一例疑似小肠梗阻患者的循证CT诊断

目的针对急诊收治的一例疑似小肠梗阻(SBO)患者,检索当前最佳证据,为临床合理诊断提供依据。方法计算机检索MEDLINE/PubMed (1978～2006．4)、SUMsearch(1978～2006．4)、CNKI(1978～2006．4),查找有关计算机体层摄影术(CT)诊断小肠梗阻的系统评价、横断面研究等,并对所获证据进行评价。结果临床证据表明,与参考标准小肠造影及外科手术诊断相比较,CT诊断小肠梗阻的敏感度和特异度均较高,并能在早期明确梗阻的类型及病因,提高临床医师正确处理小肠梗阻的能力。据此临床证据,结合患者意愿,对患者进行CT检查,CT结果提示绞窄性小肠梗阻,需立即进行手术治疗。结论CT是诊断小肠梗阻敏感性及特异性均较高的影像学检查方法。     

Multidetector Row Computed Tomography of Small Bowel Obstruction

Small bowel obstruction (SBO) is a common clinical problem, and clinical signs and symptoms often do not provide sufficient information for diagnosis or to guide management. During the past two decades, computed tomography has become a mainstay in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected small bowel obstruction. Computed tomography scans should be performed and interpreted with attention to establishing the diagnosis of small bowel obstruction, locating the transition point indicating the site of obstruction, and determining the cause of the obstruction. Complications that suggest the need for urgent surgical intervention, such as closed loop obstruction with superimposed ischemia and/or volvulus, should be sought in every case. Current generation multidetector row computed tomography scanners, with their isotropic resolution, now permit high-quality reformatted images to be obtained in multiple planes and facilitate identification of the transition point and other findings in SBO. Radiologists should be familiar with the myriad features of uncomplicated and complicated small bowel obstruction, which are reviewed in this article.     

Small bowel obstruction related to left-side paraduodenal hernia: CT findings

The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with small bowel obstruction has been extensively described in the current literature. We report a rare case of small bowel obstruction related to a surgically proved left-side paraduodenal hernia detected on abdominal computed tomography.     

Small bowel obstruction related to left-side paraduodenal hernia: CT findings

The role of computed tomography in the evaluation of patients with small bowel obstruction has been extensively described in the current literature. We report a rare case of small bowel obstruction related to a surgically proved left-side paraduodenal hernia detected on abdominal computed tomography.     

Ileocecal herniation through the foramen of Winslow: MDCT diagnosis

We report a rare case of small bowel obstruction of a 45-year-old female which was caused by internal hernia of the terminal ileum and cecum through the foramen of Winslow. The patient presented to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain, distention, and nausea, suggesting an intestinal obstruction. The complete unambiguous preoperative diagnosis was achieved by a 64-row multi-detector computed tomography. This report enlightens the utility and performances of high-quality computed tomography multiplanar reconstructions combined with vascular volume rendering analysis for the diagnosis of internal hernia.     

Intramesosigmoid hernia: preoperative diagnostic MDCT findings

Internal hernias, protrusion of abdominal viscera into an intraperitoneal fossa, are uncommon causes of bowel obstruction, and preoperative diagnoses are difficult. We report a rare case of a 47-year-old female with strangulated small bowel obstruction secondary to an intramesosigmoid hernia preoperative diagnosis by multi-detector row computed tomography. We highlight the preoperatively diagnosed value and findings of MDCT in intramesosigmoid hernia.     

An Obscure Cause of Hip Pain

Background: We describe the case of a 53-year-old woman with hip pain secondary to an obturator hernia. Obturator hernia is uncommon, and the most lethal of all abdominal hernias. The high mortality rate of this disease requires an acute clinical awareness to facilitate rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention for improved prognosis. Objectives: This case highlights a vitally important diagnosis that is rarely discussed in the emergency medicine literature. Case Report: Our patient presented without symptoms typical of a bowel obstruction, although a computed tomography scan of her pelvis revealed an incarcerated obturator hernia and a small bowel obstruction. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and expeditious surgical management resulted in a good outcome.     

Right paraduodenal hernia: characteristic MDCT findings

Right paraduodenal hernia is a very rare cause of abdominal pain. It can lead to bowel obstruction, ischemia, and perforation with a high mortality. A timely and correct diagnosis with a rapid diagnostic tool is mandatory. However, clinical diagnosis of right paraduodenal hernia is difficult for its nonspecific symptoms. Traditionally, paraduodenal hernia was diagnosed by small bowel series that was a time-consuming image study. We report a case of right paraduodenal hernia with pre-operative fast diagnosis by multidetector row computed tomography. Fortunately, the ischemic bowel loops were timely alleviated by reduction and resection was prevented.     

Uncommon and Unusual Gastrointestinal Causes of the Acute Abdomen: Computed Tomographic Diagnosis

There is a wide variety of uncommon and unusual gastrointestinal causes of acute abdominal and pelvic pain that may be prospectively diagnosed on computed tomography. We demonstrate 10 such diagnoses and briefly review the current computed tomography and clinical literature on intussusception occurring beyond early childhood, small bowel obstruction from internal hernia, cecal volvulus, intramural small bowel hemorrhage, Boerhaave's syndrome, gastrointestinal luminal foreign bodies, small bowel diverticulitis, hemoperitoneum secondary to abdominal tumor; gallstone ileus, and gallbladder torsion. Radiologists and clinicians need to be aware of these disorders, particularly with the widespread utilization of computed tomography (CT) in the management of patients with acute abdominal pain.     

CT diagnosis of small bowel obstruction: scanning technique, interpretation and role in the diagnosis

Intestinal obstruction is a relatively common condition with diagnosis based on the clinical signs, patient history, and radiographical findings. Once suspected, its presence should be determined and if present, the site and cause of obstruction, and presence of strangulation should be assessed for the appropriate patient management. With the recent technological developments, the role of computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of bowel obstruction has expanded. The examination should be performed with intravenous contrast administration and thinner sections and multi-planner image reformation are recommended to evaluate a site of particular interest. CT is reported to have a sensitivity refer to detection of a small bowel obstruction at over 90% for complete or high-grade obstruction and to disclose causes of obstruction in 70% to 95% of cases. CT also provides characteristic findings indicating the presence of closed-loop obstruction and intestinal ischemia, which leads to appropriate and timely management for these emergent cases.     

Early diagnosis of bowel obstruction and strangulation by computed tomography in emergency department

BACKGROUND:

Closed loop bowel obstruction is a specific type of mechanical obstruction with a high risk of strangulation and bowel infarction, especially in the small bowel. It is associated with a high mortality rate. Hence, it is important for emergency physicians to identify the presence of strangulation, while making the diagnosis of closed loop small bowel obstruction.

METHODS:

We reported three patients with strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction associated with severe abdominal pain, who had been treated at the emergency department. Urgent computerized tomography was performed in the patients.

RESULTS:

Two patients were discharged with stable conditions, and one patient died after hemodialysis.

CONCLUSION:

Urgent computerized tomography of the abdomen serves as an important diagnostic tool in view of its ability to detect the site, level and cause of obstruction along with the distinctive CT appearance of closed loop small bowel obstruction and signs of ischemia. Early definitive diagnosis will guide subsequent management and improve outcomes.KEY WORDS: Closed loop small bowel obstruction, Computed tomography, Ischemia, Strangulation     

Internal hernias after abdominal surgeries: MDCT features

As less-invasive treatments for small bowel obstruction, such as laparoscopic surgery or small incision therapy, have become common, there is a growing demand for preoperative assessment of the cause and location of the small bowel obstruction. Thus, the role of computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of small bowel obstruction is expanding. CT imaging of internal hernias (IHs) has been extensively described and is well established; however, CT imaging of IH after abdominal surgeries is not well recognized because of their anatomical complexity. The aims of this pictorial review are (1) to evaluate the causes of internal IHs in relation to previous abdominal surgery (e.g., IH associated with Roux-en-Y reconstruction, Billroth II reconstruction, peritoneal adhesive band, perineal hernia, and IH after gynecological procedures), (2) to demonstrate the spectrum of imaging findings on multidetector CT (MDCT), and (3) explain the key features for CT diagnosis of IHs related to previous surgical procedures, with emphasis on the multi-planar reformation (MPR) image. We also demonstrate the dynamic changes in the progression of mesenteric strangulation revealed by CT. Understanding the imaging appearance on MDCT can help radiologists guide therapy for patients with a small bowel obstruction after abdominal surgery.     

A case of strangulated small bowel obstruction caused by Meckel's diverticulum in an adult

Meckel's diverticulum results from incomplete closure of the omphalomesenteric duct, and is the most common congenital anomaly of the small intestine. We present a case report of a 42-year-old patient who developed a strangulated intestinal obstruction as a complication of Meckel's diverticulum. The strangulated bowel obstruction was suggested by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. He recovered after a diverticulectomy and had no need for a small bowel resection.     

肠梗阻的多排螺旋CT诊断研究

目的 探讨肠梗阻在多层螺旋CT(MSCT，Multi-slice spiral CT)中的表现和MSCT诊断肠梗阻的优势。方法 回顾性总结28例临床怀疑为肠梗阻病例的MSCT检查结果，并将其中MSCT确诊为肠梗阻的病例与临床手术结果对照．扫描采用MSCT平扫或平扫后增强扫描，成像方法为薄层横断面、多方位重建成像。结果 有23例MSCT诊断为不同程度肠梗阻，其中18例经手术治疗，CT报告梗阻部位正确的为17例，病因诊断正确的为17例。与手术结果对照，符合率均为94％。临床怀疑肠梗阻而MSCT检查后排除的另5例中有3例发现其他病变，MSCT检查结果与手术完全符合。结论 MSCT对肠梗阻的程度、部位和梗阻原因的诊断及病变区血供情况的了解有重大意义．可作为肠梗阻的首选检查方法.     

Internal hernia: An increasingly common cause of small bowel obstruction

Internal hernia is an uncommon cause of small bowel obstruction that may be increasing in frequency. Because the clinical diagnosis of internal hernia is difficult, imaging studies such as computed tomography (CT) and small bowel follow through play an important role. Transmesenteric hernia is the most common type and is usually related to prior abdominal surgery, especially with creation of a Roux-en-Y anastomosis (eg, liver transplantation, gastric bypass). CT may allow confident diagnosis in most cases. In this article, we review the clinical and imaging findings of internal hernia based on our experience with 54 cases of surgically proven internal hernias including 45 transmesenteric, 6 paraduodenal, and 3 omental hernias, 39 of which had imaging studies available for review.     

Strangulated transmesosigmoid hernia: CT diagnosis

We present a rare case of strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction secondary to a trans-mesosigmoid hernia to emphasize the diagnostic role of computed tomography in patients with no history of previous surgery. The characteristic computed tomographic features showed a cluster of dilated, fluid-filled, U- and C-shaped loops of small bowel entrapped the left posterior and lateral to the sigmoid colon through a defect in the mesosigmoid, which caused anterior and medial displacement of the sigmoid colon.     

急诊CT对小肠植物性粪石梗阻的诊断价值

目的探讨植物性粪石致急性小肠梗阻的CT表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经外科手术证实的19例植物性粪石致急性小肠梗阻的临床资料及术前CT表现。结果本组19例术前CT影像均显示粪石呈边缘清楚的卵圆形或圆形,其内密度不均或夹有小气泡影的软组织包块影。手术证实14例(73.7%)为单发粪石,5例(26.3%)为多发粪石;共取出粪石27枚,其中位于回肠16枚(59.3%),空肠8枚(29.6%),胃2枚(7.4%),十二指肠1枚(3.7%)。结论小肠植物性粪石CT影像具有特征性表现,可明确粪石数量及部位,是诊断植物性粪石致急性小肠梗阻的有效方法。     

Internal hernia associated with Meckel's diverticulum in 2 pediatric patients

We report 2 pediatric cases of small bowel obstruction due to a Meckel's diverticulum complicated with internal hernia. Abdominal multidetector computed tomograms with multiple planar reconstructions revealed a bridge-like lesion with inconspicuous mucosal folds in the right lower quadrant formed by adhesion of the tip of Meckel's diverticulum with the adjacent mesentery, with ileal loops converging at the "bridge" and engorged mesenteric vessels. These 2 cases highlight the feasibility of multidetector computed tomography, especially in the ED, in revealing this unusual etiology of small bowel obstruction.     

Rectus sheath hematoma: diagnosis by computed tomography scanning

A 65-year-old woman receiving long-term oral anticoagulant therapy was admitted with signs and symptoms suggesting colonic obstruction. A tender, firm left lower-quadrant mass, colonic and small bowel distention, mild leukocytosis, and a markedly elevated prothrombin time were the prominent presenting abnormalities. Emergency colon x-ray study did not demonstrate colonic obstruction, and ultrasound of the abdomen was initially nondiagnostic. Computed tomography scanning revealed a large mass localized in the left rectus sheath and muscle consistent, in this clinical setting, with a spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma. The purpose of this report is to suggest the usefulness of computed tomography scanning in the evaluation of indeterminate abdominal masses such as the rectus sheath hematoma. The subject of rectus sheath hematoma is reviewed to emphasize its inclusion in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen and to suggest an earlier, more accurate, and noninvasive approach to its diagnosis.     

Strangulated obturator hernia: still deadly

The case of an elderly, emaciated female patient with recurrent lower abdominal and hip pain associated with nausea and vomiting due to an incarcerated obturator hernia is described. The presence of a Howship-Romberg sign and a tender mass on digital rectal examination in this thin, elderly woman with a small bowel obstruction led to the rapid diagnosis of an obturator hernia by computed tomography (CT). The high mortality rate associated with this most lethal of all abdominal hernias requires a high index of suspicion to facilitate rapid diagnosis and surgical intervention if the survival rate is to be improved.