黏膜下隧道技术

黏膜下隧道技术是在利用内镜下黏膜剥离术在黏膜层与肌层之间建立隧道,利用该隧道空间进行内镜下治疗的技术。黏膜下隧道技术的应用包括:(1)黏膜层疾病的治疗,如食管大面积甚至环周早癌的剥离等。(2)肌层相关病变的治疗,如黏膜下隧道内镜肿瘤切除术(STER)、内镜下食管下段环形肌切开术(POEM)等。(3)诊断与治疗胃肠道管腔外疾病,如淋巴结切除、肿瘤切除、经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)等。由于隧道使黏膜层切开部位和操作部位分开,术后入口易关闭,故有"黏膜安全瓣"之称。     

NOTES技术——微创胆囊切除新技术

NOTES技术,即经自然腔道内镜手术,是目前最为关注的新兴微创技术之一.从开腹胆囊切除术,到现今已经相当成熟的腹腔镜胆囊切除术,以及目前提出的经自然腔道胆囊切除术,充分说明微创技术已被广泛认可,并且在不断的发展中.NOTES技术的提出将是外科微创手术的一次"新革命".     

NOTES技术——微创胆囊切除新技术

NOTES技术,即经自然腔道内镜手术,是目前最为关注的新兴微创技术之一.从开腹胆囊切除术,到现今已经相当成熟的腹腔镜胆囊切除术,以及目前提出的经自然腔道胆囊切除术,充分说明微创技术已被广泛认可,并且在不断的发展中.NOTES技术的提出将是外科微创手术的一次"新革命".     

经自然腔道内镜手术在泌尿外科领域的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)[1]是指经胃、结肠、阴道、膀胱等人体自然开口与管腔,向体腔内置入内镜器械进行操作的手术类型.按是否建立辅助经皮工作通道可将NOTES分为混合经自然腔道内镜手术和完全经自然腔道内镜手术2大类.混合经自然腔道内镜手术需经皮途径设立辅助工作通道,手术主要操作则在自然腔道工作通道中完成.目前以经脐入路结合经自然腔道内镜手术和机器人辅助经自然腔道内镜手术(R-NOTES)多见.     

经口内镜下肌切开术治疗贲门失弛缓症的新进展

经口内镜下肌切开术(peroral endoscopic myotomy,POEM)是指通过经口的内镜,在食管黏膜层与固有肌层之间建立一条隧道,通过该隧道对食管下括约肌进行切开以治疗贲门失弛缓症的手术。POEM是一种治疗贲门失弛缓症的新兴技术,应用于临床仅有3年的时间[1]。但因其近期疗效确切且创伤较传统外科治疗小,目前受到广泛关注。本文拟对POEM的历史起源及进展情况进行综述。一、POEM的历史起源经口在食管黏膜下建立隧道是POEM的关键技术     

经自然腔道内镜手术在胆囊切除术中的应用进展

正从1987年完成第一例腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)以来,LC已经成为胆囊良性疾病的首选方法。随着医疗器械及微创技术不断发展,新技术不断提出,经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)成为继开腹及腹腔镜后第三代手术方式。NOTES是指使用软式内镜经口腔、食管、胃、结直肠、阴道、膀胱等自然腔道进入腹腔、胸腔等体腔而进行各种内镜下操作的手术方式。2004年约翰·     

经自然腔道内镜手术在泌尿外科的研究进展

经自然腔道内镜手术(NOTES)是一种经人体自然腔道如经胃、经阴道、经膀胱等途径进入腹腔施行手术的新型手术方式.目前成功应用于临床的有经胃阑尾切除术、经阴道和脐联合胆囊切除术、经阴道阑尾切除术、经阴道胆囊切除术等.NOTES在泌尿外科也是蓬勃发展.特别是经脐途径的NOTES手术(E-NOTES)给泌尿外科开辟了一个新的天地.本文对NOTES的发展历程、现状、优势、局限性及在泌尿外科的应用作一综述.     

经自然腔道内镜手术的现状和发展

随着微创手术设备和技术的不断发展,极可能成为第3次外科革命的经自然腔道内镜手术（ natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES）已悄然而至。NOTES是指不经皮肤切口而经人体自然的腔道造口进行的腹部内镜外科手术,主要的手术径路包括经胃、结肠、阴道和膀胱等。     

单孔腹腔镜肝门胆管癌根治术的护理体会

<正>腹腔镜手术已得到越来越多的应用。2004年Kalloo发表了经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)的动物实验报道,以NOTES为代表的腹壁无瘢痕手术成为微创外科领域的新热点[1]。但限于NOTES入路与自然腔道闭合、内镜进入腹腔方向的调整及腹     

经自然腔道免气腹腹腔镜阑尾切除术的护理配合

<正>经自然腔道内镜手术(natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery,NOTES)是经人体自然腔道如经胃、结直肠、食道、阴道、膀胱等进入腹腔或胸腔施术[1],术后患者体表无手术瘢痕[2]。自2009年5月至今,我院妇科对拟行阴式全子宫切除术合并慢性阑尾炎要求行微创手术的患者施行NOTES免气腹阑尾切除术4例,手术均顺利完成。现将手术室护理要点报道如下。     

Endoscopic full-thickness resection with laparoscopic assistance as hybrid NOTES for gastric submucosal tumor

Background and objective  Laparoscopic wedge resection using a linear stapler is widely accepted as a treatment for gastric submucosal tumor (SMT). Although this surgery is simple, it can lead to excessive normal tissue removal. To avoid the latter, we have introduced endoscopic full-thickness resection with laparoscopic assistance, known as laparoscopy-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection (LAEFR). Herein, we present the preliminary results of LAEFR for gastric SMT patients. Methods  Four patients with gastric SMT underwent LAEFR. LAEFR consists of four major procedures: (1) a circumferential incision as deep as the submucosal layer around the lesion by the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique, (2) endoscopic full-thickness (from the muscle layer to the serosal layer) incision around the three-fourths or two-thirds circumference on the above-mentioned submucosal incision under laparoscopic supervision, (3) completion of the full-thickness incision laparoscopically from inside the peritoneal cavity, and (4) handsewn closure of the gastric-wall defect. Results  LAEFR was successfully carried out without any intraoperative or postoperative adverse events. Mean operating time and estimated blood loss were 201 min and 27 mL, respectively. Contrast roentgenography on postoperative day 3 showed neither gastric deformity nor disturbance of gastric emptying in all the patients. Conclusions  LAEFR may be considered one of the so-called hybrid natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) techniques because a peroral endoscope advances into the peritoneal cavity. LAEFR enabled whole-layer excision as small as possible with an adequate margin. LAEFR is a safe and minimally invasive treatment for patients with gastric SMT, and could be a more reasonable and economical alternative to other laparoscopic procedures.     

经口内镜下环形肌切开术治疗42例贲门失弛症

目的 探讨经口内镜下环形肌切开术（POEM）治疗贲门失弛症（AC）的疗效和可行性。方法回顾性分析2010年8月至2011年3月42例确诊为Ac并接受POEM治疗患者的临床资料。POEM的主要步骤包括：食管黏膜层切开;分离黏膜下层,建立黏膜下“隧道”;胃镜直视下切开环形肌：金属夹关闭黏膜层切口。结果42例患者平均年龄43．9（10～70）岁,病程3个月至50年。全组患者均顺利完成POEM术,手术时间（68．5±25．5）min,黏膜下隧道长度（10．5±1．5）cm,环形肌切开长度（9．5±2．5）cm,无一例出现与POEM相关的严重并发症。术后中位随访时间2．5（1-6）个月．41例吞咽困难明显得到解除：1例术后15d出现进食困难及呕吐,胃镜检查发现黏膜下窦道形成．行内镜下窦道切开。结论作为一种新的微创治疗方法,POEM治疗Ac短期疗效肯定,可以迅速解除AC患者吞咽困难．但其长期疗效及远期并发症仍有待随访和观察。     

麻醉保驾护航——让内镜治疗走得更稳更远

近十年来,在麻醉医师的保驾护航下．我国消化内镜技术飞速发展．已成为最常见的侵入性检查方法之一．许多新技术处于国际领先水平。本文从内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）和经口内镜下肌层切开术（POEM）这两项新技术的操作方法及麻醉相关问题人手,从术前访视、麻醉选择与术中监护等方面分析了新兴内镜治疗技术的围手术期麻醉管理要点。     

经自然腔道内镜技术和单孔腹腔镜技术在结直肠外科手术中的应用

经自然腔道内镜手术（NOTES）和单孔腹腔镜手术（LESS）是当今国际微创外科领域的研究与临床应用热点。NOTES技术尚待进一步的发展．而LESS技术是现阶段最可行的体表“无疤痕”技术。是NOTES技术的过渡阶段。虽然腹腔镜辅助的NOTES结直肠手术和完全的NOTES结直肠手术已经见诸报道．但是该手术目前仍然主要处于动物试验阶段。LESS技术在结直肠手术中的应用已经较为广泛．其可行性已经为较多的文献资料证实．而其是否符合肿瘤根治原则尚需进一步的研究确定。     

Natural orifice surgery applied for colorectal diseases

Clinical natural orifice surgery has been applied to abdominal surgery in recent years, mostly using transvaginal and transgastric access. Rectal and transcolonic natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) were tested in animal and cadaver models by a few research groups. Despite the potential advantages of transcolonic NOTES for colorectal diseases, it has not yet been clinically applied. The first successful series of human applications of transcolonic NOTES in the literature from the NOTES Research Group in Brazil provide new possibilities in the field in new transrectal procedures for rectal cancer and benign disease. Successful first human reports on Transcolonic NOTES potentially brings new frontiers and applications for minimally invasive surgery. The treatment of colorectal diseases through flexible Perirectal NOTES Access is a promising new approach alongside existing laparoscopic and open surgery to improve patient care.     

Natural orifice surgery (NOTES) and biliary disease, is there a role?

Background  Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a term coined by a joint group of surgeons and gastroenterologists organized by Society for American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) and American Society of Gastroenterologists (ASGE) to describe the fusion of minimally invasive surgery and interventional endoscopy. Methods  Current literature and compiled personal experience in NOTES was reviewed to provide an expert opinion on the role of NOTES in HPB surgery. Results  The majority of experience obtained to date has been in animal models. The few human cases and clinical trials that have been performed show excellent promising outcomes with minimal morbidity. Discussion  The merger of interventional endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery is a natural progression as we continually push the envelope of minimally invasive surgery. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, biliary stents and endoscopic ultrasonography have forever changed treatment algorithms in HPB surgery. Advancement of minimally invasive surgery to include the liver resections, pancreatic resections and pseudocyst management has improved morbidity and become the standard of care in many cases. Continued development of natural orifice techniques may further alter the approaches to the biliary tract, liver and pancreas.     

NOTES and endoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy for the GI endoscopist

Endoscopists seek to conduct more aggressive surgical procedures that surpass the limitations of existing endoscopic procedures. Endoscopic pancreatic necrosectomy and natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) are typical examples of this new trend; both are performed through the gastrointestinal wall without a skin incision. Endoscopic necrosectomy is effective for managing organized pancreatic necrosis and abscesses. The necrotic tissues are removed endoscopically by directly entering the cavity of the organized pancreatic necrosis. NOTES is a possible advance over surgical intervention, as it is a less invasive, more cosmetic, and effective procedure. There are various approaches, including the esophagus, stomach, colon, and vagina; Various procedures are possible using NOTES, such as cholecystectomy, appendectomy, full-thickness stomach resection, splenectomy, gastrointestinal (GI) anastomosis, and peritoneoscopy. The requirements for NOTES include high proficiency in endoscopic techniques, including knowledge of various devices, anatomy, and surgical procedures. Since most GI endoscopists have no surgical background, to increase the usage of NOTES, GI endoscopists should form and lead teams that include various specialists. We believe that endoscopic necrosectomy and NOTES represent a major shift in the treatment paradigm because physicians can treat beyond the gastrointestinal wall and endoscopic procedures will replace surgical treatment.     

NOTES über den transvaginalen Zugang

NOTES (?natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery“) has the potential to optimize minimally invasive surgery. In gynecology there is extensive experience with the transvaginal approach to the abdominal cavity. It is easy to perform, closure is safe and there is little risk of infection. Hence, this is the approach most suitable for NOTES. By means of rigid laparoscopic instruments cholecystectomy can be routinely performed. Such operations could be performed in 149 patients in our hospital and the NOTES register of the DGAV has data on more than 900 transvaginal operations.     

A primer on natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery: building a new paradigm

Access to the abdominal cavity is required for diagnostic and therapeutic endeavors for a variety of medical and surgical diseases. Historically, abdominal access has required a formal laparotomy to provide adequate exposure. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an emerging experimental alternative to conventional surgery that eliminates abdominal incisions and incision-related complications by combining endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques to diagnose and treat abdominal pathology. During NOTES, commercially available flexible video endoscopes are used to create a controlled transvisceral incision via natural orifice access to enter the peritoneal cavity. Common incision-related complications such as wound infections, incisional hernias, postoperative pain, aesthetic disdain, and adhesions could be minimized or eliminated by NOTES. NOTES has evolved from more than 2 centuries of technological innovations and continued growth in the field of surgical endoscopy. Innovative surgical endoscopists have slowly developed means to surpass the constraints of the gastrointestinal lumen by using a flexible endoscope. The future of surgical endoscopy may be the shared entity of NOTES, which further integrates endoscopy, gastroenterology, and minimally invasive and general surgery. Although the promise of NOTES is electrifying to surgeons and endoscopists, several key issues need to be characterized prior to the incorporation of NOTES into routine practice. This article reviews the status, contemporary body of literature, limitations, and potential future implications accompanying the development of NOTES.     

Population perception of surgical safety and body image trauma: a plea for scarless surgery?

Background  

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) and natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) are prospected as the future of minimally invasive surgery. While scarless surgery (NOTES and LESS) is gaining increasing popularity, perception of these approaches should be investigated.