肺切除术后支气管残端瘘的处理(附2例报告)

目的 探讨肺切除术后发生支气管残端瘘的原因、临床表现、手术时机及处理原则.方法 回顾分析2例肺癌根治术后并发支气管残端瘘的临床表现、诊断、治疗经过及方法.结果 两例患者均痊愈出院,1例采用常规胸腔内闭合支气管残端治愈,1例经纵隔心包内闭合支气管残端得到治愈.结论 支气管残端瘘应尽早诊断、并予以持续胸腔冲洗,抗感染、营养...     

肺癌切除术支气管残端包埋方法的探讨(附102例带蒂心包脂肪瓣的应用)

目的 探讨肺癌切除术中支气管残端的处理方法对术后愈合能力的影响。方法 将258例肺癌病人随机分为两组，对支气管残端分别行带蒂心包脂肪瓣(带蒂组)和常规胸膜包埋(胸膜组)。结果 带蒂组102例，术后无一例发生支气管胸膜瘘或支气管肺动脉瘘，胸膜组156例术后3例并发支气管胸膜瘘。结论 带蒂心包脂肪瓣有利于支气管残端的愈合，防止支气管动脉瘘的发生。     

肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗

目的探讨肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的外科治疗。方法26例患者分别采取胸腔引流、支气管残端修补、胸膜余肺切除、胸廓成形术等治疗方式。结果23例（88．5％）患者经各种治疗最终获得治愈，手术死亡1例，瘘口未愈失访2例。结论充分胸腔引流能控制感染，彻底消除残腔，妥善封闭支气管瘘口是外科治疗肺切除术后支气管胸膜瘘的关键环节。     

带蒂肋间肌瓣防治支气管胸膜瘘17例临床分析

目的探讨采用带蒂肋间肌瓣包埋支气管残端预防和治疗支气管胸膜瘘的临床意义,总结治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2001年10月至2009年6月重庆市江津中心医院对17例肺癌、肺结核伴支气管扩张、支气管扩张患者行肺切除术后采用带蒂肋间肌瓣包埋支气管残端的临床资料。14例为预防性治疗,男8例,女6例;年龄21~69岁;其中6例行全肺切除术,8例行肺叶切除术。3例行肺癌肺叶切除术后支气管胸膜瘘二期修补术,男2例,女1例;年龄58~68岁。结果预防性治疗14例患者,手术时间135~275 min,均治愈,无并发症;随访12例,随访时间6~60个月,随访期间无1例发生支气管胸膜瘘。3例肺癌术后支气管胸膜瘘接受带蒂肋间肌瓣治疗患者手术时间75~165 min,2例痊愈,1例同时行局部胸膜内胸廓成形术痊愈;3例均随访6~24个月,无1例再发支气管胸膜瘘。结论带蒂肋间肌瓣包埋支气管残端防治支气管胸膜瘘安全有效,尤其适用于肺切除术后支气管残端或吻合口的加固预防支气管胸膜瘘的发生。     

结扎缝扎法处理支气管残端在肺切除术应用体会

我院胸外科采用结扎缝扎法处理支气管残端共计320例,男206例,女114例。支气管残管的处理方法:肺动脉,肺静脉结扎切断后,全肺切除距隆突,肺叶切除距分叉处1.0～1.5cm首先用10号丝线环扎一道,再距结扎线远端1.0cm切除病肺,残端处用小圈小针7号丝线8字缝扎,纵隔胸膜覆盖支气管残端。本组320例,术后无支气管胸膜瘘发生,效果良好。     

右胸径路切割闭合器闭合左主支气管残端瘘并一期或分期治疗左脓胸

目的:总结右胸径路使用切割闭合器闭合左主支气管残端瘘并一期或分期治疗左脓胸的经验。方法:6例左主支气管残端瘘合并脓胸患者,采用右胸径路关闭、切断左支气管残端,并用带蒂胸膜覆盖远、近端切缘加左胸T管引流一期或分期处理左脓胸。结果:6例左主支气管残端均闭合良好,随访103～548天,均无再瘘;其中4例无脓胸复发,1例放置T...     

双斜面闭合支气管残端在肺切除术中的应用

探讨双斜面闭合支气管残端对预防支气管胸膜瘘的作用。对46例肺切除患者术中切割支气管时,使其前后壁形成两个向内的斜面,并与支气管纵轴成45°角,间断缝闭支气管残端。全组无支气管胸膜瘘发生,有6例肺不张,4例发生心律失常,均治愈。双斜面闭合支气管残端具有对合面为新鲜断面,支气管壁各层对应接触,接触面大的优点,可以较好的预防支气管胸膜瘘的发生。     

胸外科手术后呼吸衰竭合并支气管胸膜瘘患者的治疗探讨

目的探讨胸外科手术后急性呼吸衰竭合并支气管胸膜瘘患者的临床治疗方法。方法术后支气管残端瘘1例和肺瘘4例患者均并发急性呼吸衰竭，均需应用呼吸机治疗。支气管残端瘘患者应用呼气末正压通气模式，4例肺瘘患者应用同步间隙指令呼吸模式。结果应用呼吸机时胸腔引流管均有Ⅱ-Ⅲ度漏气。残端瘘患者由于瘘口较大，大部分气体由残端瘘口处逸出，引起呼吸机运行不稳定，且动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）在氧浓度（FiO2）达0．60时仍持续于0．90—0．92。试用气管内球囊封堵瘘口后使SaO2达0．93—0．95。2例肺瘘自动闭合；另2例亦经胸内注入纤维蛋白原2．0g后封闭肺瘘口，均未致其他呼吸支持并发症或胸腔感染。结论瘘口大小决定处理重点，对较大支气管瘘，应先保证气道闭合性；术后肺瘘亦有自愈的可能；术后注重营养支持，引流管的局部护理应严格无菌操作；合理选择呼吸机参数。     

肺切除支气管无残端成形术治疗周围型肺癌

目的 探讨肺切除支气管无残端成形术治疗周围型肺癌的可行性。方法 167例周围型肺癌患者，行右肺上叶切除术49例，中叶切除术6例，下叶切除术41例，中上叶切除术6例，中下叶切除术5例；左肺上叶切除术32例，下叶切除术28例。肺上叶切断处平中间段支气管外侧壁，肺下叶切断处平肺中叶支气管下缘，肺中下叶切断处平肺上叶支气管下缘。残端采用横形间断缝合。结果 无手术死亡和支气管胸膜瘘发生，支气管切缘癌残留1例。术后随访154例，失访13例。1年、2年和3年生存率分别为98．7％、75．3％和61．3％。结论 周围型肺癌常规采用肺切除支气管无残端成形术，操作简单，不增加手术难度和手术时间。它可减少支气管切缘癌残留和支气管胸膜瘘的发生。     

应用正中切口经纵隔治疗主支气管胸膜瘘

正中开胸经纵隔治疗全肺切除术后主支气管胸膜瘘是一种新兴术式。自 1999年 6月至 2 0 0 2年 1月 ,我们采用该项术式治疗 4例主支气管胸膜瘘病人 ,现报道如下。临床资料　 4例中男 3例 ,女 1例。年龄 4 3～ 5 9岁 ,平均4 8岁。左、右主支气管胸膜瘘各 2例 ,行全肺切除原因为左中心型肺癌 1例 ,外伤左主支气管断裂缝合后主支气管狭窄 1例 ,右肺结核性毁损 2例。 3例分别于术后早期 4、6和 7d发生支气管胸膜瘘 ;1例晚期瘘发生于术后 36d。行纤维支气管镜检查见瘘口大小为 0 3cm× 0 4cm～ 0 6cm× 0 9cm ,多位于支气管残端的两个侧角 ,1例同时…     

Transsternal transpericardial approach for the repair of bronchopleural fistula with empyema

BACKGROUND: Numerous surgical approaches have been reported for the repair of bronchopleural fistula. Recently the transsternal transpericardial approach has shown great promise with its positive results in cases of bronchopleural fistula complicated with empyema. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the results of bronchopleural fistula treatment using the transsternal transpericardial approach. METHODS: Bronchopleural fistula developed in 16 of the 172 patients who had pneumonectomy between 1982 and 1996. In one case closure with fibrin sealant by bronchoscopy was tried. In the remaining cases fistula was closed by the transsternal transpericardial approach. RESULTS: The interval between pneumonectomy and fistula occurrence was 10 days or less in 5 patients and 10 days to 1 month in 11 patients. In all patients the empyema space was treated by continued drainage through the thoracostomy tube. Fibrin sealant was tried unsuccessfully for closure of moderate-sized bronchopleural fistula in one case. In three cases of right bronchopleural fistula, carinal resection and anastomosis of the trachea to the left main stem bronchus were performed. In the remaining cases bronchopleural fistula was closed using a hand suture technique. One patient died within 30 days after operation (6.25%) because of renal insufficiency. There was no recurrence of bronchopleural fistula. CONCLUSIONS: Transsternal transpericardial approach seems to be a safe and effective method with an easier technique in cases of bronchopleural fistula complicated with empyema. It has the added advantage of less recurrent fistula formation and enables resection in cases without sufficient bronchial stump.     

Management of the recalcitrant postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula: the transsternal transpericardial approach

The authors review the management of postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistulae and describe the place of the transsternal transpericardial approach, especially in the management of recalcitrant postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistulae. The technique is described in detail, and the results of the published series are analyzed. The authors do recommend the use of this approach in the recalcitrant fistula that has failed standard approaches.     

Transsternal transpericardial closure of a postlobectomy bronchopleural fistula

We report a case of chronic empyema and bronchopleural fistula after lobectomy for tuberculosis. The patient had undergone four different surgical procedures to correct his bronchopleural fistula during an interval of seven years. Finally, he had a successful closure of the fistula using the transsternal transpericardial approach.     

Transsternal transpericardial closure of a postpneumonectomy bronchial fistula in a patient who underwent pneumonectomy because of a war injury

Most common causes of intrathoracic empyema include pulmonary infections and postoperative bronchopleural fistulas complicating a lung surgical resection, mainly pneumonectomy, as a result of the failure of the bronchial stump to heal. A 22-year-old Serbian patient presented with chronic posttraumatic empyema. Two years before during a war, he experienced chest injury due to a firearm wound, with massive intrathoracic bleeding and need for emergency left pneumonectomy. Empyema with a bronchopleural fistula occurred during the postoperative course. The patient underwent left open window thoracostomy with a daily bandage change. Here we report the treatment of the bronchopleural fistula using sequential surgical approach including transsternal transpericardial closure of the fistula followed by reconstruction of the chest wall with a regional muscle flap. Our case report highlights the feasibility and efficacy of the transsternal surgical approach to treat postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula, thereby avoiding the direct approach to the bronchial stump through the infected pneumonectomy cavity.     

Closure of chronic postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula using the transsternal transpericardial approach

Thirteen patients with postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula occurring 4 months to 10 years after the initial operation have been treated with a transsternal transpericardial approach after the associated empyema had been treated by either tube thoracostomy or open-window thoracostomy. In 10 patients, there were contraindications to using an ipsilateral transthoracic approach. In 10 of the 13 patients, the procedure was successful. Three fistulas recurred; two were quite small, one of them closing spontaneously within 6 months. There were no deaths or clinically significant morbidity related to the transsternal approach. We have found this technique to be most applicable in those patients in whom other procedures have failed to resolve the problem. The technique is relatively simple and safe.     

Treatment of bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy

Breakdown of the closure of the main-stem bronchus after pneumonectomy is a dreaded complication, and empyema and bronchopleural fistula frequently develop in patients who survive. Management of these fistulas remains a formidable therapeutic challenge, which has been approached with a variety of surgical techniques. We report our experience with anterior transpericardial closure, emphasizing the ability to expose either main-stem bronchus by this approach. The case histories of three patients who had bronchopleural fistula after pneumonectomy are presented. The first patient had left pneumonectomy for complicated tuberculosis; the second had right pneumonectomy for neoplasm; and the third had right pneumonectomy for trauma. All fistulas were treated surgically via a median sternotomy and transpericardial approach to the distal trachea. The posterior pericardium was divided between the superior vena cava and aorta. In-continuity staple closure (with two lines of staples) of the proximal main-stem bronchus was employed in all cases. Two patients remain clinically well 21 and 17 months after the operation. The third patients did well initially but developed a recurrent bronchopleural fistula 2 1/2 months after the operation and has required repeat closure with pedicled muscle flaps. In postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula, the anterior, transpericardial approach to bronchial closure has several advantages: the relatively well-tolerated median sternotomy, the avoidance of dealing directly with areas of postoperative scarring and the devascularized bronchial stump, the avoidance of areas of chronic sepsis, and the avoidance of thoracoplastic surgical deformity of the chest wall, with possible associated compromise in pulmonary function. Our experience also indicates that either main-stem bronchus is accessible through an approach between the superior vena cava and aorta, without division of either pulmonary artery.     

Transpericardial bronchial closure with omentopexy for postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula

We report a case of successful closure of a postpneumonectomy bronchopleural fistula by means of the transpericardial approach with omentopexy through a median sternotomy incision. This method minimizes problems of infection, healing, and pulmonary function.     

Surgical treatment of bronchial fistulas after pneumonectomy

The results of surgical treatment of 9 patients with bronchial fistulas after pneumonectomy have been analysed. During the reoperation the bronchial stump was wrapped by the omental flap with vascular pedicle (omentoplasty). In 6 patients omentoplasty was used in urgent repeated transpleural operations, in 3--during the late operations from transsternal transpericardial approach. Wedge resection of the tracheal bifurcation with omentoplasty from transsternal transpericardial approach was performed in 2 patients with a short bronchial stump. 2 patients died after surgery: one--from cardiopulmonary failure, the other one--from the relapse of bronchial fistula. Omentoplasty in patients with primary bronchial fistulas proved to be effective. It is advisable to perform reoperations during the 1st day after complications developed.     

Anterior transpericardial closure of a main bronchus fistula after pneumonectomy

A young woman sustained a penetrating wound to the right anterior chest during a vehicular accident. Septic complications led to emergency pneumonectomy followed by infection of the pleural space and disruption of the right bronchus closure. Her condition improved after creation of a pleural window for dependent drainage and gauze packing of the pleural space. Subsequently, the open bronchial stump was closed utilizing a transpericardial approach through a median sternotomy incision which permitted eventual closure of the pneumonectomy space without thoracoplasty. When the length of the bronchial stump permits its application, the transpericardial approach to postpneumonectomy bronchial fistula closure offers important advantages over conventional transpleural techniques.     

应用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵结核性支气管胸膜瘘的疗效分析

目的 总结分析应用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵结核性支气管胸膜瘘的治疗经验。方法 对我科在2018年至2019年20例结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病例采用应用房间隔缺损封堵器封堵结核性支气管胸膜瘘的治疗进行回顾性分析。本组病例先行胸廓造口开窗引流术（OWT）换药引流2~4周后,残腔感染有效控制的病人选择行光导纤维气管镜下房间隔封堵器封堵支气管胸膜瘘口。结果 全组患者有效地控制胸腔感染后,封堵瘘口治疗后疗效根据临床症状、胸腔及肺部感染控制情况和瘘口闭合情况进行评价,全组20例病例封堵术后达到治愈（CR）标准：瘘口愈合,临床症状完全缓解持续1个月,被封堵器封堵瘘口,临床症状完全缓解持续;随诊6~12个月,其中8例患者封堵术后3~6个月行简单的胸廓关窗术,避免行形体改变大的胸廓改形术,7例患者全身症状改善可耐受择期手术,行余肺切除术+支气管瘘修补术,3例患者部分缓解（partial, PR）,瘘口未闭合,部分被支架封堵,临床症状部分缓解,2例患者出现移位分别在术后8月和术后12月气管镜下取出封堵器。本组患者无死亡病例,围手术期均无不良事件包括封堵器脱落,气道狭窄等并发症发生。结论 该治疗方法具有微创及性价比高的特色,因支气管胸膜瘘的瘘管解剖特殊,与房间隔缺损瘘口结构类似,使用房间隔封堵器治疗结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘在常规治疗无效的情况下,可作为一种在气管镜下特殊治疗技术应用,能快速、有效地封堵瘘口,降低再次感染风险及呼吸衰竭的发生,为结核性脓胸伴支气管胸膜瘘病人提供一个有效治疗方法选择。