Comparison of metabolic risk profiles between subjects with fasting and 2-hour plasma glucose impairment: The Kinmen Study.

A two-step screening strategy was used to compare the metabolic risk profiles between subjects from Kinmen, Taiwan, who had fasting and 2-hr plasma glucose impairment and were considered at high risk of diabetes due to a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) between 5.6 and 7.8 mmol/l at the baseline screening. 1855 subjects without a previous diagnosis of diabetes who had an FPG of 5.6-7.8 mmol/l at the first step of screening were invited to undergo an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) for the second step of screening, and 1456 of these subjects (774 males and 682 females) completed the OGTT. Subjects who completed the OGTT were classified into normal, isolated impaired fasting glucose (isolated IFG), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (isolated IGT), both IFG and IGT, or undiagnosed diabetes groups. Sex-specific, age-adjusted mean values of metabolic risk profiles for various categories of glucose intolerance were calculated. The results for IFG and IGT agreed in only 20.8% of subjects. The clinical features of subjects with IGT (2-hr glucose impairment) were associated with cardiovascular risk profiles, while those subjects with isolated IFG (fasting glucose impairment only) were not. If the definition of IFG alone had been used for glucose intolerance screening, about 66.6% of subjects with IGT (i.e., isolated IGT with 2-hr glucose impairment and a normal fasting state) who had cardiovascular risk profiles would have been undetected.     

指尖毛细血管空腹血糖筛查糖尿病和糖尿病前期的切点及应用

目的 探讨指尖毛细血管空腹血糖(指尖FPG)筛检社区45岁以上人群糖尿病和糖尿病前期[空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量低减(IGT)]的切点,为人群普查提供依据.方法 随机整群抽取保定市3个社区,以社区内45岁以上居民3250人为筛查对象.对指尖FPG≥5.1 mmol/L者进行75 g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),测空腹血糖及服糖2 h静脉血浆血糖(2hPG),诊断糖尿病和糖尿病前期.应用受试者工作(ROC)曲线确定糖尿病及IFG、IGT的切点,判断诊断价值.结果 检出糖尿病230例(7.3%),IFG 166例(5.2%),IGT 204例(6.7%);以指尖FPG为测试变量,以是否FPG≥7.0 mmol/L及或2hPG≥11.1 mmol/L为说明变量ROC曲线分析,曲线下面积为0.905,最佳切点为6.0 mmol/L,最大灵敏度和特异度分别是78.0%和89.3%;以是否FPG<5.6 mmol/L、是否FPG<7.0 mmol/L及7.8 mmol/L≤2hPG≤11.1 mmol/L为说明变量ROC曲线分析,曲线下面积分别为0.633、0.719,最佳切点均为5.7 mmol/L,灵敏度和特异度均较低(50.3%、28.0%;60.8%、28.0%).结论 用指尖FPG 6.0mmol/L为切点筛查45岁以上人群糖尿病,相对可靠;但指尖FPG筛查IFG、IGT不可靠.指尖FPG筛查社区人群简便、快捷,有一定的应用意义.     

Community-based epidemiological study of glucose tolerance in Kin-Chen, Kinmen: support for a new intermediate classification

In this population-based survey, we investigated the prevalence of varying degrees of glucose tolerance among residents of Kin-Chen, Kinmen, as well as the association of glucose tolerance status with potential risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). We focused particularly on subjects with normal 2-h postload glucose level (<7.8 mmol/l) but persistent fasting hyperglycemia (PFH) (5.6-7.8 mmol/l), to examine whether PFH represents an intermediate state between normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). The target population comprised 6346 residents aged 30 years and older. A total of 4354 subjects could be classified into categories of NGT, PFH, IGT, new diabetes, and known diabetes according to medical history, fasting plasma glucose levels, and the results of a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The potential cardiovascular risk factors assessed included age, obesity (general and central), systolic blood pressure, and fasting levels of insulin, C-peptide, triglyceride, cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The age-standardized prevalences of PFH, IGT, new diabetes, and known diabetes were 2.9%, 3.5%, 4.0%, and 3.0%, respectively. Among nondiabetic subjects, the cardiovascular risk factor profiles worsened with decreasing glucose tolerance, with most values differing significantly among the NGT, PFH, and IGT groups. Subjects with PFH, who would be classified as having NGT according to conventional WHO criteria, had physical and biochemical features between those of the NGT and IGT groups. These findings support our previous observation that PFH may be a transition state between NGT and IGT in the progression toward type 2 diabetes.     

不同空腹血糖切点对健康危害和糖尿病筛检效果的评价

目的从不同空腹血糖（FPG）切点对健康危害和糖尿病（DM）筛检成本效果评价下调空腹血糖受损（IFG）切点是否适宜。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法，在山东省农村共调查16341名居民，测量身高、体重、腰围、血压和空腹血糖；对2个县空腹血糖值在5．6—7．0mmol／L间，6个县空腹血糖值在6，1～7，0mmol／L者复做口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTF）。做不同空腹血糖值对健康的影响分析及比较不同IFG切点筛检糖耐量受损（IGT）和DM的成本效果。结果肥胖、中心性肥胖及高血压患病率及人体测量参数均随血糖值升高而升高，特别是血糖值在5.1mmol／L以上，患病率及均数升高更加明显。采用美国糖尿病学会（ADA）标准，单纯性IFG（I—IFG）和IFG合并IGT（IFG／IGT）的患病率增加了1．80倍和1．09倍，DM患病率仅增加6．34％。OGTI＂结果显示，FPG在5，6—6，1mmol／L的调查对象，其IGT、DM患病率仅是FPG在6．1—7．0mmol／L间的50％和67％，前者筛检的成本效果比仅是后者1／2和2／3。结论从不同方面考虑，ADA和世界卫生组织（WHO）提出的IFG切点均有其合理性，应根据不同的研究目的选择不同的切点。     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese subjects gradually increased with impaired glucose homeostasis: a multicenter, clinical based, cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a high risk factor for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). We estimated to investigate how MetS prevalence by glucose homeostasis varies across different age and gender groups. METHODS: We studied 9257 Chinese subjects over the age of 15 years in two cross-sectional surveys in 2006. With oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) test, 2341 subjects were normal glucose tolerance (NGT), and 5448 were diagnosed as having type 2 diabetes (T2D). All other 1468 subjects were considered to be impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) subjects. Diabetes was diagnosis by WHO99 criteria. We used modified NCEP-III criteria for the diagnosis of MetS. RESULTS: The prevalences of MetS in the male NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D groups were 25.9% (404/1559), 65.6% (769/1172), and 73.5% (2483/3376), respectively. The prevalences of MetS in the female NGT, IFG/IGT and T2D groups were 13.4% (105/782), 51.0% (151/296), and 75.4% (1563/2072), respectively. The prevalence of MetS in the male IFG/IGT group gradually decreased from 73.26% to 41.08% in subjects over the age of 30 years. The prevalence of MetS in the female IFG/IGT group gradually increased from 30% to 75% with aging. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MetS in subjects with different glucose tolerances in China was high and gradually increased with impaired glucose homeostasis both in males and females.     

Impaired glucose regulation in adults in Jamaica: who should have the oral glucose tolerance test?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) fasting plasma glucose (FPG) criteria and the WHO 2-hour post-challenge glucose (2hPG) criteria during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in identifying adults in Jamaica with hyperglycemia. As the OGTT is not commonly used in clinical practice, factors associated with the failure of the FPG criteria to detect persons with impaired 2hPG were investigated. METHODS: A random sample of 2 096 adults, 25-74 years old, living in the town of Spanish Town, Jamaica, was evaluated for diabetes. After excluding 215 individuals for reasons such as missing data, the remaining 1 881 persons were composed of 187 who were previously known to have diabetes and 1 694 who were screened for diabetes with both FPG and 2hPG. RESULTS: The FPG criteria detected 83 cases of diabetes, compared to 72 by the 2hPG criteria. The kappa statistic comparing the two criteria was 0.31 (95% confidence interval: 0.28-0.34), indicating fair agreement. There were 261 cases of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and 92 cases of impaired fasting glucose (IFG). In those 92 with IFG, an OGTT would identify 34 cases of IGT and 14 cases of diabetes. Of those classified as normoglycemic by FPG criteria, 14% of them had IGT or diabetes by 2hPG criteria. The factors predicting the likelihood of non-detection of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes by FPG were age, body mass index, central obesity, systolic blood pressure, and female sex. By receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, an FPG of 5.1 mmol/L would predict a 2hPG >/= 7.8 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: A few individuals classified as normal on FPG will have IGT or diabetes, and an OGTT will be needed to identify them. The yield of IGT detected by screening in Jamaica can be improved by lowering the threshold for IFG or by using clinical information to identify high-risk individuals.     

Fasting or post-challenge blood glucose values for detection of glucose intolerance in screening for metabolic syndrome?

INTRODUCTION: The normal-pathological threshold of fasting blood glucose values was modified by the new WHO diagnostic criteria (1999) and, in addition, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was introduced as a new clinical entity. Nevertheless, the 2-h post-glucose challenge criteria and the concept of the impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) remained unchanged. There is no unequivocal agreement whether new fasting or unchanged post-challenge blood glucose criteria should be used for classification of glucose intolerance. AIMS: To assess the clinical-laboratory characteristics of metabolic syndrome a screening procedure was performed in hypertensive or obese subjects registered within primary health care and the reliability of the new fasting blood glucose criteria was analysed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For inclusion, subjects of both sexes aged from 20 to 65 years exhibited at least one of the following clinical characteristics: hypertension (ongoing antihypertensive treatment or raised (> or = 140/90 mmHg) actual blood pressure), abnormal (> 30.0 kg/m2) body mass index [BMI] or elevated waist-hip ratio (> 0.85 in women, > 0.90 in men). Subjects with known diabetes were not involved. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with 75 g glucose was performed in each subject. Subjects with complete clinical and laboratory findings were statistically analysed (n = 944; women/men: 545/399; age: 46.1 +/- 7.3 years; BMI 32.2 +/- 5.4 kg/m2; waist-hip ratio 0.90 +/- 0.09; x +/- SD). RESULTS: In the total cohort newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (based on the 120 min post-challenge glucose values) was found in 87 subjects (9.2%), IGT was detected in 136 cases (14.4%) while normal glucose tolerance was documented in 721 subjects (76.4%). Using fasting blood glucose values for classification, diabetes mellitus was detected in 79 subjects (8.4%), IFG was found in 124 cases (13.1%) while 741 subjects (78.5%) had normal glucose tolerance. Impaired glucoregulation (IGT + IFG) was found in 223 subjects (IGT alone 99 cases [44.4%], IFG alone 87 cases [39.0%], IGT and IFG in combination 37 cases [16.6%]). The sensitivity and specificity of fasting blood glucose criteria for detecting diabetes were 63.2% and 97.1%, respectively, while those for detecting glucose intolerance (IFG and diabetes as well as IGT and diabetes) were 52.9% and 88.2%, respectively. Clinical characteristics of subjects with abnormal post-challenge but normal fasting blood glucose values (n = 105) did not differ significantly from those of subjects with normal post-challenge but abnormal fasting blood glucose values (n = 85) (age: 46.7 +/- 6.9 years vs 46.7 +/- 6.1 years; BMI: 33.1 +/- 5.4 kg/m2 vs 32.3 +/- 4.5 kg/m2; waist-hip ratio: 0.91 +/- 0.09 vs 0.92 +/- 0.07; p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: OGTT and 2-h post-glucose challenge criteria should be used for the diagnosis of different categories of glucose intolerance in screening for metabolic syndrome.     

上海市延吉社区中老年糖调节受损分布特征及危险因素分析

目的调查社区中老年居民糖调节受损（IGR）各类型的分布情况,探讨该人群IGR发生的危险因素。方法对上海市杨浦区延吉社区2228例45～74岁居民进行空腹血糖检测,采用葡萄糖氧化酶-计量安培法进行测定。对筛检出的IGR人群进行问卷调查、体格检查、空腹血糖、糖负荷后2h血糖测定和血脂检测。结果共筛检出IGR者393例,其中,糖耐量正常者（NGT）占39.19%、空腹血糖受损（IFG）占12.72%、糖耐量受损（IGT）占16.54%、空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量受损（IFG＋IGT）占16.03%、新发糖尿病（DM）占15.52%。不同年龄组,NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT和DM的构成比不同（χ2=21.295,P=0.006）,IGT、IFG＋IGT和DM的比例有随年龄增长而增加的趋势。不同体质指数人群中,NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT和DM的构成比不同（χ2=26.155,P=0.01）,随体质指数的增加,糖代谢异常的比例逐渐增加。Logistic回归分析显示,该社区IGR的主要危险因素是糖尿病家族史（OR=1.945）、高血压病史（OR=1.884）、高三酰甘油（OR=1.469）、年龄（OR=1.038）。结论延吉社区中老年IGR人群以IFG＋IGT、IGT为主,发生率随着年龄的增加而升高;IGR发生的危险因素为糖尿病家族史、高血压病史、高三酰甘油和年龄。     

Serum uric acid and risk for development of hypertension and impaired fasting glucose or Type II diabetes in Japanese male office workers

We examined the association of serum uric acid (SUA) with development of hypertension (blood pressure 140/90 mmHg and/or medication for hypertension) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (a fasting plasma glucose level 6.1–6.9 mmol/l) or Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (a fasting plasma glucose level 7.0 mmol/l and/or medication for diabetes) over a 6-year follow-up among 2310 Japanese male office workers aged 35–59 years who did not have hypertension, IFG, Type II diabetes, or past history of cardiovascular disease at study entry. After controlling for potential predictors of hypertension and diabetes, the relative risk for hypertension compared with quintile 1 of SUA level was 1.27 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00–1.62] for quintile 2, 1.34 (95% CI: 1.08–1.74) for quintile 3, 1.48 (95% CI: 1.18–1.89) for quintile 4, and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.26–1.99) for quintile 5 (p for trend <0.001). The respective multivariate-adjusted relative risks for IFG or Type II diabetes compared with quintile 1 of SUA level were 1.55 (95% CI: 0.95–2.63), 1.62 (95% CI: 0.98–2.67), 1.61 (95% CI: 1.01–2.58), and 1.78 (95% CI: 1.11–2.85) (p for trend = 0.030). The association between SUA level and risk for hypertension and IFG or Type II diabetes was stronger among men with a body mass index (BMI) <24.2 kg/m² than among men with a BMI 24.2 kg/m², although the absolute risk was greater in more obese men. These results indicate that SUA level is closely associated with an increased risk for hypertension and IFG or Type II diabetes.     

糖尿病前期尿微量白蛋白检测对早期肾损伤防治的意义

目的 探讨糖尿病前期患者尿微量白蛋白(U-MA)升高的危险,为糖尿病前期患者早期肾损伤的防治提供依据.方法 将182例糖调节异常患者按照WHO诊断标准分为空腹血糖受损组(IFG组)51例,糖耐量减低组(IGT)65例,IFG+IGT组(GGI组)66例,同期体检正常者作为对照组(NGT组)50例.测定各组尿微量白蛋白(U-MA)、空腹血糖(GLUC0)、糖负荷后2h血糖(GLUC120)、胰岛素(Inso)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1C).结果 IFG组、IGT组和GGT组尿微量白蛋白与NGT组存在统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 U-MA检测对糖尿病前期患者早期肾损伤的预测和干预具有重要意义.     

Impaired glucose tolerance is not associated with lipid intolerance

Post-prandial (pp) hypertriglyceridaemia (HTG) has an important role in the development of atherosclerosis in Type 2 diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and increased level of fasting triglycerides (TG). The aim of this study was to analyse pp HTG and the composition of TG-rich lipoproteins in carefully selected subjects with IGT in comparison to controls with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Fifteen men with IGT and 27 men with NGT, aged 44 to 70 yr, were examined. All study participants were non-smokers and had fasting TG <4.6 mmol/l. The subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (75 g glucose) and a lipid-glucose tolerance test (LGTT; 92 g fat, 126 g carbohydrate), that allowed the assessment of lipid and glucose tolerance in one test. HbA1C, plasma glucose and lipids were measured by routine methods. Lipoprotein subfraction analysis of VLDL (VLDL1: Sf60-400 and VLDL2: Sf20-60) was conducted in a fasting state, as well as 4 hr after the LGTT using a density gradient ultracentrifugation with a subsequent compositional analysis. No significant difference was found either for fasting or pp TG, or for area under curve (AUC) -TG (12.21 +/- 4.27 mmol/l x 6 hr vs 13.95 +/- 6.74 mmol/l x 6 hr; p>0.05) between the IGT and NGT. A highly significant correlation was found between the fasting TG and the AUC-TG (r=0.925; p<0.01). To avoid bias by differences in fasting plasma TG known to affect lipid tolerance we investigated 11 matched pairs for fasting TG. Also, the matched-pairs evaluation pp TG course did not differ significantly from the IGT and NGT. No significant difference for fasting or pp levels of VLDL1 and VLDL2, or for the TG content of chylomicron, VLDL1 and VLDL2 and for the percentage of TG in VLDL1 and VLDL2 was found between the IGT and NGT group. In conclusion, IGT subjects with a similar level of fasting TG do not exhibit lipid intolerance. Our data suggest that glucose intolerance should precede lipid intolerance.     

胰岛素早期分泌相与尿白蛋白肌酐比关系的研究

目的 探讨糖调节受损(IGR)人群胰岛素早期分泌相的变化及胰岛素早期分泌相与尿白蛋白肌酐比的相关性.方法 选取包钢糖尿病流行病学调查人群1 024例,作为研究对象.所有研究对象均行口服75g无水葡萄糖耐量试验,测定空腹血浆葡萄糖、空腹胰岛素及服糖后30min、60min、120min血糖与血清胰岛素.留取晨尿或随机尿液标本,检测尿白蛋白、尿肌酐,计算二者比值得尿白蛋白肌酐比(UACR).根据美国糖尿病协会糖尿病诊断新标准划分糖耐量状态:糖耐量正常(NGT)、空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量低减(IGT)、空腹血糖受损伴糖耐量低减(IFG/IGT)、糖尿病(DM).计算各组早期胰岛素分泌指数(△I30/△G30).结果 随着糖耐量恶化(从NGT到IGR再到DM),△I30/△G30逐渐减少,UACR逐渐升高.胰岛素早期分泌相与UACR间呈负相关,相关系数r=-0.669,P＜0.01.结论 胰岛素早期分泌相与UACR间有相关性.UACR可作为早期发现糖尿病微血管病变的指标.     

Effects of isolated post-challenge hyperglycemia on mortality in American Indians: the Strong Heart Study

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of isolated post-challenge hyperglycemia (IPH) on risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and all-cause mortality in American Indians using longitudinal data from the Strong Heart Study. METHODS: Of 4549 American Indian women and men aged 45 to 74 years participating in the Strong Heart Study, 4304 had fasting blood measurements or oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) data to ascertain diabetes status. At baseline and follow-up, a personal interview was conducted, and physical examinations and laboratory tests were performed. Fasting blood samples were drawn for measurement of glucose, fibrinogen, insulin, lipids, lipoproteins, creatinine, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). A 75-g OGTT was performed. Five diabetes categories were defined: (i) known diabetes, (ii) newly diagnosed diabetes (fasting glucose > or =126 mg/dL and no history of diabetes or diabetes medication; ADA-new diabetes), (iii) IPH, (iv) impaired fasting glucose (> or =110 - <126 mg/dL; IFG), and (v) normal fasting glucose (<110 mg/dL; NFG). Surveillance was initiated to determine CVD, cancer, and all-cause mortality over 9 years. RESULTS: IPH had a worse CVD risk factor profile than NFG, but IPH was associated with a better CVD risk factor profile than known diabetes or ADA-new diabetes. At follow-up, individuals with IFG had no increased risk for CVD or all-cause mortality, whereas those with ADA-new or known diabetes had significantly increased risk (RR = 1.70 and 1.40 for ADA-new diabetes, and RR = 2.87 and 2.19 for known diabetes, respectively). Those with IPH had nonsignificant elevations in risk for CVD (RR = 1.54) and all-cause (RR = 1.27) mortality. Cancer mortality was not increased in those with IFG, IPH, ADA-new diabetes, or known diabetes compared to those with NFG. CONCLUSIONS: Among American Indians 45 to 74 years of age, IPH is associated with nonsignificant elevations in total and CVD mortality. The magnitude of mortality risk associated with IPH is intermediate between diabetes and IFG. Because those with IPH are at high risk for diabetes, American Indians with IPH should be targeted for diabetes prevention.     

糖调节受损人群胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围的研究

目的探讨糖调节受损(IGR)人群胰岛素早期分泌相的变化及胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围的相关性。方法选取包钢糖尿病流行病学调查人群1 024例作为研究对象。所有研究对象均测量腰围、行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)。根据OGTT结果划分糖耐量状态:糖耐量正常、空腹血糖受损、糖耐量低减、空腹血糖受损伴糖耐量低减、糖尿病(DM)。计算早期胰岛素分泌指数(△I30/△G30)。结果腹型肥胖组与非腹型肥胖组对比,IGR、DM的患病率明显增加。随着糖耐量恶化,△I30/△G30逐渐减少。胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围呈负相关,相关系数r=-0.716,p<0.01。结论胰岛素早期分泌相与腰围间有相关性。腰围可作为评估早期胰岛素分泌指数的指标。     

餐后血糖对2型糖尿病诊断的意义

目的通过口服葡萄糖耐量（OGTT）和胰岛素释放（IRT）试验,解析空腹和餐后血糖对糖尿病诊断的意义。方法收集2005年1月—2007年6月,内分泌和代谢科门诊及住院患者共3 588例进行OGTT和IRT检测。以血浆葡萄糖5.6、6.1、7.0mmol/L为空腹血糖切点,7.8、11.1mmol/L为餐后血糖切点,分析患者分布情况以及空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后1h血糖（1 h PG）和餐后2 h血糖（2 h PG）等不同切点对糖尿病诊断的价值。结果依据1999年WHO糖尿病诊断标准,诊断糖尿病患者3097例。其中FPG≥7.0mmol/L者2654例,单独检测2hPG漏诊62例,占2.33%;单独检测1hPG仅漏诊18例,占0.68%,差别有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。2 h PG≥11.1 mmol/L者中FPG〈7.0 mmol/L的占14.60%（443/3 035）;1 h PG≥11.1mmol/L者中FPG〈7.0mmol/L的占14.00%（429/3065）,差别无有统计学意义（P=0.503）。FPG和餐后2hPG均正常202例〔但其中113例存在高胰岛素血症和（或）胰岛素分泌延迟,占55.94%〕,其余289例为糖耐量受损和（或）空腹血糖受损。在1 hPG≥11.1 mmol/L且2 h PG〈11.1 mmol/L的291例中,54例FPG≥7.0mmol/L经复查诊断为糖尿病,另有125例餐后30 min血糖≥11.1 mmol/L者的HOMA指数及胰岛素曲线下面积与FPG5.6～6.1mmol/L而2 h PG≥11.1mmol/L的糖尿病患者接近。结论1 h PG与FPG的一致性不比2 h PG差,且更敏感,提示1 h PG同2 h PG一样,可以作为糖尿病的餐后血糖诊断切点。     

广东省东莞市超重及肥胖青少年代谢综合征与糖调节异常的研究

目的 通过研究超重及肥胖对青少年空腹血糖受损(IFG)及糖耐量低减(IGT)影响的特点,了解青少年2型糖尿病(T2DM)发生和发展的过程.方法 2007年5月至11月,以东莞地区3856名11～18岁在校中学生为研究对象.根据志愿的原则,对符合超重及肥胖(b/Ob)的368例男生和326例女生再抽静脉血,检测血脂、空腹血糖(FPG)和餐后2小时血糖(2 h PC)、空腹胰岛素(Fins),然后根据体质指数(BNI)(暂定)标准Ⅱ分成超重组(b)和肥胖组(Ob),以11岁～和15～18岁年龄段对检测数据进行统计分析.结果 (1)同年龄段两组BMI、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)、IFG和IGT的比较:①女生ll岁～b组的BMI值为(22.1±2.4)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.38±0.65)mmol/L、IR为1.15±0.58,IFG和IGT的检出率分别为3.5%和1.4%;Ob组的BMI值为(24.4±3.9)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.70±0.73)mmol/L、IR为1.36±0.67、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为14.6%和6.3%,两组相比的t或X2值分别为4.83、2.45、2.10、7.41和7.99(P值均<0.01或<0.05).15～18岁b组的BMI值为(25.8±3.1)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.35±0.61)mmol/L、IR为1.14±0.64、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为3.1%和4.1%,Ob组的BMI值为(28.0±4.3)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.69±0.69)mmol/L、IR为1.43±0.84、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为12.8%和15.4%,两组相比的t或X<2>值分别为3.33、2.79、1.87、4.75和5.17(P值均<0.01或<0.05).②男生11岁～b组的BMI值为(22.4±2.3)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.36±0.67)mmol/L、IR为1.19±0.65、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为3.6%和1.8%,Ob组的BMI值为(24.6±4.2)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.68±0.71)mmol/L、IR为1.44±0.89、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为13.3%和9.4%,两组相比的t或X2值分别为4.85、2.72、2.19、6.75和6.76(P值均<0.01或<0.05).15～18岁b组的BIM值为(26.4±2.8)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.35±0.70)mmol/L、IR为(1.24±0.68)kg/m2、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为4.7%和5.6%,Ob组的BMI值为(28.2±4.8)kg/m2、LDL-C为(2.71±0.73)mmol/L、IR为1.50±0.95、IFG和IGT的检出率分别为17.9%和17.9%,两组相比的t或X2值分别为2.80、2.69、1.84、6.68和6.27(P值均<0.01或<0.05).男生11岁～b组FIG为(4.88±0.76)mmol/L,Ob组FPG为(5.09±0.80)mmol/L,两组相比t=1.84,P<0.05.(2)不同年龄段比较:①男生Ob组11岁～的2 h PG为(5.13±1.18)mmol/L,15～18岁的2 h PG为(5.36±1.24)mmol/L,两组相比t=1.78,P<0.05,接近成人的水平.男生11岁～(h/Ob)IGT阳性者有8例,阳性率为3.6%;15～18岁(b/Ob)IGT阳性者有13例,阳性率为8.9%,两年龄段相比X2=6.86,P<0.01.②女生11岁～(b/Oh)IGT阳性者有5例,阳性率为2.6%;15～18岁(b/Oh)IGT阳性者有10例,阳性率为7.4%,两年龄段相比X2=4.02,P<0.05.结论 青少年T2DM的预防,应从预防体重超重开始,同时对有高危因素的青少年人群进行定期筛查,并对有高危因素者及早地进行干预性治疗,防止或减少糖调节异常患者(IFG、IGT)向T2DM的转化.     

青岛市中老年人糖尿病及糖调节受损的流行现状分析

目的了解青岛市30岁以上居民糖尿病及糖调节受损的患病现状并分析影响因素,为以后青岛市糖尿病和糖尿病前期的防治工作提供依据。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样方法,共调查6069人,进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查,指尖血糖值〈7．00mmol／L者做口服糖耐量（OGTT）试验。采用SPSS17．0统计软件进行分析,做单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归,分别对糖尿病和糖调节受损的影响因素进行分析。结果5683名调查对象中,糖尿病（DM）患病率为15．71％,糖调节受损（IGR）的患病率为29．72％,其中单纯空腹血糖受损（IFG）、单纯糖耐量减低（IGT）和空腹血糖受损合并糖耐量低减（IFG／IGT）的患病率分别为10．29％、13．25％和6．18％。IGT、IFG／IGT、DM的患病率随年龄的增加呈现上升趋势（P〈0．01）。多因素Logistic回归显示年龄、DM家族史、脑中风史、高血压、向心性肥胖、高TC血症、高TG血症是DM的危险因素;年龄、饮酒、高血压、向心性肥胖、高尿酸血症是IGR的危险因素。结论青岛市30岁以上居民DM及IGR流行状况严重,年龄、高血压、向心性肥胖是青岛市中老年人IGR和DM的共同危险因素。     

糖调节受损伴相关疾病流行病学调查

[目的 ]　分析糖调节受损 (IGR)即糖耐量受损 (IGT)或空腹血糖减损 (IFG)的患病情况及与高血压、血脂紊乱、超重肥胖等相关疾病的关系。　 [方法 ]　 1998年 9月～ 1999年 10月 ,采用多级分层、随机抽样、横断面现场调查方法 ,在 1960例人群中进行调查分析。　 [结果 ]　在 40岁及以上自然人群中IGT/IFG患病率为 13 .0 % ,60岁及以上老年人IGT/IFG患病率达 17.3 %。随着年龄的增加 ,IGT/IFG的发病呈逐渐升高趋势 (P <0 .0 1)。IGT/IFG同时伴有高血压、血脂紊乱、超重 /肥胖的危险因素与糖尿病相似 ,但明显大于正常血糖人群。　 [结论 ]　如果在IGT/IFG阶段进行有效干预 ,将减少 2型糖尿病和大血管病的发生     

Changes in Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels with Ribavirin and Pegylated Interferon Treatment in Normal and Impaired Glucose Tolerant Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

Background

Patients with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection have increased rates of glucose intolerance, and studies have shown the improvement of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels after clearance of HCV infection with standard ribavirin plus pegylated interferon treatment. The purpose of this study was to examine glycemic changes with standard HCV treatment in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and normal fasting glucose (NFG).

Methods

A retrospective study of FPG changes in HCV patients with IFG and NFG treated with standard HCV therapy was conducted. Baseline characteristics and viral responses were assessed; FPG levels before treatment, at the end of treatment, and more than one-month post treatment were compared.

Results

The mean FPG levels increased by 8.68 mg/dl at the end of treatment in the NFG group but decreased by 9.0 mg/dl in the IFG group, a statistically significant difference (P=0.019). The change in FPG levels remained significantly different after adjusting for weight change (P=0.009) and weight changes and initial weight (P=0.039). FPG change from baseline at more than one month after treatment were similar in both groups (P=0.145). The change in FPG levels was not associated with sustained viral response.

Conclusions

In HCV-infected patients, standard ribavirin plus pegylated interferon treatment reduced FPG levels in patients with IFG and increased FPG levels in NFG individuals; independent of initial weight, weight change, or viral response. Standard HCV treatment modulates fasting plasma glucose levels which supports the need for a prospective study to determine the clinical significance of this finding.     

60例糖尿病前期患者综合干预管理效果观察

[目的]分析对糖尿病前期患者进行综合干预管理的效果。[方法]对某大型企业在职职工1 817人,使用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测空腹和餐后2 h静脉血浆血糖。对检出的60例糖尿病前期患者进行综合干预管理2年。[结果]干预管理后糖尿病知识知晓率、血压控制率、经常锻炼率较干预前有明显提高,差异有统计学意义,空腹血糖较干预前下降。60例中有14例发生糖尿病,其中单纯空腹血糖受损(IFG)年转变率为3.8%,单纯糖耐量减低(IGT)为10.5%,空腹血糖受损兼有糖耐量减低(IFG/IGT)为27.8%。IFG与IGT糖尿病年转变率差异无统计学意义;IFG/IGT糖尿病年转变率高于IFG,差异有统计学意义;IGT与IFG/IGT糖尿病年转变率差异无统计学意义。[结论]对IFG、IGT及IFG/IGT者均应给予积极的干预,特别是对IFG/IGT者,从而降低糖尿病的发病率。