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1.
Sermeus W van den Heede K Michiels D Delesie L Thonon O Van Boven C Codognotto J Gillet P 《International journal of medical informatics》2005,74(11-12):946-951
The process of revising the Belgian Nursing Minimum Dataset (B-NMDS) started in 2000 and entailed four major phases. The first phase (June-October 2002) involved the development of a conceptual framework based on a literature review and secondary data analysis. The Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) was selected as a framework for the revision of the original B-NMDS. The second phase (November 2002-September 2003) focused on language development for six care programs evaluated by panels of clinical experts (N=75). These panels identified the following items as priorities for the revised B-NMDS: hospital financing, nurse staffing allocation, assessment of the appropriateness of hospitalisation, and quality management. During this period, we developed a draft instrument with 92 variables using the NIC. This led to an alpha version of a revised B-NMDS. The third phase (October 2003-December 2004) focused on data collection and validation of the new tool. The revised B-NMDS (alpha version) was tested in 158 nursing wards in 66 Belgian hospitals from December 2003 until March 2004. This test generated data for some 95,000 in-patient days. The interrater reliability of the revised B-NMDS was assessed. The criterion-related validity of the revised B-NMDS was compared to that of the original B-NMDS. The discriminative power of the revised B-NMDS was also assessed to select the most relevant variables for data collection. This resulted in a beta version of the revised B-NMDS in December 2004. The records of the revised B-NMDS were linked to the Hospital Discharge Dataset and other mandatory datasets to integrate the revised B-NMDS into the overall healthcare management system. The fourth phase (January 2005-December 2005) is presently focusing on information management. Nationwide implementation is foreseen by January 2007. 相似文献
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Spirometric reference values from a Mediterranean population 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
J Roca J Sanchis A Agusti-Vidal F Segarra D Navajas R Rodriguez-Roisin P Casan S Sans 《Bulletin européen de physiopathologie respiratoire》1986,22(3):217-224
Maximal expiratory flow-volume (MEFV) curves were measured in 1044 healthy nonsmoking volunteers living in the Barcelona area, as part of a larger interhospital project to obtain reference values of pulmonary function tests. Forced vital capacity (FVC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, %, forced maximal mid-expiratory flow (FEF25-75%), peak expiratory flow rate (PEF) and maximal expiratory flow at 50 and 75% of FVC (MEF50% and MEF25% respectively) were obtained and expressed at BTPS conditions. Techniques and equipments followed both the recommendations of the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and of the European Community for Coal and Steel (ECCS). Prediction equations for age 20 through 70 were calculated for both sexes from a final sample composed of 870 adult subjects, 443 males and 427 females. Simple linear equations using height, age and body weight predicted all spirometric variables as well as more complex equations except MEF25%. Logarithmic equations were proposed for MEF25% to correct for the heteroscedasticity shown in a simple linear model. To our knowledge, this study provides reliable spirometric equations from a large urban Mediterranean sample which were lacking so far in the literature. 相似文献
4.
Wathiq Ali Hasson Al-Jbory Firas Rashad Al-Samarai 《Comparative clinical pathology》2016,25(6):1155-1162
The hematological parameters in domestic animal can be affected by several factors such as the sex, age, breed, and nutrition. There is a few published data on hematological reference values of the Iraqi Awassi sheep. Hence, the study aimed to determine hematological reference interval (RI) for the Awassi sheep to establish a basis for clinical interpretation. In the present study, a total 130 healthy Awassi sheep for both sex with two ages (2–5 years) were selected randomly from five regions (Shula, Abu-Ghraib, Mahmoudia, Yousifia, and Alameel) West and South of Baghdad during the period from December to February 2015–2016. Hematological parameters were measured by parametric and nonparametric methods using Reference Value Advisor. The RI of hematological parameters obtained in this study includes the following: the white blood cell count (WBC) (6.00–12.41 × 103/μl), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (25.70–41.03 g/dl), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) (6.65–15.48 pg), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (21.14–43.83 fl), red blood cells (RBC) (4.44–11.95 × 106/μl), hemoglobin (Hb) (7.08–11.04 g/dl), and packed cell volume (PCV) (19.53–20.43 %). The results also revealed that the low limits reference intervals of the hematological parameters in the Awassi sheep were lower than lower limits of the general reference values for all parameters except the WBC, while the upper limits were within the general reference values in three parameters (RBC, Hb, and PCV). The statistical analysis confirmed that the effect of age was not significant on all parameters whereas the effect of sex was significant (P < 0.05) on RBC and Hb where the estimations in males (8.33 × 106/μl, 11.09 g/dl) superior to females (7.19 × 106/μl, 8.89 g/dl). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated a considerable difference between reference interval of Awassi sheep and general reference values, besides the results confirmed the importance of establishing a local reference interval to be a more accurate guide to assess the animal status and to assist the clinician to reach a definitive diagnosis. 相似文献
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Objective
To examine the laboratory indices in a population aged 65 years or more and compare them with the reference values used for young adults.Study design
Distribution patterns of frequently used biochemical and hematological indices were examined in a sample (N = 600) of non-institutionalized adults aged over 65.Outcome measures
The obtained values were compared with the reference intervals for young adults.Results
On some of the indices analyzed, large proportions of the participants had values above the upper limit of the reference interval: glucose, 25.0%; urea, 26.6%; creatinine, 27.2% of males; total cholesterol, 54.6%; and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 35.8%. Of the participants who met the World Health Organization's diagnostic criteria for diabetes, 31.8% said they had not been previously diagnosed. Similarly, 74.9% of subjects with total cholesterol values above the reference value indicated in the European guidelines on cardiovascular disease said they had not been diagnosed with dyslipidemia, as did 75.5% of those with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values above the European reference value. The proportion of participants who were not aware that they might be suffering from those disorders was significantly higher among those who reported not having visited their doctor within the last 6 months.Conclusion
Further studies should examine whether the use of adapted, more appropriate reference values for elderly populations will help physicians to make early and correct diagnoses and to decide when medical intervention is required. 相似文献6.
Joshi S 《Indian journal of medical microbiology》2010,28(4):277-280
The hospital antibiogram is a periodic summary of antimicrobial susceptibilities of local bacterial isolates submitted to the hospital's clinical microbiology laboratory. Antibiograms are often used by clinicians to assess local susceptibility rates, as an aid in selecting empiric antibiotic therapy, and in monitoring resistance trends over time within an institution. Antibiograms can also used to compare susceptibility rates across institutions and track resistance trends. Some hospitals have adequate support from the computer department to be able to extract data from their reporting module. The WHONET software can be freely downloaded and used for analysis. Consensus guidelines have been developed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) to standardise methods used in constructing antibiograms. These guidelines can be incorporated into the WHONET software for analysis. Only the first isolate from the patient is to be included in the analysis. The analysis should be done on the basis of patient location and specimen type. The percentage susceptibility of the most frequently isolated bacteria should be presented in the antibiogram, preferably in a tabular form. The antibiogram must be printed or put up in the intranet for easy access to all clinicians. Antibiotic policy is one of the mandatory requirements for accreditation, and making an antibiogram is the first step before framing the antibiotic policy. The future of antibiograms would be the incorporation of patient related data to make information more reliable and for predicting outbreaks. 相似文献
7.
The relationship of oxygen uptake
([(V)\dot]\textO2 ) (\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} ) to ventilation
([(V)\dot]\textE) (\dot{V}{\text{E}}) , i.e., oxygen uptake efficiency (OUE) is known to differ between normal subjects and patients with congestive heart failure.
However, only the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES, i.e., slope of
[(V)\dot]\textO2 /log[(V)\dot]\textE) \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2} /\log \dot{V}{\text{E)}} has previously been reported. To understand the physiology and to improve the usefulness of OUE in assessing cardiovascular
function, we analyzed the complete response pattern of OUE during entire incremental exercise tests and ascertained effect
of age, body size, gender, fitness, and ergometer type on exercise OUE to generate reference values in normal healthy subjects.
We investigated the effect of age, gender, and fitness on OUE using incremental cardiopulmonary exercise in 474 healthy subjects,
age 17–78 years, of which 57 were highly fit. The final methods of OUE analysis were: (1) OUE plateau at the highest values
(OUEP), (2) OUE at anaerobic threshold (OUE@AT), and (3) OUES using the entire exercise period. The OUEP and OUE@AT were similar,
highly reproducible, less variable than the OUES (p < 0.0001), and unaffected by the study sites or types of ergometry. The resultant prediction equations from 417 normal subjects
for men were OUEP (mL/L) = 42.18 − 0.189 × years + 0.036 × cm and OUES [L/min/log(L/min)] = −0.610 − 0.032 × years + 0.023 × cm + 0.008 × kg.
For women, OUEP (mL/L) = 39.16 − 0.189 × years + 0.036 × cm and OUES [L/min/log(L/min)] = −1.178 − 0.032 × years + 0.023 × cm + 0.008 × kg.
OUE@AT was similar to OUEP. Extreme fitness has a minimal effect on OUEP. OUEP is advantageous, since it measures maximal
oxygen extraction from ventilated air but does not require high intensity exercise. The OUEP is a non-invasive parameter dependent
only on age, gender, height, and cardiovascular health. 相似文献
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K Hayama S Yamamoto Y Ozaki M Takahashi 《Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology》1989,37(10):1181-1186
We studied sera from 146 healthy individuals in a fundamental examination to obtain reference values for anticardiolipin antibodies by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The good results were obtained in the evaluation of concentrations of pretreatment substances, cardiolipin antigen and serum samples, as well as in reproducibility and stability on the storage of the samples. However, there was interference by triglycerides, hemoglobin and birilubin. The O.D. values and positive values of IgG, IgA and IgM in healthy individuals were 0.105, 0.111, 0.173 and 4.1%, 2.7%, 2.7% respectively. Furthermore, the incidences of anticardiolipin antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective tissue disease, progressive systemic sclerosis, Sjogren's syndrome, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, unclassified connective tissue disease, polyartertis nodosa and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were 48.0%, 40.0%, 50.0%, 21.4%, 26.3%, 29.4%, 40.0% and 25.0% respectively. Especially, the incidence of IgG antibody against cardiolipin was high. Detection of phospholipid cardiolipin antibodies using ELISA was considered to be a useful for clinical diagnosis and monitoring of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and associated autoimmune disorders. 相似文献
10.
Vermeersch P Gijbels K Knockaert D Blockmans D Westhovens R Mariën G Bossuyt X 《Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.)》2008,129(2):360-364
Cryoglobulins are often estimated by determining cryocrit or total protein content in the cryoprecipitate, but these are only indirect measures. Direct quantification of immunoglobulins in combination with agarose gel electrophoresis, to appreciate the presence of other proteins in the cryoprecipitate, offers a more sensitive and specific tool for confirming the diagnosis of cryoglobulinemia. Using such strategy, we established reference values for immunoglobulins in cryoprecipitate in diseased controls and applied them to 214 consecutive patients. The 97.5th percentile for IgA, IgG and IgM in diseased controls was 2, 11 and 26 mg/L serum, respectively. The distribution of the 49 positive patients (23%) was 10% type I, 33% type IIa, 16% type IIb, and 41% type III. Complement C4 was decreased in 61% and 55% of the patients classified as type II and type III compared to 16% of the patients that were negative for cryoglobulins and 9% of the diseased controls. 相似文献
11.
T Nakayama 《Rinsho byori. The Japanese journal of clinical pathology》1992,40(8):828-836
The factors that influence reference values are briefly reviewed using our experimental data. The factors can be divided into the following 3 subfactors: analytical technology, selection of so called healthy person and statistical method. The most large effect came from a variety of physiological conditions in healthy persons, i.e., age, sex, diurnal and menstrual rhythms, drinking and smoking habits, diet, physical exercise, posture, tourniquet etc. A new concept of tow-step reference values "the basal value and the equivocal value" is postulated from the studies of the effect of these physiological conditions. The effects of the statistical methods for obtaining the distribution type of data of normal reference group and the 95% reference range were not so large. Then, we conclude that the reference values or the reference ranges should be made in your own laboratories using carefully selected healthy persons even if 30 or 50 small numbers are used. 相似文献
12.
J K Javits 《The New England journal of medicine》1969,280(18):1020-1021
13.
Background: In childhood the relationship between lung size and stature changes during the adolescent growth spurt. This is not allowed for in models of lung function based on stature alone. For spirometric indices inclusion of an age?×?stature interaction (A?×?St) can overcome the difficulty. Aim: The study tested the hypothesis that this simple, interactive model might also be effective for total lung capacity and its subdivisions and the single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide. Subjects and methods: Data were available for 695 asymptomatic non-smokers (Caucasians) aged 7–20 years (440 boys, 255 girls). Each lung function index was described using the above model and the fit was compared with that from a linear, power or polynomial model based on stature alone. Results: After allowing for stature, the A?×?St interaction term was significant for almost all indices. The improved fit was most apparent for the lung function of older adolescent boys. Reference values using the model are reported. Conclusions: A simple model based on stature and an interaction between stature and age can account for the changing relationship between body habitus during the growth spurt and lung size and transfer factor in a single equation encompassing children and adolescents. Its use is recommended for deriving reference values when the explanatory variables are limited to stature and age.Résumé. Arrière plan: Les modèles de fonction pulmonaire établis à partir de la seule stature, ne tiennent pas compte du fait que la relation entre taille des poumons et stature évolue au cours de la poussée de croissance de l’adolescence. Cette difficulté peut être surmontée en incluant l’interaction age × stature (A?×?St) dans les indices spirométriques.But: Cette étude teste l’hypothèse que ce modèle interactif simple pourrait aussi être efficace pour la capacité pulmonaire totale et ses subdivisions ainsi que pour le facteur de transfert de monoxyde de carbone d’une simple expiration.Sujets et méthodes: Des données ont été réunies sur 695 non fumeurs caucasiens asymptomatiques, âgés de 7 à 20 ans (440 garçons et 255 filles). Chaque indice de fonction pulmonaire a été décrit en utilisant le modèle ci-dessus et l’ajustement a été comparé à celui d’un modèle linéaire, puissance ou polynomial, fondé sur la seule stature.Résultats: Après contrôle de la stature, le terme d’interaction (A?×?St) est significatif pour presque tous les indices. L’amélioration de l’ajustement est plus particulièrement notable pour la fonction pulmonaire des garçons adolescents les plus âgés. On reporte les valeurs de référence utilisant le modèle.Conclusion: Un simple modèle fondé sur la stature et sur l’interaction entre stature et âge peut rendre compte du changement du rapport entre la conformation corporelle au cours de la poussée de croissance, la taille des poumons et facteur de transfert, par une simple équation regroupant enfants et adolescents. Son usage est recommandé pour extraire des valeurs de référence lorsque les variables explicatives sont limitées à la stature et à l’âge.Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: In der Kindheit ändert sich die Relation von Lungengröße und Körperhöhe während des pubertären Wachstumsschubes. Dem wird in Lungenfunktionsmodellen, die allein auf Körperhöhe basieren, nicht Rechnung getragen. Für die spirometrischen Indizes kann die Schwierigkeit durch Einführung einer Alter?×?Körperhöhen-Interaktion behoben werden.Ziel: Die Studie untersuchte die Hypothese, dass dies einfache, interaktive Modell auch für totale Lungenkapazität und weitere atemmechanische Parameter und den CO-Transfer-Faktor (sogenannte “Diffusionskapazität”) in der Ein-Atemzug-Methode gültig sein könnte.Probanden und Methoden: Es waren Daten für 695 asymptomatische 7-20-jährige Nichtraucher kaukasischer Herkunft (440 Knaben, 255 Mädchen) verfügbar. Jeder Lungenfunktionsindex wurde nach obigem Modell beschrieben, und die Güte der Kurvenanpassung wurde mit derjenigen verglichen, die sich aus einem linearen, exponentiellen oder polynomischen Modell auf der Basis von Körperhöhe allein ergibt.Ergebnisse: Nach Korrektur für Körperhöhe wurde der Terminus Alter?×?Körperhöhen-Interaktion für fast alle Indizes signifikant. Die verbesserte Anpassung war besonders offensichtlich für die Lungenfunktion älterer männlicher Jugendlicher. Es werden Referenzwerte auf der Basis dieses Modells angegeben.Zusammenfassung: Ein einfaches Modell auf der Basis von Körperhöhe und einer Interaktion zwischen Körperhöhe und Alter kann der wechselnden Beziehung zwischen der körperlichen Konstitution im Verlauf des Wachstumsschubes und der Lungengröße und einem Transfer-Faktor in einer einzigen Gleichung Rechnung tragen, die gleichermaßen Kinder und Jugendliche einschließt. Die Verwendung des Modells ist empfehlenswert, um Referenzwerte abzuleiten, sobald sich die Bezugsgrößen auf Körperhöhe und Alter beschränken.Resumen. Antecedentes: Durante la infancia, la relación entre el tamaño pulmonar y la estatura cambia durante el estirón puberal. Este hecho no se tiene en cuenta en los modelos de la función pulmonar basados únicamente en la estatura. La inclusión de una interacción entre la edad y la estatura (A?×?St) en los índices espirométricos, puede vencer esta dificultad.Objetivo: El estudio comprobó la hipótesis de que este simple modelo interactivo también podría ser efectivo para la capacidad pulmonar total y sus subdivisiones, así como para la capacidad de difusión (factor de transferencia) de monóxido de carbono mediante respiración única.Sujetos y métodos: Se disponía de datos de 695 no fumadores asintomáticos (caucásicos) de entre 7 y 20 años de edad (440 chicos, 255 chicas). Cada índice de la función pulmonar fue descrito utilizando el modelo señalado arriba y el ajuste se comparó con el de un modelo linear, potencial o polinómico, basado únicamente en la estatura.Resultados: Después de tener en cuenta la estatura, el término de interacción A?×?St fue significativo en casi todos los índices. El ajuste mejorado fue más aparente para la función pulmonar de los chicos adolescentes de más edad. En el trabajo se muestran los valores de referencia.Conclusiones: Un modelo simple basado en la estatura y una interacción entre la estatura y la edad pueden explicar la relación variable entre la estatura durante el estirón de crecimiento, el tamaño pulmonar y el factor de transferencia, en una ecuación simple que incluye niños y adolescentes. Se recomienda su utilización para derivar valores de referencia cuando las variables explicativas son únicamente la estatura y la edad. 相似文献
14.
BACKGROUND: In childhood the relationship between lung size and stature changes during the adolescent growth spurt. This is not allowed for in models of lung function based on stature alone. For spirometric indices inclusion of an age x stature interaction (A x St) can overcome the difficulty. AIM: The study tested the hypothesis that this simple, interactive model might also be effective for total lung capacity and its subdivisions and the single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Data were available for 695 asymptomatic non-smokers (Caucasians) aged 7-20 years (440 boys, 255 girls). Each lung function index was described using the above model and the fit was compared with that from a linear, power or polynomial model based on stature alone. RESULTS: After allowing for stature, the A x St interaction term was significant for almost all indices. The improved fit was most apparent for the lung function of older adolescent boys. Reference values using the model are reported. CONCLUSIONS: A simple model based on stature and an interaction between stature and age can account for the changing relationship between body habitus during the growth spurt and lung size and transfer factor in a single equation encompassing children and adolescents. Its use is recommended for deriving reference values when the explanatory variables are limited to stature and age. 相似文献
15.
Schatorjé EJ Gemen EF Driessen GJ Leuvenink J van Hout RW de Vries E 《Scandinavian journal of immunology》2012,75(4):436-444
Immunophenotyping of blood lymphocyte subpopulations is an important tool in the diagnosis of immunological and haematological diseases. Paediatric age-matched reference values have been determined for the major lymphocyte populations, but reliable reference values for the more recently described T lymphocyte subpopulations, like different types of memory T lymphocytes, recent thymic emigrants, regulatory T cells and CXCR5(+) helper T lymphocytes, are not sufficiently available yet. We determined reference values for the absolute and relative sizes of T lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy children using the lysed whole blood method, which is most often used in diagnostic procedures. When the absolute numbers of some or all T lymphocyte subpopulations fall outside these reference ranges, this may indicate disease. The reference values show the course of T lymphocyte development in healthy children. Absolute T lymphocyte numbers increase 1.4-fold during the first months of life, and after 9-15 months, they decrease threefold to adult values; this is mainly caused by the expansion of recent thymic emigrants and naive cells. Helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes show the same pattern. Regulatory T cells increase in the first 5 months of life and then gradually decrease to adult values, although the absolute numbers remain small. The relative number of CXCR5(+) cells within the CD4(+) CD45RO(+) T lymphocytes increases during the first 6 months of life and then remains more or less stable around 20%. 相似文献
16.
Population-based hematologic and immunologic reference values for a healthy Ugandan population 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lugada ES Mermin J Kaharuza F Ulvestad E Were W Langeland N Asjo B Malamba S Downing R 《Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology》2004,11(1):29-34
To assess the validity of the reference values for hematologic and immunologic indices currently used in Africa, we evaluated blood samples from 3,311 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative Ugandans aged 1 week to 92 years. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels and mean corpuscular volume all significantly increased with age (P < 0.001) and were independent of gender until the age of 13 years, after which the levels were higher in males than in females (P < 0.001). White blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte, basophil, and monocyte counts significantly declined with age until the age of 13 years (P < 0.001), with no differences by gender, while platelet counts declined with age (P < 0.001) and showed differences by gender only among adults older than age 24 years. CD4+- and CD8+-cell counts declined with age until the age of 18 years; thereafter, females had higher counts than males. The absolute values for many of these parameters differed from those reported for populations outside Africa, suggesting that it may be necessary to develop tables of reference values for hematologic and immunologic indices specific for the African population. This may be particularly important with regard to CD4+-cell counts among children because significant differences in absolute and percent CD4+-cell counts exist between the values for Western populations and the values for the population evaluated in our study. These differences could influence the decision to initiate antiretroviral therapy among children infected with HIV. 相似文献
17.
Wilhelmi MH Tiede A Teebken OE Bisdas T Haverich A Mischke R 《ASAIO journal (American Society for Artificial Internal Organs : 1992)》2012,58(1):79-82
Ovine animal models are widely used to conduct preclinical studies, e.g., to evaluate cardiovascular prostheses intended to be applied in man. However, although analyzed in many of those studies, information about ovine blood reference values is scanty. The aim of this study is to establish a reference list of ovine blood parameters relevant for blood coagulation. A cohort of 47 mature ewes was evaluated. Parameters comprised the following: cells and cellular components-platelet, red, and white cell counts (including subsets), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and MCH concentration (MCHC); global tests of coagulation-prothrombin time (Quick's time) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT); and parameters relevant for blood coagulation-fibrinogen, antithrombin (AT), and von Willebrand Factor. After explorative data analysis, a list of ovine reference values was established. Interestingly, a comparison with human reference values revealed some interspecies differences between sheep and man, i.e., much higher ovine ranges for some cell counts (neutrophils, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils, and platelets) but lower values for some other parameters (Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, AT, and Quick's test). We established a reference list of ovine blood count and blood coagulation parameters. Because of some peculiarities of the ovine blood, this list may have implications for the interpretation of experimental data. 相似文献
18.
This study was conducted to describe the relationship between anthropometric parameters and lung function in Estonian children, to determine the reference values for spirometry, and to compare these results with other data sets. The results are based on 1170 healthy non-smoking children (643 girls and 527 boys), aged 6-18 years. The spiroanalyser Pneumoscreen II (Jaeger) was used to register dynamic lung parameters. Natural logarithmic values of lung volumes, standing or sitting height and age were used in the final regression model. Prediction equations for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), peak expiratory flow, forced expiratory flows when 50 and 75% of FVC has been exhaled, and mean forced expiratory flow over the middle 50% of the FVC for both sexes are presented. In comparison with recent data from European children the reference values were close for FVC, the differences were bigger for FEV1 and forced expiratory flows, especially in taller children. 相似文献
19.
Monique H. M. van der Cammen-van Zijp Hanneke IJsselstijn Tim Takken Sten P. Willemsen Dick Tibboel Henk J. Stam Rita J. G. van den Berg-Emons 《European journal of applied physiology》2010,108(2):393-399
The Bruce treadmill protocol is an often-used exercise test for children and adults. Few and mainly old normative data are available for young children. In this cross-sectional observational study we determined new reference values for the original Bruce protocol in children aged 4 and 5 years. Furthermore, we compared the original protocol with the so-called ‘half Bruce’ protocol. In the Netherlands this half-Bruce protocol is often used for young children because of the rather large increments in workload in the original protocol. Seventy-eight healthy Dutch children participated. The maximal endurance time was the criterion of exercise capacity. The new reference values for the original Bruce protocol are presented as reference centiles. The mean (SD) endurance time using the original protocol was 10.2 (SD 1.5) min.; this was 9.4 (1.3) min. for the half-Bruce protocol. The mean difference was 50 seconds (95% CI: 29–71 s, P < 0.001). So, for children aged 4 and 5 years the endurance times obtained with the original and half-Bruce protocol are different and should not be considered interchangeable. Our new reference values can be used as reference values for the original Bruce protocol. 相似文献
20.
Cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests: normal responses and age-related reference values 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
S J Piha 《Clinical physiology》1991,11(3):277-290
One hundred and forty-three healthy unmedicated subjects from a random sample, aged 20-80 years, were examined and cardiovascular autonomic function tests (Valsalva manoeuvre, deep and quiet breathing tests and active orthostatic test) were performed in order to study normal responses to these tests and to determine age-related reference values. Most of the cardiovascular indices reflecting autonomically mediated heart rate responses decline with advancing age and this leads inevitably to the need for age-related reference values. The indices are in general independent of sex but most indices are dependent on resting heart rate. The inter-individual variation is very marked so that the normal ranges are wide, and because the indices diminish with age, the lower reference values are less suitable for use in aged subjects. The reference values make it possible to use the indices for diagnostic purposes in young and middle-aged subjects (up to 65 years), whereas in older subjects the indices can be used in order to exclude autonomic disturbances. Reproducibility of heart rate indices is satisfactory or good whereas reproducibility of blood pressure indices is poor. 相似文献