下肢深静脉造影临床应用的评价（7908条患肢造影资料分析）

目的：评价下肢深静脉造影的临床应用价值。方法：自1981年10月－1998年12月共检查7555例,7908条下肢。所有患肢均作顺行造影检查,部分患肢还作其它造影或无创检查。结果：患病率最高为原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全（53．0％）,深静脉血栓形成后遗症（26．8％）,单纯性大隐静脉曲张（15．5）。其它为先天性静脉畸形骨肥大综合征,先天性深静脉无瓣症,髂静脉受压,下腔静脉阻塞等。结论：下肢深静脉造影不但是检查下肢静脉病变的可靠方法,更可为治疗方法的选择提供合理的依据。     

下肢静脉造影在诊断下肢静脉疾病中的应用

目的 分析下肢静脉造影表现,总结下肢静脉造影对诊断下肢静脉疾病的意义.方法 对149位患者196侧下肢进行静脉造影,分析其影像表现.结果 所有下肢静脉疾病均明确诊断,其中:下肢深静脉血栓形成及后遗症31例,下肢静脉功能不全159例,静脉畸形6例.结论 下肢静脉造影是诊断下肢静脉疾病的重要方法 之一.     

DSA造影在下肢静脉疾病诊断中的作用

目的：探讨DSA深静脉顺行性造影对下肢静脉病变的诊断价值。方法：对54例下肢静脉曲张患者58条肢体运用DSA施行深静脉顺行造影检查，并与常规X线静脉造影进行比较。结果：DSA下肢深静脉造影可以明确鉴别下肢静脉疾病的病因。结论：DSA下肢深静脉造影优于常规X线静脉造影检查。     

经大隐静脉隐股交界处置管深静脉顺行造影的临床探讨

目的探讨大隐静脉高位置管顺行造影的方法及其在下肢静脉曲张性疾病临床诊断中的价值。方法选择125例下肢静脉曲张患者,先后应用传统的顺行造影方法和大隐静脉高位置管顺行造影方法实施深静脉造影。结果125例患者深静脉造影均获得成功,与传统造影方法比较,大隐静脉高位置管造影所需造影剂用量少、应用浓度低、清晰度高。根据下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的反流分级标准,0级31例,Ⅰ级69例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅳ级4例。结论大隐静脉高位置管造影诊断下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全是一种安全可靠的新方法,操作简便、创伤小,便于临床推广使用。     

超声造影对下肢深静脉血栓的诊断价值研究

目的探讨超声造影对下肢深静脉血栓的诊断价值。方法对25例怀疑左侧下肢深静脉血栓形成(DVT)患者在进行常规超声检查后,再进行外周静脉超声造影,随后从腘静脉插管进行顺行静脉造影,比较分析常规超声、超声造影和顺行静脉造影的诊断结果。结果常规超声诊断22例患者下肢DVT,3例不能明确诊断;超声造影明确诊断24例患者DVT,1例为深静脉高凝状态;静脉造影诊断24例DVT,1例无静脉血栓。结论超声造影可替代静脉造影对下肢深静脉是否血栓形成进行准确诊断。     

4771例下肢深静脉顺行造影检查的临床分析

我们对4771例(共4879条病肢)病人进行顺行静脉造影检查。造影结果发现:原发性深静脉瓣膜功能不全2713条下肢(55.61％),深静脉血栓形成后遗症1148条(23.52％),单纯性大隐静脉曲张809条(16.58％),先天性静脉畸形骨肥大综合征127条(2.60％),先天性深静脉无瓣膜症41条(0.84％),下腔静脉阻塞综合征19条(0.38％),其它等23条(0.47％)。我们认为,下肢静脉造影术是诊断静脉系统疾病最可靠的检查方法,并为手术治疗的选择提供可靠的依据。     

彩超和血流检查诊断下肢深静脉血栓的对比研究

目的 评估彩色多普勒超声(以下简称:彩超)及多普勒超声血流检查(以下简称:血流检查)在下肢深静脉血栓方面的诊断价值.方法 对84例患者(包括下肢深静脉血栓形成、深静脉血栓后遗症及原发性下肢静脉瓣膜功能不全的患者)共92侧下肢分别进行深静脉的彩超及血流检查,并与下肢深静脉造影(做为"金标准")做比较.结果 与下肢深静脉造影对比,彩超的准确率、敏感性、特异性、漏诊率、误诊率、约登指数、比数积、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及Kappa值分别为96.7%、95.7%、97.8%、4.3%、2.2%、0.935、990.0、97.8%、95.7%及0.935(P:0.037).由于彩超的Kappa值(0.935)＞0.75,且P(0.037)＜0.05,故理论上彩超可以替代下肢深静脉造影检查;血流检查的以上指标分别为89.1%、87.2%、91.1%、12.8%、8.9%、0.783、70.0、91.1%、87.2%及0.783(P=0.065).结论 彩超可以作为确诊下肢深静脉血栓首选的更可靠的无创伤检查方法.     

下肢深静脉顺行造影在下肢静脉曲张病因诊断中的应用价值

背景与目的:下肢静脉曲张是外周静脉病变的常见临床表现,可由下肢静脉反流性疾病、下肢静脉回流障碍性疾病、静脉畸形等多种疾病所致;不同病因导致的下肢静脉曲张其治疗原则也不尽相同。临床中常出现关于下肢静脉曲张的误诊误治,故明确其病因至关重要。目前下肢静脉造影仍是诊断下肢静脉病变的金标准,可提供完整的下肢静脉系统影像,为明确诊断及选择合适的治疗方案提供可靠依据。本研究总结江苏常州地区以下肢静脉曲张为主要临床症状的患者的下肢深静脉顺行造影结果,探讨造影在下肢静脉疾病中的意义,并分析该地区引起下肢静脉曲张的主要病因。方法:使用数字减影血管造影(DSA)技术,对苏州大学附属第三医院血管外科2013年6月—2019年3月收治的3 012例(3 420条肢体)下肢静脉曲张患者行下肢深静脉顺行造影,观察患肢踝部至盆腔段深静脉形态、通畅度,以及患者做Valsalva动作时造影剂的反流情况,对患者静脉曲张的病因进行分析和分类。结果:3 420条肢体中,原发性下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全1 395条(40.79%),单纯浅静脉曲张1 052条(30.76%),髂静脉受压综合征569条(16.64%),下肢深静脉血栓后综合征328条(9.59%),其他(双股静脉畸形、腘静脉瘤、深静脉瘤样扩张、先天性静脉曲张骨肥大综合征、布加综合征、盆腔肿瘤等)76条(2.22%)。结论:常州地区下肢静脉曲张患者的病因以下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全、单纯浅静脉曲张及髂静脉受压为主。对于下肢静脉曲张病变,需明确病因才能制定合理的治疗方案;下肢深静脉顺行造影是明确下肢静脉曲张病因的可靠方法,并能检出腘静脉瘤、布加综合征等少见疾病,可有效避免误诊误治;其在下肢静脉病变中有重要的应用价值,可作为下肢静脉曲张疾病的常规检查方法。     

静脉顺行造影在下肢慢性静脉疾病诊断中的再认识

目的分析下肢静脉曲张患者静脉顺行造影表现,总结其对诊断下肢慢性静脉疾病尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征的临床意义。方法 282例下肢静脉曲张患者(329条下肢),左下肢185例,右下肢50例,双下肢47例,术前常规行下肢静脉顺行造影,分析其下肢及髂静脉影像学表现。结果 329条下肢静脉造影成功率100%,下肢深静脉血栓后遗症21例(6.38%),单纯性大隐静脉瓣膜功能不全57例(17.33%),下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全182例(55.32%),交通支瓣膜功能不全66例(20.06%),先天静脉畸形3例(0.91%);同时发现有髂静脉狭窄大于50%者19例(5.78%),髂静脉狭窄小于50%者57例(17.33%)。结论下肢慢性静脉疾病患者术前静脉造影检查,能够明确原发病因尤其是髂静脉压迫综合征,对于选择个体化的治疗方案具有重要的临床意义和实用价值。     

关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布

目的 探讨初次全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布特点.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2012年5月接受初次全膝关节置换术或全髋关节置换术后经下肢静脉造影诊断为下肢深静脉血栓形成的272例患者的病例资料,全膝关节置换组110例,全髋关节置换组162例.观察静脉造影中两种术式术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的部位及其差异.结果 全膝关节置换组中,中心型血栓10例、周围型血栓94例、混合型血栓6例;全髋关节置换术组中,中心型血栓3例、周围型血栓140例、混合型血栓19例.两组血栓类型的差异有统计学意义(x2=9.996,P=0.007).全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后血栓最易累及部位依次为肌间静脉193例(71.0％,193/272)、胫后静脉98例(36.0％,98/272)、腓静脉85例(31.3％,85/272)、胫前静脉24例(8.8％,24/272)、腘静脉24例(8.8％,24/272)、髂股静脉20例(7.4％,20/272).周围型血栓中,全膝关节置换组比全髋关节置换组更容易累及多支静脉,两组差异有统计学意义(x2=14.712,P=0.000).在孤立性血栓中,无胫前静脉血栓形成.在多支静脉血栓中,两组均以累及胫后静脉、腓静脉、肌间静脉血栓中的两支或三支常见.结论 全膝关节置换术和全髋关节置换术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的解剖分布不同.     

Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis after operation for fracture of the proximal femur: comparative study of ultrasonography and venography

Background We compared investigative methods to study the diagnostic capability of ultrasonography. Subjects were 75 patients with proximal femur fractures who underwent surgery from March 2002 to December 2003. Methods Biochemical assays were carried out on days 3 and 7, and D-dimer levels were investigated as a time series. Ascending lower limb venography and ultrasonography were carried out nearly simultaneously in all cases on day 7. Results The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT)-positive findings on venography was 61.3% (46/75). Venography results demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 95.5% and specificity of 91.4% using a D-dimer cutoff of 1μg/ml on postoperative day 7. By ultrasonography, diagnostic sensitivity for DVT was 78.3%, and specificity was 96.5%. Among all proximal area cases, there were 18 limbs with DVT seen on venography among which were 17 limbs in cases demonstrating DVT at the same site on ultrasonography, a correct diagnosis rate of 94.4%. Conclusions For the diagnosis of a thrombus more proximal than the popliteal area, a location at high risk for occurrence of pulmonary embolism, ultrasonography provided results nearly on par with those obtained by venography. Thus, we believe that ultrasonography allowed a more noninvasive, accurate diagnosis and more rapid treatment in cases where D-dimer values were 1μg/ml or more on postoperative day 7.     

Air plethysmography: the answer in detecting past deep venous thrombosis

PURPOSE: In this study we assessed the accuracy of air plethysmography (APG) as a means of detecting earlier deep venous thrombosis (DVT), in comparison with venography, to develop a preoperative test for patients with varicose veins. METHODS: In this retrospective analysis of prospectively acquired data, 202 patients referred with the clinical suspicion of chronic venous obstruction (224 lower limbs) and 41 patients (41 lower limbs) who had symptoms and signs suggestive of DVT, but had deep veins that appeared normal on venography, were studied with both venography and APG. RESULTS: The results of venography were negative for past DVT in 169 legs and confirmed past DVT in 96 limbs. The DVTs were confined to the calf in 19 limbs and were found at popliteal level, more proximal, or both in 77 limbs. A total of 95% of the limbs that had earlier proximal DVT (73 of 77) were identified by means of an APG outflow fraction with occlusion of the superficial veins in the first second (OFs) of less than 28%. This is analogous to the Q wave of the electrocardiogram, which is a means of denoting the presence of myocardial infarction. The specificity rate of the method in the detection of past proximal DVT was 96%, the positive predictive value was 92%, and the negative predictive value was 98%. CONCLUSION: APG is a practical, inexpensive, easy-to-perform, accurate, noninvasive method for the diagnosis of hemodynamically significant (ie, proximal or extensive calf DVT) chronic venous obstruction that could replace venography.     

CT Venography and CT Angiography of the Pulmonary Arteries in Acute Pulmonary Embolism

OBJECTIVES: To determine the diagnostic value of CT venography after CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries using multislice helical CT in the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism. METHODS: Between September 1999 and April 2001 252 patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism were examined. CT angiography of the pulmonary arteries was followed by CT venography of the inferior vena cava, the iliac veins and the proximal femoral veins; after April 2000 the popliteal veins and the proximal lower leg veins were additionally investigated. The examinations were performed with a double detector and a multidetector scanner (Elscint Twin and GE Lightspeed). RESULTS: Pulmonary embolism was found in 79/252 patients (40 central and 39 segmental/subsegmental PE). In 38/40 patients with central PE and in 22/39 patients with segmental/subsegmental PE in CT venography a deep venous thrombosis was detected, in 1/79 patient a doubled inferior vena cava could be found. In 5 patients with thrombosis of the inferior vena cava a transjugular cava filter placement was performed. In 13/173 patients without pulmonary embolism CT venography showed deep venous thrombosis. CONCLUSION: CT venography of the lower extremities is a practical and efficient additional examination to CT angiography in clinical suspected pulmonary embolism. It can detect the causing venous thrombosis with a high sensitivity.     

Duplex ultrasound diagnosis of lower limb deep venous thrombosis

To compare a non-invasive technique with contrast venography in the diagnosis of lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 355 patients (380 limbs) were examined over 15 months, using Duplex ultrasound. During this period, ascending venograms were performed in 53 of these patients (56 limbs) and the results were compared. Duplex detection of intraluminal thrombus was based on venous compressibility, Doppler-derived flow spectra, and visualization of thrombus within the lumen. Venography was designated the 'gold standard'. Duplex scanning had a sensitivity of 90.9%, and specificity of 91.3% in diagnosing DVT anywhere in the lower limb. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were best in the femoral segment (95.2%, 100%, 98.2%, respectively), and fell slightly in the more distal limb: popliteal segment (90.4%, 97.1% and 94.6%), and calf veins (88.8%, 92.0% and 90.4%). These results indicate that duplex scanning produces sufficiently accurate data in the diagnosis of lower limb DVT to warrant its clinical use. It provides both the facility for diagnosis without the risks of contrast venography, and permits repeated imaging to follow the immediate progression of disease and efficacy of treatment.     

Postthrombotic syndrome after asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis following total knee and hip arthroplasty

Lower extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is relatively common after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA). In this study, we sought to identify whether post-thrombotic syndrome is a significant risk in patients with asymptomatic DVT after TKA and THA. Included in the study were 186 patients (203 lower extremities) who had undergone routine lower extremity venography after TKA or THA between 1989 and 1993. Patients were contacted a minimum of 7 years after surgery. Postoperative varicose veins occurred in 8% of limbs without DVT compared with 12% of limbs with DVT. Hyperpigmentation occurred in 13% of limbs without DVT and in 16% and 18% of limbs with proximal and distal DVT, respectively. Swelling occurred in 6% of limbs without DVT, in 8% of limbs with proximal DVT, and in 12% of limbs with distal DVT. None of these differences was statistically significant, and there were no differences for proximal versus distal DVT. There was no significant increase in risk for postthrombotic syndrome after asymptomatic proximal or distal DVT after TKA or THA.     

Technetium 99m isotope venography

Technetium 99m isotope venography was performed in 116 extremities. By x-ray contrast venographic confirmation in forty-eight extremities, it was accurate in 92 per cent of the patients with a “definitive” diagnosis of thrombosis and in 78 per cent with normal results of the study. Radioactive transit time from foot to groin was not a statistically reliable parameter for detecting thrombosis.The excellent visualization of the venous system, the ease of performance, and the acceptance by the patient of this relatively simple technic make isotope venography an attractive method for the diagnosis of major venous thrombosis.The indications for isotope venography are: (1) as a diagnostic alternative to x-ray venography; (2) as an improved means of detecting pulmonary embolism when combined with a lung scan; (3) as a simple means of following thrombolytic phenomena in the veins of the lower extremities.     

Use of thermography in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis

We attempted to evaluate the use of liquid crystal thermography (LCT) as a screening tool in the detection of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in the lower extremities. Forty patients were examined with LCT and venography. A venogram was used as the standard by which the LCT results were compared. Liquid crystal thermography had a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 50%, and it was found not to have a greater accuracy than clinical examination.     

血小板、中性粒细胞、血小板平均体积与淋巴细胞比值在急性深静脉血栓形成诊断中的价值

目的评价血小板/淋巴细胞比值(platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio,PLR)、中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio,NLR)和血小板平均体积/淋巴细胞比值(mean platelet volumeto-lymphocyte ratio,MPVLR)等指标对急性下肢深静脉血栓形成(deep vein thrombosis,DVT)的诊断价值。方法选取92例急性下肢DVT的患者作为病例组,86名健康体检者作为对照组,通过比较两组的血液相关指标来评价其对急性DVT的诊断价值。结果病例组的白细胞计数、中性粒细胞计数、血小板平均体积(mean platelet volume,MPV)值、PLR值、NLR值和MPVLR值均高于对照组,淋巴细胞计数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,NLR(OR=9.690,P<0.001)和MPVLR(OR=7.162,P<0.006)是急性下肢DVT发病的独立预测因素。NLR和MPVLR的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值分别为0.871和0.963。NLR对急性DVT诊断的最佳截断值为2.15,灵敏度89.1%,特异度84.9%,MPVLR的最佳截断值为6.88,灵敏度42.4%,特异度84.9%。下肢肿胀天数>7 d组患者的MPVLR水平低于肿胀天数≤7 d组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.025)。结论MPVLR、NLR、MPV对急性下肢DVT有较大的诊断价值。NLR和MPVLR是DVT相关的独立预测因素,MPVLR在急性下肢DVT的早期诊断价值更大。     

Diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the lower limb by Doppler ultrasound technique

In this study, eighty limbs (71 patients) with clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis (DVT) were investigated by both venography and Doppler ultrasonography. Diagnosis was confirmed by venography in 67 limbs and Doppler ultrasonography was positive in 66 of them with the Doppler sensitivity of 98%. In the remaining 13 limbs clinically suspected to have DVT, neither venography nor Doppler ultrasonography found any abnormality in the venous system of the lower limbs.