腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME切除术——尾侧中间联合入路

手术遵循完整结肠系膜切除原则。手术过程包括：探查腹腔;自尾侧从末端回肠系膜根部黄白交界线打开系膜,进入右结肠后间隙,向头侧,外侧拓展该间隙,至十二指肠水平;回到传统中间入路,回结肠血管下方打开结肠系膜,与尾侧方向打开的间隙会师;解剖并高位结扎切断回结肠血管、打开肠系膜上静脉血管鞘,清扫外科干,高位结扎切断右结肠血管、中结肠血管右支,继续拓展分离右结肠后间隙、横结肠后间隙,直至胰腺下缘并进入小网膜囊;打开胃结肠韧带,游离结肠肝曲;打开右侧腹膜,完成肠段游离,体外切除标本、重建消化道。     

腹腔镜辅助全结肠系膜切除的右半结肠根治术

手术路径采用由内向外、自下而上的中间入路。右侧全结肠系膜切除(CME)手术强调间隙的分离和淋巴结的清扫。首先以回结肠血管解剖投影为起点切开腹膜,游离回结肠血管,显露肠系膜上静脉(SMV)远端并进入血管鞘,沿SMV向头侧解剖至胰腺颈部下缘,可逐个定位回结肠血管、右结肠血管和中结肠血管。在SMV前部行整体淋巴结清扫,再进入并由内向外拓展右侧Toldt间隙,显露十二指肠、胰腺头部、SMV的右侧及胃结肠干,最后由外侧分离将右半结肠完全游离,注意保护腹膜后结构。研究表明,CME理论指导下的右半结肠癌根治术可以彻底完成D3淋巴结清扫,并且降低局部复发和远处转移风险,延长总生存期。     

腹腔镜辅助中央入路根治性右半结肠切除术

患者全身麻醉后,5孔法建立气腹,术者左侧站位。探查腹腔未见转移,行腹腔镜辅助中央入路根治性右半结肠切除术。手术步骤：充分显露右半结肠系膜,辨认回结肠血管,沿肠系膜上静脉投影切开右半结肠系膜根部,进入Toldt’s间隙。分离显露回结肠血管并清扫淋巴结,进而显露肠系膜上静脉。向头侧拓展显露肠系膜上静脉并清扫血管根部淋巴结。显露右结肠、中结肠血管,清扫其根部淋巴结。结扎离断回结肠血管、右结肠血管及中结肠血管右支。向头侧及外侧拓展Toldt’s间隙,分离回肠系膜根部,最后从外侧游离升结肠与内侧贯通,完成右半结肠游离。修整回肠,距回盲部10 cm离断血管弓。采用5 cm上腹正中辅助切口,完成回肠-横结肠端侧吻合并移除标本。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术

以肠系膜上静脉外科干为中心的D3淋巴结清扫是腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的关键操作。手术径路采用由内向外、自下而上的内侧入路,首先以回结肠血管解剖投影为起点,游离回结肠血管,显露肠系膜上静脉远端并进入血管鞘,沿其左侧向上至胰腺颈部下缘,以确定淋巴清扫的平面,并离断处理右结肠动脉和中结肠血管,再进入并由内向外拓展天然外科平面-右侧Toldt 间隙,轻松显露十二指肠、胰腺头部、肠系膜上静脉的右侧,同时沿上静脉右侧壁处理可能的属支及胃结肠干,最后由外侧分离将右半结肠完全游离。这种内侧入路可以清楚地判断血管的变异,彻底完成D3淋巴结的清扫,明显提高手术安全性,并达到根治目的。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME手术技巧

当腹腔镜结直肠手术普及的同时,完整全结肠系膜切除(CME)理念也逐渐成为右半结肠癌根治手术的标准。腔镜下完成CME手术涉及较为复杂的解剖结构,中央淋巴结的清扫可能带来潜在的风险,规范手术步骤、熟悉血管解剖,可以缩短学习曲线,减少并发症的发生。从解剖位置恒定的回结肠血管开始,完成肠系膜上静脉的裸化,直至完整游离右半结肠系膜,是目前国内外广泛采用的手术步骤。精细解剖可以减少出血,防止手术野的模糊,清晰分辨解剖层次,可以顺利完成手术过程。     

腹腔镜辅助根治性右半结肠切除术(D3)

手术摘要：患者男性,72岁,因间断腹胀2个月入院。既往开腹阑尾切除手术史。辅助检查肠镜：距肛门70 cm环周肿物;活检：结肠腺癌。结肠增强CT：结肠肝曲处肠壁增厚,考虑结肠癌,符合T4aN1M0。诊断：结肠癌(cT4aN1M0)。手术：腹腔镜辅助根治性右半结肠切除术(D3),右腹大网膜、腹壁、右半结肠粘连,首先采用外侧入路分离粘连及右半结肠系膜外侧达结肠肝曲;再采用内侧入路沿肠系膜上静脉由回结肠血管向头侧游离清扫,最后上腹辅助切口完成回结肠端侧吻合。     

腹腔镜下右半结肠全系膜切除术

患者为老年男性,临床分期为c T4N0M0,术后病理分期为p T4aN1M0。采用"四步法":1.沿肠系膜上静脉走向充分显露肠系膜上静脉,整块清除外科干淋巴结、胰头前及第6组淋巴结,进入并分离胰十二指肠前间隙。2.进一步扩大胰十二指肠前间隙并游离右肾前间隙至右结肠旁沟,沿此间隙游离升结肠及回盲部后方。3.切开回结肠反折腹膜及升结肠侧腹膜。4.切除右侧大网膜、第6组淋巴结,切开肝结肠韧带。腹腔镜下操作完成。     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术

术中纤维结肠镜业甲蓝染色定位,肿瘤位于结肠肝区,将大网膜和横结肠推向头侧,小肠推向左侧腹腔,暴露肠系膜根部,提起回盲部,沿肠系膜上静脉方向超声刀剪开后腹膜,分别于根部结扎回结肠动静脉和右结肠动静脉,同时清扫血管根部淋巴结.于结扎血管处进入Toldt间隙,暴露并切断胃网膜右血管,清扫幽门下方淋巴结.沿结肠外侧自髂窝至结肠肝曲,切开后腹膜,将升结肠从腹后壁游离,右下腹取7 cm切口,保护切口.体外切除右半结肠包括肿瘤、结肠系膜和足够的肠段（回肠末段、盲肠、升结肠和右半横结肠）.回肠横结肠端侧吻合.缝合横结肠系膜与回肠系膜的系膜裂口 放置引流,查无出血后,关腹.     

完全腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大根治术

在全麻下行完全腹腔镜右半结肠癌扩大根治术:先行腹腔探查,沿肠系膜上动脉左侧打开右结肠系膜,清扫回结肠血管根部淋巴结,进入toldt间隙,显露胰头。分别裸化离断右结肠动静脉、结肠中动静脉的右支,显露肠系膜上静脉的Henle干,裸化离断胃网膜右动静脉。然后血管弓内打开胃结肠韧带,用腔镜切割闭合器离断横结肠;游离回盲部,距回盲部20 cm离断回肠。最后腔镜下将回肠与横结肠行overlap吻合,用倒刺线关闭共同开口及系膜裂孔。手术顺利,历时160 min,术中出血约5 ml。患者术后恢复良好,未出现术后并发症,术后第7天出院。术后病理分期示:T4a N0M0。     

腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术

步骤包括:1先切开腹膜显露肠系膜上静脉(SMV)。并于中结肠血管左侧辨认胰颈下缘,进入小网膜囊;2沿SMV左侧缘纵向反复多次切开薄层脂肪组织,以显露可能的结肠动脉分支(回结肠动脉或右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉),并结扎处理,充分显露SMV的全长;3结扎处理中结肠静脉汇入SMV的属支后,与SMV右侧处理回结肠静脉;4沿SMV右侧向胰颈分离,显露胃结肠干的各个分支,单独切断右结肠静脉/或胃网膜右静脉;5分离胰十二指肠前间隙和Toldt间隙,游离结肠,脐周切口完成吻合。特点:1纵向显露SMV左侧缘全长后再处理各静脉属支,简化各静脉属支的显露;2以胰腺颈部为标示,处理静脉属支更加安全。腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术简单、安全、可行。     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治切除术

采用中间入路五孔法。沿肠系膜上静脉(SMV)表面用超声刀切开后腹膜,暴露SMV。紧贴SMV主干离断回结肠动静脉,在右结肠动脉根部将其结扎切断。游离出结肠中动静脉脉主干、Henle’干、副右结肠静脉(SRCV)和胃网膜右静脉(RGEV)。结扎切断结肠中动静脉右支,解剖出胃网膜右动脉(RGEA),胰头前切开横结肠系膜前叶进入小网膜囊。依次在根部结扎切断SRCV、RGEV及RGEA。沿Todlt’间隙将右半结肠系膜掀向右侧腹,切断部分回肠系膜,沿右结肠旁沟切开侧腹膜。切断胃结肠韧带,清除第6组淋巴结。切断肝结肠韧带,完全游离右半结肠,在右中腹做小切口行标本切除及吻合。     

Anatomic study of the superior right colic vein: its relevance to pancreatic and colonic surgery

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to describe the precise anatomic venous tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein with special emphasis on the superior right colic vein (SRCV), which is seldom mentioned in the literature. METHODS: Nine adult cadavers were dissected to define the venous tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein. The SRCV, middle colic vein, and right colic vein (RCV) were defined as those that drained from the marginal vein of the right flexure of the colon, the transverse colon, and the ascending colon, respectively. RESULTS: The SRCV was observed to drain from the right flexure of the colon to the confluence of the right gastroepiploic and superior pancreaticoduodenal veins and present the gastrocolic trunk of Henle (GTH) in 8 of 9 cases. The RCV terminated into the GTH in 4 cases. The SRCV, the RCV, and the middle colic vein formed a confluence and entered into the GTH in 1 case. CONCLUSIONS: The SRCV exits and drains from the right colonic flexure to the GTH in 89% of cases.     

机器人保留脾血管胰体尾切除术治疗儿童胰岛素瘤报道

目的报道国内外首例儿童机器人保留脾血管胰体尾切除术,探讨该方法治疗儿童胰腺良性疾病的可行性和安全性。 方法2016年7月收治1例儿童胰体尾胰岛素瘤病例,患儿女性,9岁,体质量24 kg,身高1.20 m。行机器人保留脾血管的胰体尾切除术。机器人操作时采用4孔法：自脐下缘微小切口置入气腹针建立气腹后缝合该切口,观察孔位于下腹正中脐下5 cm(10 mm),1臂位于左侧平脐水平与腋前线的交点(8 mm),2臂位于右侧脐水平下2 cm与腋前线交点(8 mm),辅助孔位于左侧锁骨中线脐水平下3 cm(12 mm)。用超声刀切开胃结肠韧带,显露胰腺,腹腔镜超声探查证实病灶位于胰尾,直径约2 cm;切断脾结肠韧带,结肠脾曲向下游离;用电凝沿胰腺下缘分离胰后间隙,向脾门进行,将胰尾与脾脏之间的粘连分开,于胰腺后方分离出脾静脉,胰腺上缘分离出脾动脉,逐一分离夹闭或缝合动静脉与胰腺之间的分支,使胰尾完全游离,距离肿瘤右侧约1 cm以直线切割闭合器蓝色钉仓切断胰体尾,胰腺断端以4-0 Prolene线连续缝合。标本装入一次性标本袋自辅助孔取出,胰腺断端放置乳胶引流管1根自腹壁右侧孔引出。 结果手术时间155 min,气腹时间120 min,术中出血量约10 ml,围手术期恢复顺利,无胰瘘、出血及腹腔感染等并发症。术后血糖恢复正常,空腹胰岛素及血糖比值小于0.4,胰腺MRI平扫及增强扫描显示胰腺无肿瘤残留。 结论机器人与传统腹腔镜相比,具有三维视野、操作灵活等优点,该病例的成功经验初步显示机器人保留脾血管的胰体尾切除术治疗儿童胰岛素瘤是安全、可行的。     

Medially approached radical lymph node dissection along the surgical trunk for advanced right-sided colon cancers

Although laparoscopic surgery is one of the treatment options for colorectal cancer, certain technical problems remain unresolved for the radical dissection of regional lymph nodes (LNs), which is essential to improve treatment outcome. We present a safe procedure for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy to dissect the regional LNs along the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). The key characteristic of our procedure is that all right and middle colic vessels are cut along the surgical trunk using only a medial approach. First, the pedicle of ileocolic vessels is identified and the mesocolon is dissected between the pedicle and the periphery of the SMV to expose the second portion of the duodenum. The ileocolic vessels are then cut at their roots. The ascending mesocolon is separated from the retroperitoneal tissues, duodenum, and pancreatic head up to the hepatocolic ligament cranially. The important detail in this procedure is the wide separation between the pancreatic head and the transverse mesocolon. This procedure uncovers the course of the right colic artery, veins, and the gastrocolic trunk [1]. The right colic artery and veins can then be safely cut at their roots. For an extended right hemicolectomy, the middle colic vessels can easily be identified below the lower edge of the pancreas and cut at their roots [2]. We performed curative resections in this manner for 16 consecutive patients with advanced right-sided colon cancer without any serious intraoperative complications. The median number of retrieved lymph nodes was 31 (range = 9–57). The median operative time and intraoperative blood loss were 274 min (range = 147–431 min) and 45 g (range = 0–120 g), respectively. The postoperative course of all patients was uneventful. Four of 16 patients had node-positive disease. With a median follow-up period of 272 days, all patients are alive without recurrence. We consider this a safe method for radical LN dissection during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

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??Surgical anatomy of superior mesenteric vessels and its distributaries XIAO Yi??LU Jun-yang??XU Lai. Department of General Surgery??Peking Union Medical College Hospital??Peking Union Medical College??Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences??Beijing 100730??China
Corresponding author: XIAO Yi??E-mail: xiaoy@pumch.cn
Abstract Objective To study the surgical anatomy of superior mesenteric vessels and its distributaries in the pancreaticoduodenal area. Methods The prospective observational trial included 27 patients performed laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision (CME) procedure in order to study the anatomical artery-vein relationships of the ileocolic vessels??right colic vessels??middle colic vessels??and the configurationally relationship of the distributaries to Henle’s trunk. Results Ileocolic vessels were found in each patient. The probability of right colic artery and vein were 33.3% and 11.1% respectively. The middle colic artery and vein were found at a rate of 88.9% and 92.6% respectively. The length of middle colic artery was 1.9??0 to 7.2??cm. The probability of Henle’s trunk was 92.6%??with the length of 0.8 ??0.2 to 2.4??cm. There were 2 to 5 branches drained into Henle’s trunk. Conclusion Laparoscopic CME procedure should start at dissecting ileocolic vessles??because of its constant location. Getting familiar with the complicated anatomic configuration of pancreaticoduodenal area would be helpful to precisional surgery.     

Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision

Background

Complete mesocolic excision (CME) has recently been reemphasized as a technical approach for anatomical dissection during colon cancer surgery. Although a laparoscopic approach for right colon cancer is performed frequently, identifying an adequate dissection plane is not always easy. In our practice, the patient lies in a modified lithotomy position. The first step is ileocolic area mobilization, followed by adequate retraction of the cecum laterally. This procedure enables discrimination of the ileocolic vessels and superior mesenteric vessels. Importantly, this method facilitates identification of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), followed by the identification of the root of ileocolic pedicles. After that, sharp dissection along the SMV in an upward direction helps to safely identify the middle colic artery (MCA). Dissection then continues to the level of the origin of MCA, after which the right branch of MCA can be divided.

Methods

A total of 128 consecutive patients (63 males) who underwent laparoscopic CME for right colon cancer by a single surgeon were analyzed in this study.

Results

There was no conversion to open surgery. The median operation time was 192 min (interquartile range [IQR] 118–363 min). The median proximal and distal resection margins were 11 and 10 cm, respectively. The median number of harvested lymph nodes was 28 (IQR 3–88). There were six postoperative complications (4.6 %). The median hospital stay was 5 days (IQR 4–37 days). The video demonstrates a laparoscopic CME for a patient who had advanced distal ascending colon cancer.

Conclusion

In conclusion, identifying the anatomical location of the SMV and performing meticulous dissection along the SMV is an essential procedure for containing all potential routes of metastatic tumors. Initial ileocecal mobilization with adequate counter traction of the cecum may be useful for novice surgeons attempting to identify the location of SMV during laparoscopic CME for right colon cancer.