80例社区获得性肺炎的治疗体会

目的探讨老年人社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的临床及治疗。方法分析80例65岁以上老年人CAP的临床资料。结果老年人CAP呼吸道症状表现不典型,基础病多,病情严重易误诊。结论尽早明确诊断及时治疗。     

老年免疫功能受损患者社区获得性肺炎的研究进展

社区获得性肺炎(CAP)在免疫功能受损患者中呈高发病率、高死亡率特点, 老年人为主要人群。但目前国内外指南中均未提及对该类患者的诊治建议, 本文分别从老年免疫功能受损患者CAP的定义、分类、流行病学、病原学特点、临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后进行综述, 为疾病的诊治及指南的制定提供理论依据。     

老年人社区获得性肺炎病原学的调查

目的探讨老年人社区获得性肺炎（CAP）发病相关的主要因素及病原学特点。方法对151例老年人CAP住院患者,总结其基础疾病及其病原学分布特点。结果老年人CAP住院患者多有基础疾病,病原学检查检出率为76．1％,致病菌以G-杆菌为主,检出率依次为肺炎克雷白杆菌、肺炎链球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌,流感嗜血杆菌、非典型致病菌等。结论老年人CAP住院患者基础疾病多、临床表现不典型、病原菌复杂,应当引起临床医生的高度重视。     

婴幼儿大肠埃希菌性肺炎177例临床分析

目的分析婴幼儿大肠埃希菌性肺炎患儿的临床特征及药敏情况,指导临床肺炎诊治。方法回顾性分析177例住院婴幼儿大肠埃希菌性肺炎患儿的临床表现、X线表现、细菌耐药情况及治疗预后。结果患儿的临床表现主要的症状为咳嗽、咳痰、发热,容易出现呼吸困难。 X线主要表现为片状影或间质渗出。大肠埃希菌多数菌株对泰能、美平、头孢他定、丁胺卡那霉素、左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感性高,对大多数β内酰胺类抗生素普遍耐药。产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ ESBLs ）菌33例,阳性率为18.6％。痰液培养细菌阳性转阴比较慢,治疗主要以经验疗法和药敏试验结果结合,病程迁延,预后尚好。结论婴幼儿大肠埃希菌肺炎是儿科常见病,临床诊治相对容易。但大肠埃希菌抗菌药物的耐药率高,需引起重视。     

肺栓塞99例临床特点及误诊原因

目的探讨肺栓塞临床表现和误诊的原因。方法收集2000年1月至2013年12月在该院诊断的99例肺栓塞患者的临床资料。回顾性分析患者临床表现、血气分析结果、X线及心电图检查结果,总结误诊的主要疾病及误诊原因,了解肺栓塞治疗方法及疗效。结果肺栓塞患者常见的临床症状是呼吸困难、咳嗽,常见的临床体征是下肢肿痛和肺部湿啰音,但部分患者无阳性症状表现;肺栓塞在X线片上常见的表现是片状阴影、胸腔积液和肺实变影;在诊断过程中,有56例(56.6%)患者出现过误诊,误诊的主要疾病是肺炎、肺结核、左心衰竭;对肺栓塞认识不足和未作基本检查是导致肺栓塞误诊的主要原因;抗凝及溶栓治疗疗效显著。结论肺栓塞易误诊为肺炎、肺结核和左心衰竭,应加强对肺栓塞的学习,了解相关检查及治疗方法,降低误诊率,改善患者预后。     

老年人社区获得性肺炎患者最佳治疗策略研究

目的 探索老年人社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者最佳治疗策略.方法分析589例老年人CAP患者住院治疗和门诊（社区）治疗的临床资料.结果 非重症老年人CAP患者门诊（社区）治疗优势明显.结论 对老年人CAP患者,应尽早明确诊断,及时有效治疗,对非重症老年人CAP患者,门诊（社区）治疗优势更多.     

老年院外获得性肺炎的预后分析

院外获得性肺炎(CAP)是老年人院外感染性疾病中对生命威胁较大的一种常见病。我们对1987年1月至1991年11月因肺炎住院的老年患者进行临床分析,着重探讨了影响老年院外获得性肺炎的预后因素。临床资料一、病例选择老年肺炎患者51例,60～87岁,平均67.6岁。男24例,女27例。根据入院时临床表现,X线胸片呈现炎性浸润阴影,并排除阻塞性肺炎,诊断为CAP。经治疗临床症状消失,胸片炎症吸收或好转42例,住院期间死亡9例(17%)。另选择同期18～35岁年轻人肺炎40例作为对照组,无1例死亡。二、临床表现(1)起病方式:老年肺炎大多起病较缓(35例,68.6%),先伴有类似感冒样症状,发热、全身不适、轻咳,病程中死亡2例(5%)。急性起病16例     

社区获得性重症军团菌肺炎1例并文献复习

目的：总结军团菌肺炎的临床特征及相关诊治进展。方法分析1例社区获得性重症军团菌肺炎患者的诊治经过,并对军团菌肺炎的相关文献进行复习。结果患者为中年男性,既往体健,发病于秋季,急性起病,病程进展迅速,合并多脏器功能不全,虽经积极予抗军团菌及各脏器功能支持治疗,但仍死亡。结论重症军团菌肺炎临床表现不典型,影像学通常表现为多叶多段多形态改变,确诊主要靠病原学检测,治疗以大环内酯类及喹诺酮类抗生素为主,患者预后极差。     

老年社区获得性肺炎的诊治进展

老年社区获得性肺炎（community acquired pneumonia，CAP）是指患者年龄超过65岁的CAP，是威胁老年人健康的主要疾病之一。据估计，美国≥65岁的成人中每年有915900人发生CAP。老年人由于机体免疫力下降，脏器功能减退，基础疾病多，导致CAP发病率高，致残率和死亡率也高。因此及时地诊断，有效、合理、安全地治疗老年CAP，对于改善老年人的预后是极其重要的。本文就近年老年CAP方面的诊治进展作一综述。     

合肥地区老年社区获得性肺炎的特点分析

目的 分析老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者的临床特征.方法 分析我院呼吸内科2009年1月-2010年12月的330例成人CAP患者的临床资料,比较老年CAP患者和非老年CAP患者的病原学检查、临床特征、基础疾病及疗效等情况.结果 老年CAP患者病原菌多为革兰阴性杆菌,呼吸系统的临床症状不典型,基础疾病多,容易出现并发症;出院治愈率、致死率分别低于和高于非老年患者,但差异无统计学意义.结论 老年人由于免疫力低,器官功能减退,合并多种基础疾病,临床症状不典型使其发病率高、漏诊率高、死亡率高,因此掌握老年CAP患者的临床特征、及早诊断、合理用药,对于改善老年CAP的预后极其重要.     

慢性嗜酸粒细胞肺炎1例并文献复习

目的 介绍1例慢性嗜酸粒细胞肺炎(CEP)并复习近7年的9篇国内文献报道共10例,以提高对这一少见病的认识.方法 对1例确诊为CEP患者的临床及随访资料进行分析,并结合文献讨论其临床特点、诊断及治疗.结果 CEP是一种病因不明的慢性肺嗜酸粒细胞性炎症.其特点为患者可有过敏性疾病史,多数患者有咯痰、发热、不同程度的呼吸困难,部分患者可以阴性,而在体检时发现.外周血嗜酸粒细胞及红细胞沉降率大部分明显增高,胸部X线片呈肺外周非肺段分布性进展性高密度浸润影,常有"肺水肿反向征",痰和(或)支气管肺泡灌洗液嗜酸粒细胞显著增高,抗感染治疗无效,而对口服糖皮质激素(OSCT)反应良好.OSCT治疗后阴影迅速吸收,总的预后良好.结论 对具有以上特征且抗生素治疗无效的肺炎患者,应疑诊CEP,及时行支气管肺泡灌洗嗜酸粒细胞计数或经皮肺活检可以明确诊断.     

Community-acquired legionella pneumonia in elderly patients: characteristics and outcome

OBJECTIVES: To compare the risk factors, clinical and laboratory features, and outcome of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Legionella pneumophila in elderly (aged > or =65) and younger patients. DESIGN: Prospective enrollment of subjects with retrospective data analysis. SETTING: A 630-bed tertiary center in Badalona (Barcelona), Spain. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 158 patients diagnosed with CAP caused by L. pneumophila from 1994 to 2004: 104 younger than 65 and 54 aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological data and the outcome of the two groups were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Underlying diseases, such as chronic pulmonary diseases, diabetes mellitus, neuromuscular diseases, and heart failure; risk of aspiration; and therapy with corticosteroids were significantly more frequent in patients aged 65 and older. Patients younger than 65 were more likely to be male and have toxic habits (cigarette smoking, alcoholism) and human immunodeficiency virus infection than older patients. Fever, nonrespiratory symptoms (diarrhea and headache), and some laboratory abnormalities (hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration <130 mmol/L) and high aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine kinase levels) were significantly less frequent in patients aged 65 and older than in younger patients. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in the frequency of higher-severity risk classes and intensive care unit admission or in outcome (complications and mortality). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with CAP caused by L. pneumophila had a higher frequency of underlying comorbidities and presented less frequently with fever and classical nonrespiratory symptoms and laboratory abnormalities of Legionnaires' disease than younger patients, although greater severity of illness at onset and higher mortality were not significantly different between the two age groups.     

Reasons for coming to hospital after treatment for community-acquired pneumonia on an ambulatory basis

BACKGROUND

Most patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are treated on an ambulatory basis.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the reasons for presentation to hospital after treatment for CAP on an ambulatory basis.

METHODS

The study, conducted in five hospitals in the Capital Health Region (Edmonton, Alberta), enrolled adult patients aged 17 years or older who presented with a history of having been diagnosed and treated for pneumonia within the previous month. A current diagnosis of pneumonia was based on two or more symptoms or signs of CAP, plus radiographic evidence of pneumonia.

RESULTS

Seventy-five (77.3%) of the 97 patients who met the inclusion criteria had CAP, and 22 (22.7%) patients presented with a noninfectious illness. Of the patients with CAP, 25 (33.3%) met the study criteria for worsening of a comorbid illness, 23 (30.7%) had clinical failure, 16 (21.3%) had microbiological failure, six (8.0%) were noncompliant, four (5.3%) had failure of expectations and one (1.3%) had adverse effects of antimicrobial therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Underlying diseases, exacerbations of comorbidities and complications of CAP, as well as confounders such as unusual infections and noninfectious conditions that mimic CAP, are all reasons for presenting to hospital after treatment for CAP in an ambulatory setting.     

北京市某三甲医院老年社区获得性肺炎住院患者诊治现况调查

目的 调查北京某三甲医院老年社区获得性肺炎( CAP)住院患者的诊治现状,并与中国2016年版《成人社区获得性肺炎诊断和治疗指南》推荐的诊治方案进行对比,探讨诊治过程中存在的问题.方法 选择2020年1月至12月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院住院的295例老年CAP患者为研究对象.根据CAP评分量表( CURB-65)...     

老年人社区获得性和院内获得性金葡球菌肺部感染34例对比分析

目的调查老年人社区获得性和院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的临床特点及细菌耐药。方法回顾性分析34例社区获得性和院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床资料和细菌耐药,包括临床症状,体症,基础疾病,X线结果,药物敏感性。结果共同点：两者均好发于即往有呼吸道感染的患者,患者的营养基础无明显差异。不同点：院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染好发于住院时间长,有多种抗生素使用的,脑血管意外,愈后极差,耐药率高,临床症状及体症,胸片结果特异性不强。结论研究社区获得性和院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染相关因素的差异,对减少住院时间,减少抗生素的使用,有利于院内获得性金黄色葡萄球菌肺部感染的控制。     

糖尿病患者合并社区获得性肺炎的临床特点及预后分析

社区获得性肺炎(CAP)是临床上最常见的感染性疾病之一.糖尿病(DM)是全球范围内发病率最高的慢性疾病之一,DM不仅能导致多器官并发症,而且也是发生CAP的高危因素.DM患者发生CAP的流行病学、发病机制、病原学特点、实验室检查、治疗及预后较单纯CAP患者均有区别.     

AIDS并发马红球菌病5例临床分析

目的 总结AIDS并发马红球菌病的临床特点.方法 回顾性分析2008年10月-2010年9月我院收治的5例AIDS并发马红球菌病患者的临床表现、实验室结果、影像学检查、治疗及预后等.结果 患者年龄为32～58(中位数34)岁,发病时为HIV感染的Ⅳ期,CD4+T淋巴细胞计数均较低,其中3例同时出现其他并发症.主要症状为...     

急诊高龄卫生保健相关性肺炎患者的临床特点分析

目的 :探讨急诊高龄卫生保健相关性肺炎(HCAP)患者的临床特征及预后。方法 :对2012年1月至2013年12月急诊病房收治的年龄>80岁的高龄肺部感染患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,比较社区获得性肺炎(CAP)组与HCAP组患者的临床特征、病原学特点及预后。结果:165例高龄肺部感染患者中,HCAP组患者的平均住院天数[(19.9±12.3)d]显著长于CAP组[(14.6±7.4)d](P<0.05),且病死率显著高于后者(22.9%比7.3%,P<0.05)。2组患者症状不典型,有基础疾病者142例(86.1%)。2组患者均存在营养不良。HCAP组患者入院时的肺炎严重度指数(PSI)显著高于CAP组(125.2±27.1比116.8±25.8,P<0.05),PSI评分Ⅴ级的比例也显著高于后者(38.6%比23.2%,P     

Ertapenem therapy for community-acquired pneumonia in the elderly

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of ertapenem, 1 g once a day, with ceftriaxone, 1 g once a day, for treatment of the subgroup of patients aged 65 and older with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requiring parenteral therapy. DESIGN: Combined data from patients aged 65 and older in two randomized, double-blind clinical trials. SETTING: Eighty international centers. PARTICIPANTS: Eight hundred fifty-seven treated patients, of whom 351 were aged 65 and older. INTERVENTIONS: Intravenous or intramuscular ertapenem or ceftriaxone with the option to switch to oral amoxicillin-clavulanate after at least 3 days of parenteral therapy. MEASUREMENTS: Clinical efficacy was assessed at completion of parenteral therapy and 7 to 14 days after all therapy had been completed (test of cure (TOC) assessment). Bacterial eradication was assessed at the TOC visit. Safety was assessed daily during study therapy and for 14 days thereafter. RESULTS: One hundred forty-eight clinically evaluable patients aged 65 and older were treated with ertapenem and 125 with ceftriaxone. Pathogens were identified in 157 (57.5%) patients (the most common being Streptococcus pneumoniae), most of which were penicillin-susceptible. Clinical cure rates were 95.9% for patients in the ertapenem group and 92.7% for patients in the ceftriaxone group at completion of parenteral therapy and 93.9% and 90.4%, respectively, at the TOC assessment. Overall bacterial eradication rates were 92.8% (77 of 83) for patients treated with ertapenem and 93.2% (69 of 74) for those treated with ceftriaxone. The most common drug-related adverse experiences in both treatment groups were diarrhea and mild to moderate elevation of serum aminotransferase levels. CONCLUSION: Ertapenem 1 g once a day was highly effective for treatment of elderly patients with CAP requiring parenteral therapy and was as effective as ceftriaxone. Ertapenem was generally well tolerated, with an overall safety profile similar to ceftriaxone.