研发以磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B /雷帕霉素靶蛋白为靶点的药物提供理论依据。     

TP53基因沉默介导PI3K/PTEN/AKT信号通路对肾透明细胞癌侵袭转移的调控机制

目的探讨肿瘤蛋白p53基因(TP53)沉默介导PI3K/PTEN/AKT信号通路对肾透明细胞癌侵袭转移的调控机制。方法取60例肾透明细胞癌组织标本,免疫组化分析TP53蛋白在肾透明细胞癌组织中的表达;取人肾透明细胞癌细胞株RLC-310进行细胞培养;细胞转染表达载体分为空白组(A组)、阴性对照组(B组)、sh TP53组(C组)、PTEN抑制剂bpv组(D组)、phen+sh TP53组(E组)。采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)和Western Blot检测各组细胞TP53、同源性磷酸酶-张力蛋白(PTEN)、磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)、AKT的m RNA和蛋白表达水平;CCK-8法检测各组细胞增殖能力;划痕愈合试验检测各组细胞的迁移能力;Transwell侵袭试验检测各组细胞的侵袭能力。结果TP53蛋白在肾透明细胞癌组织中高表达(P<0.05);与A组和B组相比,C组的TP53,PI3K,AKT m RNA和蛋白表达水平显著下降,PTEN m RNA和蛋白表达水平均显著上升,且细胞增殖能力、迁移率、侵袭率均显著下降(P<0.05);D组TP53,PI3K,AKT m RNA和蛋白表达水平显著上升,PTEN m RNA和蛋白表达水平显著下降,且细胞增殖能力、迁移率、侵袭率均显著上升(P<0.05);同时,E组TP53下降(P<0.05),而其他指标与A组和B组相当(P>0.05)。结论沉默TP53基因抑制PI3K/PTEN/AKT信号通路,从而抑制肾透明细胞癌细胞浸润转移功能,并可逆转phen诱导的肾透明细胞癌细胞浸润转移。     

Urolithin A suppresses tumor progression and induces autophagy in gastric cancer via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

Urolithin A (UA) is a microbial metabolite of natural polyphenols ellagitannins and ellagic acid with well-established antitumor properties against various malignancies. However, the exact role of UA in gastric cancer (GC) progression remains largely unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of UA in GC in vitro and in vivo. Our results revealed that UA could suppress GC cell proliferation, inhibit migration and invasion, promote apoptosis, and induce autophagy via the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in vitro. The autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and chloroquine augmented the inhibitory effect of UA on proliferation and promoted apoptosis, implying that UA mediated the cytoprotective role of autophagy. Meanwhile, the in vivo experiments showed that UA effectively suppressed tumor growth, enhanced the therapeutic effects, and alleviated chemotherapy toxicity in xenograft models. Overall, these findings offer novel insights into the role of UA in tumor therapy and suggest that UA may possess potential therapeutic applications for GC.     

PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路参与自身免疫性

自身免疫性疾病（autoimmune disease，AD）是机体因自身抗原免疫耐受障碍而对自身抗原产生免疫反应，从而引起机体组织损伤的一类疾病。近年研究发现，磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白（phosphatidylin ositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase，PI3K/AKT/mTOR）信号通路与AD发病密切相关，其主要参与免疫细胞增殖分化、炎性细胞因子分泌、自噬及氧化应激等过程。本文重点概述PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路参与AD发病机理的研究进展。     

Osthole exhibits an antitumor effect in retinoblastoma through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway via regulating the hsa_circ_0007534/miR-214-3p axis

ContextOsthole shows antitumor effects in various tumours. Studies describing the effect of osthole on retinoblastoma (RB) are rare.ObjectiveThis study investigates the antitumor activity of osthole on RB.Materials and methodsRB cells were treated with different concentrations of osthole and then subjected to cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, and western blot assays. The expression of hsa_circ_0007534 in RB tissues was determined by qRT-PCR. Hsa_circ_0007534 overexpression plasmid (oe-circ_0007534), miR-214-3p mimics and negative controls were transfected into RB cells to investigate cell viability. Athymic nude mice were injected with Y-79 cells to establish subcutaneous RB models. These mice were treated with osthole (0.5 mmol/kg) or corn oil for 36 days. Tumour tissues were collected for further analysis.ResultsOsthole inhibited cell viability of RB cells with an IC₅₀ of 200 μM for 24 h treatment and 120 μM for 48 h treatment, respectively. Hsa_circ_0007534 was increased significantly in RB tissues as compared to the matched nontumor tissues (p < 0.001). Oe-circ_0007534 counteracted the inhibitory effect of osthole on cell viability and colony numbers of Y-79 cells (p < 0.01). In vivo experiments indicated osthole significantly decreased the expression of hsa_circ_0007534 (p < 0.01) and increased the level of miR-214-3p in vivo. Furthermore, as compared to the control, osthole decreased the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR (p < 0.01). However, hsa_circ_0007534 overexpression reversed the effect of osthole on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.Discussion and conclusionsOsthole exhibited an antitumour effect in RB, providing a scientific basis for further research and clinical applications of osthole in RB treatment.     

3-Methyladenine can depress drug efflux transporters via blocking the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway thus sensitizing MDR cancer to chemotherapy

Abstract

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) cancer is an intractable problem. Over-expression of drug efflux transporters such as ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 contributes to it, by which they pump drugs out of cells, and result in the decrease in the efficacy of chemotherapy. To reverse the cancer MDR, we used 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment on taxol or doxorubicin stressed MDR cell lines A2780DX5 and SGC7091R and xeno-tumor implanted mice. The results indicate that ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 were depressed, and the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway was blocked. Moreover, using FITC-labeled taxol as the indicator, we observed that the drug accumulation was enhanced in MDR cells and more cells were killed after 3-MA administration. Thus suggesting that 3-MA can reverse cancer MDR via depressing agent-efflux transporters.     

Polystyrene microplastics induce autophagy and apoptosis in birds lungs via PTEN/PI3K/AKT/mTOR

Microplastics (MPs) seriously pollute and potentially threaten human health. Birds are sentinels of environmental pollutants, which respond quickly to contamination events and reveal current environmental exposure. Therefore, birds are good bioindicators for monitoring environmental pollutants. However, the mechanism of lung injury in birds and the role of the PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis are unknown. In this study, broilers treated with different polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) (0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) were exposed to drinking water for 6 weeks to analyze the effect of PS-MPs on lung injury of broilers. The results showed that with the increase of PS-MPs concentration, malonaldehyde (MDA) content increased, and catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activity decreased, further leading to oxidative stress. PS-MPs caused the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway to be inhibited by phosphorylation, and autophagy accelerated formation (LC3) and degradation (p62), causing autophagy. In PS-MPs exposed lung tissues, the expression of Bax/Bcl-2 and Caspase family increased, and MAPK signaling pathways (p38, ERK, and JNK) showed an increase in phosphorylation level, thus leading to cell apoptosis. Our research showed that PS-MPs could activate the antioxidant system. The antioxidant system unbalance-regulated Caspase family, and PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathways initiated apoptosis and autophagy, which in turn led to lung tissue damage in chickens. These results are of great significance to the toxicological study of PS-MPs and the protection of the ecosystem.     

PIK3CA hypomethylation plays a key role in activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in esophageal cancer in Chinese patients

Aim： To investigate the role of PIK3CA oncogene in tumorigenesis and development of esophageal cancer in Chinese patients at the levels of genetic mutation and epigenetics. Methods： Seventy six esophageal tumor samples and corresponding adjacent normal tissues were collected, and the genomic DNA was extracted. Mutations in the 9th and 20th exons of PIK3CA gene were detected using conventional sequencing. PIK3CA methylation rates in two selected CpG islands （CpG island I and 2） were detected using sub-bisulfate modified sequencing. Pl10~ and pAKT expression levels were detected with Western blotting. Results： In PIK3CA gene of the tumor tissues, G1633C （E545Q） mutation was detected in the 9th exon with a rate of 3.95% （3/76）, whereas mutation was not found in the 20th exon. Nor mutation did occur in PIK3CA gene of the adjacent normal tissues. The methylation rate of the CpG island I had no significant difference between the tumor and adjacent tissues （0.77%±0.009% vs 0.89%±0.008%）, but the methylation rate of the CpG island 2 in the esophageal tumors was significantly lower than that in the adjacent tissues （6.00%±2.80% vs 10.45%±5.51%）. Furthermore, the rate of methylation of the CpG island 2 in TNM stage Ill and IV esophageal cancer （3.84%±2.08%） was significantly lower than in stage I （8.52%±2.55%） and stage II （6.42%±2.36%）. PIK3CA gene hypomethylation in esophageal cancer was significantly correlated with high expression of p110a. Conclusion： PIK3CA gene hypomethylation plays a key role in the tumorigenesis and development of esophageal cancer in Chinese patients, while the mutations of PIK3CA gene have little effect on the development of esophageal cancer.     

AKG induces cell apoptosis by inducing reactive oxygen species-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and by suppressing PI3K/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy in renal cell carcinoma

Background: Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) or 2-oxoglutarate is a key substance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and has been known to play an important role in cancerogenesis and tumor progression. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer, and it has a high mortality rate. Autophagy is a phenomenon of self-digestion, and its significance in tumor genesis and progression remains debatable. However, the mechanisms underlying how AKG regulates autophagy in RCC remain unknown. Thus, the purpose of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of AKG and its molecular mechanisms. Methods: RCC cell lines 786O and ACHN were treated with varying doses of AKG for 24 h. CCK-8, Transwell, and scratch wound healing assays were utilized to evaluate the role of AKG in RCC cells. Autophagy protein and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway protein levels were analyzed by Western blot. Results: AKG inhibited the proliferation of RCC cells 786O and ACHN in a dose-dependent manner according to the CCK-8 assay. In addition, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis revealed that AKG dose-dependently triggered apoptosis and autophagy in RCC cells. By promoting cell apoptosis and autophagy, AKG dramatically suppressed tumor growth. Mechanistically, AKG induces autophagy by promoting ROS generation and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Conclusions: The anti-tumor effect of AKG promotes autophagy in renal cancer cells via mediating ROS-PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and may be used as a potential anticancer drug for kidney cancer.