后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石27例分析

目的评价后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的有效性及安全性。方法采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石27例,对手术方法及并发症进行回顾性分析。结果27例手术均获成功,平均手术时间(100±25)min,术后3d的结石清除率为100%(27/27)。术后有2例(7.4%)出现发热,38.5℃以上,1例(3.7%)出现短期漏尿。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石疗效满意,安全性较高。     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石27例报告

目的：评价后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的有效性及安全性。方法：2003年9月-2008年6月采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石27例,对手术方法及并发症进行回顾性分析。结果：27例手术均获成功,平均手术时间（92．6±23．3）min,术后3天的结石清除率为100％（27／27）,术后3天血红蛋白下降平均值（0．38±0．21）g／L。术后有1例（3．70％）出现38．5℃以上发热,1例（3．70％）出现漏尿。结论：后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石疗效满意,安全性较高。     

腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的手术技巧

目的:探讨腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的临床经验、手术技巧与疗效。方法:回顾分析2007年4月至2012年6月为55例嵌顿性输尿管上段结石患者行腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的临床资料,其中男30例,女25例,平均(41.3±17.5)岁。结果:55例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放;手术时间平均(57.5±22.7)min,术中出血量平均(37.5±9.1)ml,术后10 d拔除导尿管,术后平均住院(5±0.8)d,术后2例发生尿漏,3例体温在38.5度以上。术后1周复查腹部立位平片及B超,提示均无结石残留。结论:腹膜后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性上段输尿管结石安全、可行、有效,术中对结石的精确定位及输尿管壁的缝合技巧是手术成功的关键。     

两种路径腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术的比较

目的比较两种路径腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2015年6月~2016年10月47例输尿管上段单发嵌顿性结石资料,结石长径1.5 cm。22例行腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(laparoscopic ureterolithotomy,LU),25例后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy,RLU),比较2组手术时间、术后肠道功能恢复时间、引流管拔除时间、术后并发症、住院时间。结果 LU组22例手术均获成功;RLU组手术成功21例,1例术中结石迁移到肾盂,后腹腔镜下肾盂切开取出,3例输尿管周围炎导致严重粘连无法找到输尿管而中转开腹手术。与RLU组相比,LU组手术时间短[(74.5±8.1)min vs.(87.3±9.9)min,t=-4.636,P=0.000],但术后排气晚[(2.4±1.2)d vs.(1.6±0.9)d,t=2.394,P=0.021]。2组出血量、住院时间、拔除引流管时间、并发症发生率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论 LU和RLU都是安全有效的,LU相对RLU手术时间更短,对于位置偏低的输尿管上段结石更有优势,二者均是理想的手术方式。     

输尿管镜与后腹腔镜手术治疗输尿管上段结石的疗效比较

目的 探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术(RLU)和输尿管镜碎石取石术(URL)治疗单侧输尿管上段结石的临床疗效.方法 60 例单侧输尿管上段结石患者被随机分成两组,RLU 组予以气管全麻下后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,URL 组予以腰硬麻下输尿管镜钬激光碎石取石术,分析两组之间的手术时间、结石清除率、术后住院时间、术后镇痛泵使用时间,比较其临床疗效.结果 两组手术均取得成功,RLU 组平均手术时间(41.3±7.9)min,URL 组(49.2±9.8)min,RLU 组一次性清除率100%,URL 组83.3%.后腹腔镜组手术时间、结石一次清除率均优于输尿管镜组,两组术后随访3 个月以上,未见输尿管狭窄等并发症.结论 两种手术方式治疗单侧输尿管上段结石均有明显临床疗效,但后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术具有一次手术结石清除率高、手术时间短等优点,值得推广应用.     

后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石的临床效果。方法 2006年10月~2013年3月我院应用三套管技术对60例输尿管上段结石行后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,取石后镜下置入双J管,3-0可吸收线间断缝合输尿管切口。结果手术均获成功,无中转开腹。手术时间40~120 min,平均60 min;出血量50~150 ml,平均75 ml。结石清除率98.3%(59/60),部分结石上移至肾盂1例。术后住院5~7d,尿漏1例。术后2~4周拔出双J管。31例随访3~12个月,平均4个月,B超、KUB及静脉尿路造影检查均显示输尿管无狭窄及结石复发,轻度肾盂扩张(4例)或无肾积水(27例)。结论后腹腔腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿性结石安全、有效,结石清除率高,良好的双J管引流和镜下缝合打结技术是腹腔镜切开取石术成功的关键。     

后腹腔镜在输尿管切开取石术中的应用

目的探讨后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管结石的临床价值和技术要点。方法2006年12月至2009年9月,对66例嵌顿性输尿管中上段结石采用后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术,术中取石后于镜下直接置入双J管,以4-0人工合成可吸收线（SAS）间段缝合输尿管切口。结果66例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,结石清除率100％。术后创腔引流液量少,无一例发生尿漏。3-5d拔除引流管,1周出院,术后3周膀胱镜下拔除双J管。随访1-33个月,平均16.3个月,超声复查显示肾积水明显好转或消失,无结石复发。结论后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管结石具有创伤小,疗效好、术后恢复快等特点,明显优于开放手术及其他手术,值得推广应用。     

经腹腔入路腹腔镜切开取石术治疗第三腰椎以下嵌顿性输尿管上段结石

目的:探讨经腹腔入路腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗嵌顿性输尿管上段结石的方法与临床价值。方法:2013年1月~2014年2月,经腹腔入路腹腔镜切开取石术治疗第三腰椎(L3)以下嵌顿性输尿管上段结石18例,其中7例术前行体外冲击波碎石失败。结石长径1.3~3.0cm,平均2.1cm。结果:手术均获成功,无中转手术病例。手术时间45~130min,平均75min。术中估计失血量20~55ml,平均35ml。术后1例出现漏尿,引流2周后消失。无肠梗阻等并发症。术后随访1~11个月,平均5个月,无结石复发和输尿管狭窄病例。结论:对于L3以下嵌顿性输尿管上段结石,经腹腔入路腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术具有空间大、解剖标志清晰、避免反角度操作等优势,值得临床选用。     

三种微创技术联合治疗复杂性输尿管上段结石的临床研究

目的：探讨复杂性输尿管上段结石的最佳治疗方法。方法对68例复杂性输尿管上段结石患者行三种微创技术联合治疗。结果33例患者行输尿管镜或联合经皮肾镜碎石取石术（MPCNL）和后腹腔镜下输尿管切开取石术（RLU）治疗后,术中取尽结石率为90．9％（30／33）。11例患者行 MPCNL 或联合经尿道输尿管镜碎石取石术（URL）和 RLU 治疗后,术中取尽结石率为100％。24例行腹腔镜切开取石术（RLU）,术中取尽结石率为100％。手术均获成功,无严重并发症发生。结论对于复杂性输尿管上段结石的微创治疗,应根据临床情况制定多种个性化治疗方案。     

微创经皮肾镜与后腹腔镜治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的疗效比较

目的比较微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石与后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2011年3月~2012年12月我院收治的65例输尿管上段结石患者的临床资料。其中,35例行微创经皮肾镜钬激光碎石,30例行后腹腔镜输尿管上段切开取石术。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、结石清除率及平均住院日等指标。结果微创经皮肾镜组手术时间明显短于后腹腔镜组((62.2±20.2)min vs(73.5±22.4)min),术中出血量明显多于后腹腔镜组((63±12)ml vs(36±14)ml),差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);而两组结石清除率及平均住院日比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。经皮肾镜组术后出现大出血1例,发热2例,结石残留(4 mm)1例。后腹腔镜组出现发热1例,尿瘘1例。所有患者术后随访3个月,复查B超未见残留结石。结论微创经皮肾镜取石术和后腹腔镜输尿管切开取石术均可有效治疗输尿管上段嵌顿结石,应根据临床具体情况选择适合的手术方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.