膝关节置换术后两种股神经阻滞镇痛比较

[目的]评价不同镇痛模式在全膝关节置换术后的镇痛效果。[方法]全膝关节置换手术40例,随机分为两种股神经阻滞方法进行术后镇痛,即连续股神经阻滞(连续组)(20例)和单次股神经阻滞联合患者自控静脉镇痛组(单次组)(20例)。连续组术前0.5%罗哌卡因30 ml行股神经阻滞并置管,术后0.2%罗哌卡因连续股神经自控镇痛;单次组术前行0.5%罗哌卡因30 ml单次股神经阻滞,术后0.2μg/kg舒芬太尼自控镇痛。观察指标:记录两组术后4、8、12、24、36及48 h术后静息、主动功能锻炼(AFE)及持续被动功能锻炼(CPM)状态下疼痛VAS评分情况,记录恶心、呕吐、嗜睡不良反应发生率、镇痛泵按压次数及追加哌替啶次数。[结果]术后4、8、12、24h静息VAS评分连续组和单次组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后36、48 h静息VAS评分连续组显著低于单次组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后24 h的AFE和CPM状态下VAS评分比较,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而术后36、48 h,连续组显著低于单次组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后4、8、12 h按压次数两组差异无统计学意义(P),而术后24、48、36 h连续组按压次数明显低于单次组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后不良反应、追加哌替啶例数连续组明显高于单次组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]全膝关节置换术后,连续股神经阻滞镇痛优于单次股神经阻滞联合患者自控静脉镇痛,且前者不良反应少,患者满意度高。     

连续腰丛神经阻滞或连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后镇痛的比较

目的 比较连续腰丛神经阻滞或连续股神经阻滞对全膝关节置换术后镇痛的效果.方法 50例择期腰麻下行单侧全膝关节置换的患者使用神经刺激器引导,随机均分为连续腰丛神经阻滞组(CLPB组)和连续股神经阻滞组(CFNB组).术后镇痛负荷剂量0.2％罗哌卡因0.4ml/kg,背景剂量0.2％罗哌卡因5 ml/h,冲击剂量2 ml/15 min,保留镇痛48 h.记录术后6、12、24、48 h时静息状态VAS评分,术后24、48 h膝关节功能锻炼时VAS评分和肌力评分.结果 CLPB组术后各时点静息状态和功能锻炼VAS评分均明显低于CFNB组(P＜0.05),肌力评分两组间差异无统计学意义.两组术后镇痛期间均无明显不良反应.结论 连续腰丛神经阻滞对于全膝关节术后镇痛的临床效果优于连续股神经阻滞.     

超声引导下连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后的镇痛效果

目的 观察超声引导下连续股神经阻滞(CFNB)用于全膝关节置换术(TKA)后的镇痛效果.方法 拟行单侧全膝关节置换术患者40例,随机均分为两组.PCIA组患者术后持续静脉输注芬太尼镇痛,PCNA组行超声引导下罗哌卡因连续股神经阻滞,两组均持续镇痛2d.记录静息、持续被动运动(功能锻炼)时的VAS评分、患肢主动关节屈曲角度、肌力分级、镇静程度和不良反应发生情况.结果 PCNA组患者术后8、12、24、48 h静息时和术后48 h功能锻炼时VAS评分均明显低于PCIA组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).PCNA组患者术后24、48 h患肢主动关节屈曲角度明显大于PCIA组(P＜0.01).结论 超声引导下连续股神经阻滞用于TKA术后镇痛效果良好,对肌力影响小,不良反应发生率低,是TKA术后较为理想的镇痛方法.     

右美托咪定或羟考酮复合罗哌卡因连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后镇痛的效果

目的探讨右美托咪定或羟考酮复合罗哌卡因连续股神经阻滞用于全膝关节置换术后镇痛的效果。方法接受单侧全膝关节置换手术患者90例,男19例,女71例,年龄60～75岁,体重45～80 kg,ASAⅠ—Ⅲ级。所有患者均采用全身麻醉,术后行连续股神经阻滞。将患者随机分为三组:罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼12μg/ml组(RS组)、罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定2μg/ml组(RD组)和罗哌卡因复合羟考酮0.1 mg/ml组(RO组)。记录术后第1、2、3天及出院当天静息时、运动时VAS评分和患肢股四头肌肌力;记录术后第1、2、3天及出院当天患者运动能力和术后恶心呕吐、心动过缓、下肢麻木、皮肤瘙痒等不良反应及镇痛失败发生情况。结果术后第1、2天和出院当天三组静息VAS评分差异无统计学意义。术后第3天RS组和RO组静息VAS评分明显高于RD组(P0.05)。术后第1天RS组和RO组运动VAS评分明显低于RD组(P0.05),其余时点三组运动VAS评分差异无统计学意义。术后第3天和出院当天三组股四头肌肌力差异无统计学意义。出院当天三组股四头肌肌力均明显高于术后第1、2天(P0.05)。术后第3天和出院当天三组下肢活动能力差异无统计学意义。RD组心动过缓发生率明显高于R组和RO组(P0.05),其他不良反应三组差异无统计学意义。结论罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定连续股神经阻滞术后镇痛,静息痛镇痛效果较好,且持续时间较长。罗哌卡因复合羟考酮连续股神经阻滞术后镇痛与罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼镇痛效果相当。两种药物复和罗哌卡因连续股神经阻滞均能够有效维持患者的股四头肌肌力和正常活动能力,不良反应发生率低。     

连续股神经阻滞镇痛对老年人全膝关节置换术后康复功能的影响

[目的] 比较连续股神经阻滞和硬膜外阻滞在全膝关节置换术后镇痛的效应和对康复功能的影响,寻求最佳的镇痛方案.[方法]选择ASA I～II拟行单侧全膝关节置换术老年患者50例,随机分为2组:连续股神经阻滞镇痛(CFNB)组和硬膜外镇痛(CEA)组.术后留置导管连接0.2%罗哌卡因+1ug/ml舒芬太尼止痛泵维持镇痛.记录术后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h静息状态和术后24 h、48 h持续被动运动训练时VAS疼痛评分;观测术后12 h、24 h患肢主动关节屈曲角度;记录术后6 h储血罐内的引流量及术前、术后24 h、48 h血红蛋白浓度及副作用的发生率.[结果]术后各时点两组患者静息VAS无统计学差异,CFNB组术后24 h、48 h持续被动功能训练时的VAS疼痛评分(3.86±0.93和3.93±0.78),均明显低于CEA组患者(P<0.01);与CEA组比较,患肢主动关节屈曲角度、术后引流量和各时点血红蛋白浓度无统计学意义.两组副作用的发生率相似.[结论]连续股神经阻滞镇痛在持续被动运动时镇痛效应优于硬膜外镇痛,安全性高,操作简便,是TKA术后又一较为理想的镇痛方法.     

膝关节置换术后不同镇痛方案的疗效评价

[目的]比较膝关节置换术后四种不同的多模式镇痛方案的疗效。[方法]选取2011年9月²013年3月行单侧全膝关节置换患者80例,随机分为4组,每组20例。A组:术后予连续股神经阻滞(CFNB)+术中关节周围浸润镇痛(LIA)+持续冰疗(CCT)镇痛;B组:术后予CFNB+LIA;C组:术后予CFNB+CCT;D组:术后仅予CFNB。采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)评估患者术后6、12、24、48、72 h静息时及术后24、48、72 h活动时的疼痛情况,并记录术后6、12、24、48、72 h各组患肢股四头肌肌力水平,以及术后22013年3月行单侧全膝关节置换患者80例,随机分为4组,每组20例。A组:术后予连续股神经阻滞(CFNB)+术中关节周围浸润镇痛(LIA)+持续冰疗(CCT)镇痛;B组:术后予CFNB+LIA;C组:术后予CFNB+CCT;D组:术后仅予CFNB。采用视觉模拟量表(VAS)评估患者术后6、12、24、48、72 h静息时及术后24、48、72 h活动时的疼痛情况,并记录术后6、12、24、48、72 h各组患肢股四头肌肌力水平,以及术后2⁷ d时患膝关节主动及被动屈伸活动度;监测术后恶心、呕吐、头晕等药物不良反应及伤口并发症情况。[结果]术后6、12、24、48 h,A、B组静息VAS评分均低于C、D组(P<0.05),C组低于D组(P<0.05),术后72 h,四组静息VAS评分没有统计学差异(P>0.05);术后24、48、72 h,A、B组活动VAS评分均低于C、D组(P<0.05),C组低于D组(P<0.05)。术后各组患肢股四头肌肌力水平无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后27 d时患膝关节主动及被动屈伸活动度;监测术后恶心、呕吐、头晕等药物不良反应及伤口并发症情况。[结果]术后6、12、24、48 h,A、B组静息VAS评分均低于C、D组(P<0.05),C组低于D组(P<0.05),术后72 h,四组静息VAS评分没有统计学差异(P>0.05);术后24、48、72 h,A、B组活动VAS评分均低于C、D组(P<0.05),C组低于D组(P<0.05)。术后各组患肢股四头肌肌力水平无统计学差异(P>0.05);术后2⁵ d,A组、B组的主动活动度均>C组、D组(P<0.05),C组>D组(P<0.05),术后65 d,A组、B组的主动活动度均>C组、D组(P<0.05),C组>D组(P<0.05),术后6⁷ d四组没有统计学差异(P>0.05);术后27 d四组没有统计学差异(P>0.05);术后2⁴ d,A、B组被动活动度>C、D组(P<0.05),C组>D组(P<0.05),术后54 d,A、B组被动活动度>C、D组(P<0.05),C组>D组(P<0.05),术后5⁷ d四组被动活动度没有统计学差异(P>0.05);术后A、B组之间的差异均无统计学意义;术后四组不良反应事件差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]连续股神经阻滞联合关节局部浸润镇痛效果良好,有利于TKA术后的早期康复锻炼,其疗效与CFNB+LIA+CCT无统计学差异,值得进一步临床推广。     

单侧全膝关节置换术中关节囊后方局部浸润镇痛的效果观察

目的观察单侧全膝关节置换(TKA)术中对关节囊后方进行局部浸润镇痛的效果,探讨关节囊后方是否需要进行局部浸润镇痛。方法纳入自2014-11—2017-03完成的87例膝关节骨性关节炎初次单侧TKA,采用随机数字表法分为2组。观察组(44例)于TKA术中在关节囊后方区域、关节囊内侧区域、关节囊外侧区域、前方股四头肌远端区域及髌韧带区域进行局部浸润镇痛。对照组(43例)除了关节囊后方区域外,于其他4个部位进行局部浸润镇痛。结果观察组与对照组术后6、12、24、48、72 h疼痛VAS评分,术后3 d膝关节主、被动活动范围,术后3 d内追加镇痛药物剂量,以及并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论单侧TKA术中关节囊后方局部浸润镇痛并未提高术后镇痛效果,因此不建议在关节囊后方区域进行局部浸润镇痛,可降低损伤药物进入血管引起不良反应和神经损伤的风险。     

罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或地佐辛连续股神经阻滞在全膝关节置换术后镇痛中的应用

目的观察罗哌卡因与罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或地佐辛连续股神经阻滞(FNB)在全膝关节置换术(TKA)术后镇痛中的效果。方法择期行单侧TKA患者60例,采用统一麻醉和手术方案,术后FNB自控镇痛48h,持续剂量2ml/h,总量100ml。随机将患者均分为三组:罗哌卡因组(R组):0.225%罗哌卡因;罗哌卡因复合地佐辛组(D组):0.15%罗哌卡因含地佐辛10 mg;罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼组(S组):0.15%罗哌卡因含舒芬太尼1μg/kg。记录三组患者术后1、3及7d静息状态下VAS(RVAS)评分、主动功能锻炼时VAS(AVAS)评分和被动功能锻炼时VAS(PVAS)评分;记录其他镇痛药物用量、不良事件发生情况。结果术后1、3、7d三组患者RVAS评分,术后1、7d的AVAS评分和术后1d的PVAS评分明显低于术前(P0.05);术后3d,S组与D组RVAS评分明显高于R组(P0.05)。三组术后恶心呕吐及谵妄发生率差异无统计学意义。结论罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或地佐辛用于FNB,可提供良好的TKA术后镇痛效果,且不增加不良反应;但0.15%罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼或地佐辛不及0.225%罗哌卡因镇痛维持时间长,复合地佐辛这一现象更明显。     

罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定局部浸润用于胸腰椎骨折术后切口镇痛的临床疗效

目的探讨罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定在胸腰椎骨折术后切口局部侵润麻醉的镇痛效果。方法纳入60例接受经后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定手术治疗的胸腰椎骨折患者,随机分为对照组和观察组各30例。术后观察组予以0.5%罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定(20 mL内按1 ug/kg加入右美托咪定),于切口局部浸润,对照组:单于罗哌卡因局部浸润。术后观察在静息及活动状态下术后4、8、16、24、36、48 h的VAS评分,并记录48 h内使用静脉镇痛药物的用量及局部浸润麻醉的作用持续时间。结果观察组术后静息及咳嗽状态下4 h、8 h、16 h的VAS评分均显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而两组24 h、36 h及48 h的VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结果表明,观察组局部浸润麻醉的有效时间明显延长,术后使用静脉镇痛药物的剂量较对照组明显减少。结论在胸腰椎骨折术后应用罗哌卡因复合右美托咪定行切口局部麻醉,早期镇痛效果显著。     

超声引导连续股神经阻滞联合局部浸润麻醉用于全膝关节置换术后的镇痛效果

目的 评价超声引导连续股神经阻滞联合局部浸润麻醉用于全膝关节置换(TKA)术后的镇痛效果。方法 择期全麻下行单侧TKA患者74例,年龄63～78岁,BMI 21～25 kg/m²,性别不限,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。采用随机数字表法分为2组,各37例。2组均于麻醉诱导前行超声引导放置股神经阻滞导管,并注入0.2%罗哌卡因20 mL。股神经阻滞起效后实施全麻TKA,术毕行连续股神经阻滞。观察组于假体植入前、后将罗哌卡因、芬太尼、盐酸肾上腺素的生理盐水混合液分别注入在关节囊后部和两侧副韧带、切口周围。对照组不进行局部浸润麻醉。术后2组均予以舒芬太尼行PCIA,补救镇痛应用地佐辛。术后12 h、24 h、48 h应用数字评分法(NRS)评价患者的疼痛程度,依据Ramsay评分标准评价镇静效果。统计地佐辛使用率和不良反应发生率。结果 观察组患者术后各时点的NRS评分、Ramsay评分,以及地佐辛使用率和不良反应发生率均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 超声引导股神经阻滞联合局部浸润麻醉对TKA患者有良好的术后镇痛、镇静效果,并可降低补救镇痛率及不良反应...     

局部浸润罗哌卡因联合静脉镇痛对全膝关节置换术后镇痛及早期康复的影响

目的评估伤口单次局部浸润罗哌卡因联合静脉自控镇痛对全膝关节置换(TKA)术后镇痛的效果及术后早期膝关节康复训练的影响。方法选择腰麻下行膝关节置换手术的患者50例,根据镇痛方式分为两组,罗哌卡因组(25例):术毕切口浸润0.25%罗哌卡因20 ml,术后行静脉自控镇痛(PCIA);对照组(25例):术毕切口浸润生理盐水20 ml,术后行PCIA。采用视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评估不同时间点的镇痛效果,不同时间评定术后康复训练依从性、膝关节主动活动度(ROM)、膝关节功能。结果术后4、6、8、12 h VAS评分:罗哌卡因组分别为1.28分±1.03分、2.17分±1.67分、2.13分±1.76分、2.38分±0.34分,对照组分别为2.75分±1.09分、3.25分±1.29分、4.50分±1.51分、4.62分±1.60分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。术后24、48 h VAS评分:罗哌卡因组分别为3.20分±1.21分、3.17分±0.84分,对照组分别为3.28分±1.21分、3.56分±1.19分,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。罗哌卡因组与对照组术后康复训练依从性、膝关节ROM及HSS评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论应用罗哌卡因局部浸润联合PCIA用于TKA术后镇痛是一种安全有效的镇痛方法,有利于膝关节术后功能的恢复,具有较好的临床应用价值。     

Doubtful effect of continuous intraarticular analgesia after total knee arthroplasty

Background and purpose — Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) is well established for effective postoperative pain relief in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). To prolong the effect of LIA, infusion pumps with local intraarticular analgesia can be used. We evaluated the effect of such an infusion pump for the first 48 h postoperatively regarding pain, knee function, length of stay (LOS) in hospital, and complications.

Patients and methods — 200 patients received peroperative LIA and a continuous intraarticular elastomeric infusion pump set at 2 mL/h. The patients were randomized either to ropivacaine (7.5 mg/mL) or to NaCl (9 mg/mL) in the pump. Visual analog scale (VAS) pain (0–100 mm), analgesic consumption, side effects of medicine, range of motion (ROM), leg-raising ability, LOS, and complications during the first 3 months were recorded.

Results — On the first postoperative day, the ropivacaine group had lower VAS pain (33 vs. 40 at 12 noon and 36 vs. 43 at 8 p.m.; p = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively), but after that all recorded variables were similar between the groups. During the first 3 months, the ropivacaine group had a greater number of superficial and deep surgical wound infections (11 patients vs. 2 patients, p = 0.02). There were no other statistically significant differences between the groups.

Interpretation — Continuous intraarticular analgesia (CIAA) with ropivacaine after TKA has no relevant clinical effect on VAS pain and does not affect LOS, analgesic consumption, ROM, or leg-raising ability. There may, however, be a higher risk of wound-healing complications including deep infections.     

The impact of ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block combined with local infiltration analgesia for arthroplasty on postoperative pain relief

Study objectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided transmuscular quadratus lumborum block (QLB) combined with local infiltration analgesia (LIA) for pain management and recovery in patients who have undergone total hip arthroplasty (THA) via a posterolateral approach.DesignThis was a prospective, randomized controlled trial.SettingWe collected data in the preoperative area, operating room, and bed ward.PatientsA total of 80 patients with American Society of Anesthesiology functional status scores of II-III were included and assigned to two groups, and all 80 patients were included in the final analysis.InterventionsAll included patients were randomly assigned to the nerve block (group N) or the control group (group C). Patients in the group N received transmuscular QLB combined with LIA, while patients in the group C received only LIA.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was postoperative pain during the first active motion: it was measured at six hours after surgery and assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes were the resting VAS scores in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery; VAS scores during motion at 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery; intraoperative consumption of opioids; postoperative consumption of morphine hydrochloride; frequency of sleep interruption due to pain on the night of surgery; time until the first “walk out of the bed” after surgery; muscle strength of the quadriceps femoris; and postoperative adverse effects.Main resultsCompared to the group C, patients in the group N had significantly lower VAS scores during motion at 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery, as well as lower resting VAS scores in the PACU and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h after surgery. Patients in the group N also consumed significantly smaller amounts of intraoperative opioids and morphine after surgery. Patients in the group N reported significantly fewer interruptions in sleep due to pain on the night of surgery and were able to “walk out of the bed” significantly earlier than those in the group C. There was no significant difference between the two groups in muscle strength of the quadriceps femoris or incidence of postoperative adverse effects.ConclusionsCompared to treatment with LIA alone, ultrasound-guided transmuscular QLB combined with LIA can provide better postoperative pain relief and enhance the recovery of THA patients, since it does not cause quadriceps femoris muscle weakness and is associated with significantly lower need for intraoperative opioids.     

超声引导下收肌管阻滞联合膝关节囊后间隙阻滞在全膝关节置换中的应用

目的 观察超声引导下收肌管阻滞(ACB)联合膝关节囊后间隙(IPACK)阻滞在全膝关节置换(TKA)术中的应用效果.方法 将60例初次单侧TKA手术患者按随机数字表法分为A组(采用ACB+IPACK阻滞镇痛,30例)和B组(采用股神经阻滞镇痛,30例).记录术后不同时间点静息和活动状态下疼痛数字分级法(NRS)评分、股...     

Reduced morphine consumption and pain intensity with local infiltration analgesia (LIA) following total knee arthroplasty: A randomized double-blind study involving 48 patients

Background and purpose

Postoperative pain is often severe after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We investigated the efficacy of the local infiltration analgesia (LIA) technique, both intraoperatively and postoperatively.

Methods

48 patients undergoing TKA were randomized into 2 groups in a double-blind study. In group A, 400 mg ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, and 0.5 mg epinephrine were infiltrated periarticularly during operation. In group P, no injections were given. 21 h postoperatively, 200 mg ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, and 0.1 mg epinephrine were injected intraarticularly in group A, and the same volume of saline was injected in group P. All patients were followed up for 3 months.

Results

Median morphine consumption was lower in group A during the first 48 h: 18 (1–74) mg vs. 87 (36–160) mg in group P. Postoperative pain was lower at rest in group A during the first 27 h, and on movement during the first 48 h, except at 21 h. Time to fulfillment of discharge criteria was shorter in group A than in group P: 3 (1–7) vs. 5 (2–8) days. Patient satisfaction was higher in group A than in group P on days 1 and 7. The unbound venous blood concentration of ropivacaine was below systemic toxic blood concentrations.

Interpretation

The local infiltration analgesia (LIA) technique provides excellent pain relief and lower morphine consumption following TKA, resulting in shorter time to home readiness and higher patient satisfaction. There were few side effects and systemic LA concentrations were low.     

Local infiltration analgesia in TKA patients reduces length of stay and postoperative pain scores

Numerous postoperative pain protocols exist for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We compared the length of stay, early range of motion (ROM), and pain scores of a control group with a femoral nerve block to those of a group with femoral nerve block and local infiltration analgesia following TKA. In a consecutive series of patients undergoing primary TKA at a Veteran's Administration hospital, 40 patients (40 TKAs) who had local infiltration analgesia were compared to a historical group of 43 patients (43 TKAs) who had a long-acting femoral nerve block without local infiltration analgesia. Local infiltration analgesia consisted of intraoperative injection of 150 mL of 300 mg ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, and 500 μg epinephrine using 50 mL into each of 3 areas: (1) posterior capsule, (2) medial and lateral capsule, and (3) anterior capsule and subcutaneous tissues. A 17-gauge intra-articular catheter was used to inject an additional 100 mg of ropivacaine on postoperative day 1. The control group had a single-shot femoral nerve block using 150 mg of ropivacaine with epinephrine. Mean length of stay for the local infiltration analgesia group compared to controls was 3.2±1.4 days vs 3.8±1.6 days, respectively (P=.03). No significant differences existed in average ROM (6 weeks), discharge hematocrit, transfusions, and temperature. Mean pain scores were lower in the local infiltration analgesia group on postoperative day 1 (P=.04), but not on postoperative day 2 or 3. Maximum visual analog scale scores (P<.01) were reduced in the local infiltration analgesia group. Our early experience with local infiltration analgesia demonstrated a significantly reduced length of stay due to decreased postoperative pain.     

股神经和硬膜外自控镇痛在全膝关节置换术后的效果比较

目的：比较股神经和硬膜外自控镇痛在膝关节置换术后的效果和副作用。方法：选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行单侧膝关节置换术患者50例,随机分为股神经自控镇痛组（PCFNA,n=25）和硬膜外自控镇痛组（PCEA,n=25）。均在单侧蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉下施术,术后通过留置导管连接0.2%罗哌卡因、2μg/mL芬太尼止痛泵镇痛。结果：两组在术后各时点静息VAS和吗啡用量、副作用的发生率无统计学差异。PCFNA组持续被动功能训练时的VAS疼痛评分均明显低于PCEA组患者（P〈0.01）;PCFNA组术后24h患肢股四头肌的肌力略低,非手术侧肌力略高（P〈0.000）。结论：股神经自控镇痛在持续被动运动镇痛效果优于硬膜外自控镇痛,不影响非手术侧股四头肌肌力,有利于早期下床活动。     

Knee strength retention and analgesia with continuous perineural fentanyl infusion after total knee replacement: randomized controlled trial

Purpose

Despite providing adequate pain relief, a femoral nerve block can induce postoperative muscle weakness after total knee arthoplasty (TKA). Fentanyl has been shown to have peripheral effects but has not been used as a perineural infusate alone after TKA.

Methods

Sixty patients scheduled for TKA were randomized to one of three blinded groups: a continuous 24 h infusion of either fentanyl 3 μg/ml, ropivacaine 0.1 %, or 0.9 % normal saline through a femoral nerve sheath catheter at 10 ml/h. The main outcome was maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in the quadriceps femoris (knee extension), measured by a handheld dynamometer (Nm/kg). Other variables assessed were preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) scores, hamstrings MVIC (knee flexion), active range of motion of the operative knee, distance ambulated, incidence of knee buckling, supplemental morphine usage, postoperative side effects, and serum fentanyl levels.

Results

Quadriceps MVIC values were significantly greater in the fentanyl group compared to the group that received ropivacaine (median values, 0.08 vs. 0.03 Nm/kg; p = 0.028). The incidence of postoperative knee buckling upon ambulation was higher in the ropivacaine group compared to the fentanyl group, although not statistically significant (40 % vs. 15 %, respectively; p = 0.077). VAS scores while ambulating were not significantly different between the fentanyl group and the ropivacaine group (p = 0.270). Postoperative morphine consumption, nausea and vomiting, and resting VAS scores were similar among the three groups.

Conclusions

A continuous perineural infusion of fentanyl produced greater strength retention than ropivacaine post-TKA.     

Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament for treatment of patellar instability

Background and purpose Postoperative pain is often severe after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We investigated the efficacy of the local infiltration analgesia (LIA) technique, both intraoperatively and postoperatively.

Methods 48 patients undergoing TKA were randomized into 2 groups in a double-blind study. In group A, 400 mg ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, and 0.5 mg epinephrine were infiltrated periarticularly during operation. In group P, no injections were given. 21 h postoperatively, 200 mg ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, and 0.1 mg epinephrine were injected intraarticularly in group A, and the same volume of saline was injected in group P. All patients were followed up for 3 months.

Results Median morphine consumption was lower in group A during the first 48 h: 18 (1–74) mg vs. 87 (36–160) mg in group P. Postoperative pain was lower at rest in group A during the first 27 h, and on movement during the first 48 h, except at 21 h. Time to fulfillment of discharge criteria was shorter in group A than in group P: 3 (1–7) vs. 5 (2–8) days. Patient satisfaction was higher in group A than in group P on days 1 and 7. The unbound venous blood concentration of ropivacaine was below systemic toxic blood concentrations.

Interpretation The local infiltration analgesia (LIA) technique provides excellent pain relief and lower morphine consumption following TKA, resulting in shorter time to home readiness and higher patient satisfaction. There were few side effects and systemic LA concentrations were low.     

A randomized, controlled trial comparing local infiltration analgesia with epidural infusion for total knee arthroplasty

Background

There have been few studies describing wound infiltration with additional intraarticular administration of multimodal analgesia for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In this study, we assessed the efficacy of wound infiltration combined with intraarticular regional analgesia with epidural infusion on analgesic requirements and postoperative pain after TKA.

Methods

40 consecutive patients undergoing elective, primary TKA were randomized into 2 groups to receive either (1) intraoperative wound infiltration with 150 mL ropivacaine (2 mg/mL), 1 mL ketorolac (30 mg/mL), and 0.5 mL epinephrine (1 mg/mL) (total volume 152 mL) combined with intraarticular infusion (4 mL/h) of 190 mL ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) plus 2 mL ketorolac (30 mg/mL) (group A), or (2) epidural infusion (4 mL/h) of 192 mL ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) combined with 6 intravenous administrations of 0.5 mL ketorolac (30 mg/mL) for 48 h postoperatively (group E). For rescue analgesia, intravenous patient-controlled-analgesia (PCA) morphine was used.Morphine consumption, intensity of knee pain (0–100 mm visual analog scale), and side effects were recorded. Length of stay and corrected length of stay were also recorded (the day-patients fulfilled discharge criteria).

Results

The median cumulated morphine consumption, pain scores at rest, and pain scores during mobilization were reduced in group A compared to group E. Corrected length of stay was reduced by 25% in group A compared to group E.

Interpretation

Peri- and intraarticular analgesia with multimodal drugs provided superior pain relief and reduced morphine consumption compared with continuous epidural infusion with ropivacaine combined with intravenous ketorolac after TKA.Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) usually results in severe postoperative pain. Continuous epidural infusion with a local anesthetic is a standard regime for postoperative analgesia after TKA. Epidural analgesia and also peripheral nerve block analgesia have been shown to reduce opioid consumption compared with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Even though both modalities reduce the occurrence of the well-known side effects of opioid drugs, they involve extra equipment and are associated with substantial side effects (Choi et al. 2003, Davies et al. 2004, Boezaart 2006). Wound infiltration with multimodal analgesia has been a controversial issue for many years (Dahl et al. 1994). Different modes of perioperative analgesia either without or combined with intraarticular infusion or bolus injection(s) for both TKA and total hip arthroplasty have been described (Bianconi et al. 2003, Rasmussen et al. 2004, Reilly et al. 2005, Andersen et al. 2007a, b). Only a few studies have described high-volume peri- and intraarticular analgesia for TKA (Busch et al. 2006, Vendittoli et al. 2006, Toftdahl et al. 2007). The hypothesis in our trial was that wound infiltration and intraarticular infusion of ropivacaine and ketorolac would reduce opioid consumption during the active treatment period (0–48 h postoperatively) after TKA compared to epidural infusion of ropivacaine and intravenous ketorolac. Primary outcome was 48-h opioid use. Secondary outcomes included pain at rest and during mobilization, side effects, length of hospital stay (LOS), and corrected length of stay (the day-patients fulfilled discharge criteria).