Malignant sinonasal tumours: The Dublin eye and ear hospital experience

We identified 51 patients from pathology and operative records who were treated in the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital with malignant sinonasal tumours between January 1980 and December 1991. Complete follow up was available in 43 patients. There were 30 males, mean age 50 years, range (10–80) and 13 females, mean age 59 years, range (34–75). Commonest presentations were nasal obstruction, nasal discharge and facial swelling. Patients presented late because of initial non specific symptoms. The maxilla was the site of origin in 18 patients, the ethmoids in 13 patients and the nasal cavity in 12 patients. There was a wide range of histological types with squamous cell carcinoma occurring in 19 patients (44%). All patients were treated with surgery, radiotherapy or a combination of both. Chemotherapy was used as an adjunctive therapy in three patients. Local recurrence occurred in 21 (50%) of the patients. Overall three year survival was 58% and five year survival was 45%. These figures compare favourably with larger series in the literature. A high index of suspicion, early recognition and referral of these patients is required to improve survival.     

"掠夺"与"对抗":上海公共租界审判权的变迁

上海公共租界内的审判机关是中国所有租界中数量最多,变迁最为复杂的。而这些建立在租界内的审判机关大多与领事裁判权息息相关。无论是租界当局还是中国政府对于设立在上海公共租界内的审判机关都非常关注,因为这不仅仅是国家独立主权的一种体现,更是在独立法权与治权之上的“掠夺”与“对抗”。从在租界内设立的各国领事法庭,到以工部局为主要对象的领事公堂。从洋泾浜北首理事衙门到上海公共租界特区地方法院,从租界初期清政府在租界内拥有的完全的审判权到一步步被租界洋人所蚕食掠夺．再到中国官民不懈的对抗,一点点收回审判权,上海公共租界内的审判权力变化纷繁复杂,租界内中外势力通过对审判权力的争夺,以扩展出各势力当局的行政权在租界中的博弈。     

2001年二等奖项目介绍先天性外中耳畸形的外科治疗

先天性外中耳畸形的发病率约1／10000．是耳科较常见的畸形之一。其听力障碍和耳廓畸形严重影响着患者的身心健康，是一个急待解决的社会问题．多数患者迫切要求同时提高听力和美化耳廓外型。     

单侧内耳Mondini畸形并发脑脊液耳漏1例报告及文献复习

目的：探讨单侧内耳Mondini畸形并发脑脊液耳漏患者的发病机制、临床表现、诊断和手术方法,提高对其临床特征的认识。方法：收集1例单侧内耳Mondini畸形并发脑脊液耳漏患者的临床资料,结合国内外相关文献,分析其临床特征、影像学表现、诊断和手术方法。结果：患者因"左侧鼻腔流水、头痛20年,加重1个月"就诊。查体见左耳鼓膜内陷、完整,左耳听力下降。鼻内镜下,颅内压增加时左侧咽鼓管咽口有脑脊液流出。结合患者相关检查结果和临床表现初步考虑左耳Mondini畸形并脑脊液耳漏。行左脑脊液耳漏修补术,患者术后听力良好,无鼻腔流液和头痛不适。随访1年,患者未复发脑膜炎。结论：反复发作不明原因的脑膜炎患者应考虑先天性内耳畸形的可能。颞骨薄层CT与MRI检查是确诊的主要手段,鼓室探查修补术是填补漏口的有效方法,手术是主要的治疗方法。     

Glue ear: the new dyslexia?

Several factors have led to the current epidemic of surgery for glue ear in children, including the widespread introduction of audiometry; greater recognition of the presence of fluid in the middle ear by general practitioners; the availability of more otolaryngologists; and technical advances such as the availability of antibiotics to treat postoperative infections and of flanged tympanostomy tubes (grommets). The need of surgeons to fill the vacuum caused by the decline in the number of adenotonsillectomies, and the fact that a diagnosis of glue ear legitimises the continued use of these operations, may also have contributed to the increase. Finally, glue ear may provide parents with a medical explanation of their children's poor educational performance, as the term dyslexia did in the past. The high social and public costs of this operation demand a reappraisal of its increasing use.     

"Below the Line": The tobacco industry and youth smoking

Background

This paper provides a comprehensive account of how the tobacco industry, over time, has promoted its products to young people.

Method

A comprehensive search of tobacco industry documents relating to youth smoking was conducted using documents available on the World Wide Web through the Master Settlement Agreement.

Results

The documents provide evidence that the industry invested great time and resources in developing strategies to attract young people through Youth Smoking Prevention strategies (including education strategies) and marketing to youth. The results include information from published literature and direct excerpts from the tobacco industry documents.

Conclusion

The tobacco industry documents confirm that the tobacco industry has promoted and supported strategies that are ineffective in reducing smoking by youth, and opposed strategies that have proven to be effective. It is clear from the documents reviewed that the industry values the youth market and through a number of measures continues to promote its products to young people.