基于体素形态学测量评估帕金森病伴抑郁患者脑灰质体积变化及其与抑郁程度的关系

目的 基于体素形态学测量(VBM)方法观察帕金森病伴抑郁(PDD)患者脑灰质异常区域及其分布特征,探讨灰质体积变化与抑郁程度的关系。方法 纳入35例PDD患者(PDD组)、25例帕金森病非抑郁(PDND)患者(PDND组)及31名健康受试者[健康对照(HC)组],采集3D-T1WI脑结构像,并进行神经心理学量表评估;以VBM方法分析3组全脑灰质体积差异及其与汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评分的相关性。结果 PDD组HAMD和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)评分均高于PDND组及HC组(P均＜0.05);PDND组HAMA评分高于HC组(P＜0.05)。相比HC组,PDD组双侧中央沟盖、双侧颞上回、双侧颞中回、双侧中央后回、右侧内侧扣带回和旁扣带回、右侧中央前回、右侧缘上回、右侧补充运动区及左侧丘脑,以及PDND组右侧颞上回、右侧缘上回、右侧前扣带回、右侧内侧扣带回、右侧旁扣带回及右侧中央后回灰质体积均缩小(FWE校正,P均＜0.05);相比PDND组,PDD组右侧额下回眶部、右侧角回、右侧内侧扣带回、右侧旁扣带回及右侧杏仁核灰质体积缩小(FDR校正,P均＜0.05)。PDD组右侧直回、左侧额中回灰质体积与HAMD评分呈负相关(r＝-0.550、-0.615,P均＜0.05)。结论 PDD患者边缘系统-皮质-纹状体-苍白球-丘脑神经环路脑灰质体积萎缩;且右侧直回、左侧额中回灰质体积与其抑郁程度相关。     

神经精神性狼疮患者静息态脑功能网络改变

目的 通过度中心性(DC)和功能连接(FC)观察神经精神性狼疮(NPSLE)患者静息态脑功能网络改变。方法 前瞻性纳入23例NPSLE患者(NPSLE组)及28名健康志愿者(对照组),行静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI),并对NPSLE患者完善简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、运动和认知功能疲劳量表(FSMC)(包括FSMC-M及FSMC-C)、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)(包括HADS-A及HADS-D)评估及实验室检查(C3、C4、IgA、IgM、IgG);比较组间各脑区Fisher-Z变换DC(zDC)差异,以组间zDC存在差异脑区为种子点,分析全脑Fisher-Z变换FC(zFC),评估NPSLE组上述脑区zDC及zFC与神经心理学量表及实验室指标的相关性。结果 相比对照组,NPSLE组左侧距状裂周围皮层、右侧眶内额上回zDC均降低(P_FWE校正均＜0.05),左侧距状裂周围皮层-右侧眶内额上回zFC降低,右侧眶内额上回与右侧内侧额上回、左侧楔前叶、右侧颞下回、左侧顶下缘角回及右侧角回zFC均降低(P_FWE校正均＜0.05)。NPSLE患者左侧距状裂周围皮层-右侧眶内额上回zFC与FSMC-M、FSMC-C均呈负相关(r=-0.493、-0.471,P均＜0.05),右侧眶内额上回-左侧楔前叶zFC与FSMC-M、FSMC-C均呈负相关(r=-0.485、-0.553,P均＜0.05),右侧眶内额上回-左侧顶下缘角回zFC及右侧眶内额上回-右侧角回zFC与IgA均呈负相关(r=-0.460、-0.483,P均＜0.05)。结论 NPSLE患者左侧距状裂周围皮层及右侧眶内额上回DC及多个脑区FC降低。     

精神分裂症患者脑部皮层厚度分析

目的 观察精神分裂症患者脑皮层厚度的变化。方法 对29例精神分裂症患者（研究组）及26名正常人（对照组）应用三维扰相梯度回波（3DSPGR） 序列进行MR扫描,采集脑高分辨力结构图像;利用Freesurfer软件进行图像分割、配准及平滑,建立一般线性模型,以双样本t检验比较研究组和对照组皮层厚度的差异。结果 ①与对照组比较,研究组患者左侧颞中回、中央前回、额上回、额中回皮层变薄,右侧额中回、眶额回、中央后回、额中回上部及中央前回皮层变厚（P均<0.01）;②与对照组皮层厚度残差比较,随年龄变化,研究组左侧颞中回、颞下回、中央前回、额上回、额中回、眶额回、右侧额中回、额下回眶部、中央前回、中央后回及颞中回皮层变薄（P均<0.01）;③与对照组相比,研究组患者随着年龄变化左侧中央后回、右侧额上回皮层的厚度变薄;右侧额下回岛盖部、颞下回及岛叶皮层变厚（P均<0.01）。结论 精神分裂症患者存在额叶及颞叶皮层厚度改变。     

静息态功能MRI观察强迫症患者小脑效应连接改变

目的 静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI)观察强迫症(OCD)患者小脑各亚区与全脑效应连接改变。方法 收集84例临床诊断OCD患者(OCD组)和78名健康志愿者[健康对照(HC)组],以格兰杰因果关系分析(GCA)评估OCD组小脑各亚区与全脑其他脑区间效应连接的改变,分析OCD患者组间差异有统计学意义脑区效应连接变化与耶鲁-布朗强迫症量表(Y-BOCS)评分的相关性。结果 OCD组小脑各亚区至全脑GCA与HC组差异有统计学意义脑区中,左侧小脑半球3区至右侧背外侧额上回、右侧小脑4-5联合区至右侧角回效应连接增强(P均＜0.05),左侧小脑脚1区至左侧小脑4-5联合区、右侧小脑半球3区至左侧小脑半球6区效应连接减弱(P均＜0.05)。OCD组全脑至小脑各亚区与HC组GCA差异有统计学意义脑区中,右侧缘上回至左侧小脑脚1区,左侧额中回、右侧眶部额上回、左侧前扣带回和旁扣带回至右侧小脑脚1区,右侧额中回至右侧小脑脚2区,左侧舌回至左侧小脑半球7b区,右侧眶部额上回至右侧小脑半球7b区、左侧小脑半球9区的效应连接均增强(P均＜0.05);左侧尾状核至右侧小脑脚1区、右侧尾状核至左侧小脑半球7b区效应连接均减弱(P均＜0.05)。OCD患者右侧小脑半球4-5联合区至右侧角回的效应连接(r=0.318,P=0.003)、右侧眶部额上回至右侧小脑半球7b区的效应连接(r=0.327,P=0.002)与Y-BOCS评分均呈正相关。结论 OCD患者与认知活动、执行功能和行为调控等相关小脑亚区与全脑之间的效应连接已发生改变。     

基于静息态功能磁共振成像的肝性脑病患者脑功能网络连接

目的 采用静息态fMRI技术观察肝性脑病(HE)患者双侧苍白与全脑网络连接的改变。方法 收集21例明显HE患者(OHE组)、22例轻微型HE患者(MHE组)及21名健康志愿者(HC组)行静息态fMRI,选择双侧苍白球作为种子点,利用种子体素相关性脑功能网络分析方法对数据进行处理并进行统计学分析。结果 3组间脑网络连接差异的脑区主要位于额叶、颞叶、双侧尾状核及顶叶(P均<0.05)。与HC组比较,OHE组右侧梭状回、右侧枕下回、左侧眶部额上回、右侧额中回等脑区连接减弱,在双侧尾状核、左三角部额下回、左海马旁回等脑区连接增强;MHE组双侧颞中回、左中央前回、左内侧额上回等脑区连接减弱;与MHE组比较,OHE组右梭状回、右侧楔前叶、右侧颞中回、右侧角回连接减弱,右侧颞下回、双侧尾状核连接增强(P均<0.05)。结论 OHE及MHE患者皮层与皮层下区域脑功能网络连接存在异常,HE患者认知功能障碍可能与功能网络连接改变有关。     

基于体素及基于表面积形态测量学方法观察早盲青少年脑皮层形态学改变

目的 基于颅脑MRI,评价以基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)及基于表面积的形态测量学(SBM)方法观察早盲青少年(EBA)脑皮层形态学改变的可行性。方法 选取23例EBA(EBA组)及21名视力正常的青少年志愿者(对照组),采集2组颅脑高分辨率3D-T1WI。以VBM方法分析2组间皮层体积(CV)差异有统计学意义的脑区;采用SBM方法测量皮层厚度(CT)、CV及表面积(SA),比较组间各结构指标的差异。结果 VBM结果显示,EBA组右侧距状沟及左侧额中回CV较对照组显著减小(P均＜0.05)。SBM结果显示,与对照组比较,EBA组左侧距状沟旁、左侧楔叶、左侧颞上回及右侧枕外侧回CT增加(P均＜0.05),而左侧顶上小叶及右侧舌回CT减低(P均＜0.05);双侧距状沟旁、左侧额中回前部CV减小(P均＜0.05);双侧距状沟旁、双侧舌回及左侧楔叶SA减小(P均＜0.05)。结论 EBA可致脑皮层形态学改变;采用SBM和VBM方法均可基于颅脑MRI观察相关改变。     

早发型与晚发型帕金森病多巴胺能神经元和脑葡萄糖代谢变化差异

目的 观察早发型帕金森病(EOPD)与晚发型帕金森病(LOPD)多巴胺神经元和脑葡萄糖代谢变化差异。方法 前瞻性纳入45例EOPD患者(EOPD组)、55例LOPD患者(LOPD组)及93名健康对照(HC)者[HC1组(n=47),HC2组(n=46)],行¹¹C-β-CFT 和¹⁸F-FDG PET显像;观察EOPD组与HC1组、LOPD组与HC2组脑¹¹C-β-CFT标准摄取值比值(SUVR)和¹⁸F-FDG葡萄糖代谢网络模式,以回归分析评估脑区¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR与¹⁸F-FDG葡萄糖代谢的关系。结果 EOPD组与HC1组之间,尾状核、壳核和苍白球¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05);LOPD组与HC2组之间,伏隔核、尾状核、壳核和苍白球¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05)。与HC1组相比,EOPD组双侧尾状核、壳核、苍白球、岛叶、小脑、颞叶、丘脑及额叶葡萄糖代谢明显增高(P均＜0.05);相比HC2组,LOPD组双侧壳核、苍白球、中央旁回、小脑、颞叶及丘脑葡萄糖代谢明显增高(P均<0.05),双侧尾状核和额叶葡萄糖代谢明显减低(P均＜0.05)。尾状核代谢为EOPD组伏隔核¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR减低的影响因素(P＜0.001);尾状核、前额叶、小脑及丘脑代谢均为LOPD组伏隔核¹¹C-β-CFT SUVR减低的影响因素(P均＜0.001)。结论 LOPD患者伏隔核多巴胺神经元受损、尾状核和额叶葡萄糖代谢明显减低,而EOPD患者未见上述表现。     

静息态功能MRI观察脑小血管病患者额顶网络功能连接与认知功能的关系

目的 采用静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI)观察脑小血管病(CSVD)患者额顶网络(FPN)功能连接(FC)与认知功能的关系。方法 回顾性分析50例CSVD认知障碍患者(CI组)、65例CSVD认知正常患者(NC组)和60名健康对照者(HC组)头颅rs-fMRI及神经心理学测试结果;比较3组间及两两FPN FC存在差异的脑区;采用偏相关分析评估CI组与NC组间存在差异脑区FC值与认知评分的相关性。结果 3组双侧扣带回、左侧额中回、右侧缘上回、右侧顶下小叶及右内侧额上回FC存在差异(FWE校正,P均＜0.05)。相比NC组,CI组左侧扣带回FC减弱而右侧额下回及右内侧额上回FC增强(FWE校正,P均＜0.05)。CSVD患者左侧扣带回FC减弱与画钟测验评分呈负相关(r=－0.159,P=0.049)。结论 CSVD患者无论伴或不伴CI均存在广泛FPN FC改变;左侧扣带回与CSVD患者认知功能相关。     

静息态fMRI观察短期正念减压训练对大脑功能网络小世界属性的影响

目的 采用基于图论的复杂网络分析观察短期正念减压训练对大脑功能网络小世界属性的影响。方法 采用自身前后对照设计,纳入16名健康志愿者,对其进行8周正念减压训练,采集训练前后静息态fMRI数据,并对其进行正念五因素量表与积极情绪和消极情绪量表评定。计算复杂网络小世界属性参数,并比较正念减压训练前后的差异。结果 8周正念减压训练后,稀疏度阈值为1%~16%时,受试者全脑局部效率（E_loc）、标准化聚类系数（γ）、小世界值（σ）均下降（P均<0.05）。稀疏度阈值为20%时,双侧扣带回中部、双侧杏仁体、右侧壳核、左侧丘脑的节点全局效率（E_{i_glob}）升高,左侧背外侧额上回、右侧额上回眶部、双侧缘上回E_{i_glob}降低（P均<0.05）;左侧海马、左侧尾状核、右侧丘脑的节点局部效率（E_{i_loc}）升高,右侧扣带回后部、顶下缘角回E_{i_loc}降低（P均<0.05）。E_{i_glob}与正念能力呈负相关的脑区包括右侧额上回眶部、右侧缘上回,呈正相关的脑区有右侧杏仁体、右侧壳核;双侧杏仁体的E_{i_glob}与消极情绪得分呈正相关,左侧丘脑的E_{i_glob}与积极情绪得分呈正相关,右侧顶下缘角回的E_{i_loc}与观察因子、积极情绪得分呈负相关。结论 短期正念减压训练能引起大脑功能网络小世界属性改变,主要涉及皮质-基底核环路,部分脑区节点效率可反映训练后正念能力及情绪状态。     

经典三叉神经痛患者脑局部自发活动的静息态功能MRI

目的 观察经典三叉神经痛（CTN）患者静息状态下脑局部自发活动的改变。方法 对27例CTN患者（CTN组）和27名健康对照者（对照组）行静息态脑功能MRI数据采集,采用局部一致性（ReHo）数据分析方法获得CTN组ReHo差异脑区,并对组间差异脑区ReHo值分别与患者视觉模拟评分（VAS）和病程行相关性分析。结果 与对照组比较（P<0.05,高斯随机场校正）,CTN患者双侧初级感觉运动皮层,右侧辅助运动区、颞下皮层和小脑,左侧丘脑、边缘叶/海马旁回和颞上/中皮层ReHo值增高;双侧前额皮层/眶额皮层和脑岛,右侧额内侧皮层和颞上皮层,左侧前扣带回、缘上回和小脑ReHo值减低。右额内侧皮层ReHo值与病程呈负相关（r=-0.45,P=0.03）;左侧初级感觉运动皮层ReHo值与VAS评分（r=0.46,P=0.02）呈正相关。结论 CTN患者存在疼痛相关功能脑区自发功能活动一致性的异常,有助于对CTN发生机制的理解。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.