未折叠蛋白反应与2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞凋亡

内质网(ER)是细胞内蛋白质合成、折叠的重要场所,对应激极为敏感.多种因素均可导致ER功能发生改变,统称为内质网应激(ERS).ERS可以启动细胞内一系列适应性反应,即未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),以恢复细胞内环境的稳态.但持久和(或)剧烈的ERS将启动细胞凋亡程序.胰岛β细胞具有高度发达的ER,使其对2型糖尿病长期高血糖和游离脂肪酸所致的应激更为敏感.大量的研究表明,作为ERS组成部分之一的UPR在β细胞凋亡中起重要作用.现综述UPR导致2型糖尿病胰岛β细胞凋亡的具体机制.     

内质网应激与神经退行性疾病的关系

<正>内质网(ER)是真核细胞内蛋白质折叠组装、Ca~(2+)动态平衡的重要场所。遗传或环境等因素导致的内质网内稳态失衡将引起内质网应激(ERS),激活一系列应激反应如未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)。未折叠蛋白反应和早期的ERS,是一种自身代偿过程,对细胞起着调节与保护作用,而持续、强烈的ERS可诱导细     

病毒感染引起的内质网应激对不同生物学功能的影响研究进展

内质网(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ER)是蛋白质合成基地,也是蛋白质翻译后修饰、折叠和转运的重要场所。当细胞合成大量蛋白质、受到病毒感染、细胞缺氧、氧化应激等,都会致使未折叠/错误折叠蛋白在ER中大量积累,导致内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress, ERS),激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response, UPR)。近年来,研究人员对病毒感染引起的ERS及其对细胞自噬、凋亡、炎症等生物学功能的影响做了大量研究,取得了突破性的进展。本篇综述旨在对近年来关于病毒感染引起的ERS及其对多种生物学功能影响的研究现状进行总结归纳,从ERS视角为预防及治疗病毒感染性疾病提供新方向和干预措施。     

内质网应激与炎症性肠病

内质网(ER)是细胞内蛋白折叠修饰组装的场所,由于某种原因使错误折叠蛋白质或未折叠蛋白质在ER内聚集导致稳态失衡、生理功能发生紊乱称为内质网应激(ERS)。初期的ERS是一种代偿过程,能避免细胞损伤、恢复细胞功能,而ERS长时间持续或程度过强则会引起细胞凋亡,组织受损。近期研究发现,ERS在炎症性肠病的发生发展中起着重要作用。此文就近期ERS在炎症性肠病中作用的研究作一综述。     

内质网应激在肝脏疾病中的研究进展

内质网应激（ERS）是指由于某种原因使内质网中未折叠或错误折叠的蛋白质聚集导致内质网结构、功能紊乱的病理过程。适度的ERS通过激活未折叠蛋白质反应（UPR）对细胞起保护作用,而强烈或持久的ERS则会诱导细胞凋亡。近年来诸多研究显示EBS是多种肝脏疾病发生、发展过程中的重要环节。本文就ERS在肝脏疾病中的研究进展作一综述。     

分子伴侣氧调节蛋白150在内质网应激相关疾病中的研究进展

<正>多种因素可以影响内质网(ER)的功能,当未折叠蛋白或折叠错误的蛋白在ER腔中积聚时,可触发ER应激(ERS),进而导致ER未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)。氧调节蛋白(ORP)150是ERS重要的标志分子伴侣,且参与许多疾病的病理过程,但确切的作用机制尚不明确。本文综述ORP150在ERS相关疾病中的表达变化可能发挥的作用。1 ERS与ORP150ER是真核细胞内重要的细胞器,主要参与各种跨膜蛋白     

内质网应激介导β细胞凋亡的研究进展

内质网是真核细胞内蛋白质合成加工、Ca~(2+)稳态调节及脂类合成的重要场所。当环境、遗传因素影响内质网正常功能,使未折叠或错误折叠蛋白大量蓄积时,诱导内质网应激(ERS),进而激活未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)。UPR为细胞自身内质网稳态调节的一种自我保护机制,而持续过强的UPR最终导致细胞凋亡的发生。已有研究表明,T2DM中胰岛素分泌缺陷与β细胞凋亡致数量减少密切相关。本文回顾近年相关研究,对人胰岛淀粉样多肽(hIAPP)、糖脂细胞毒性、代谢性炎症、自噬障碍介导ERS反应,最终导致β细胞凋亡的相关机制进行综述。     

内质网应激与缺血性脑损伤

内质网(endoplasmic retieulum,ER)腔内错误折叠与未折叠蛋白聚集将引起内质网应激(endoplasmic reticuhum stress,ERS),可激活未折叠蛋白反应(unfolded protein response,UPR),从而对神经元的存活产生保护作用.然而,过强或持续时间过长的ERS最终会引起细胞凋亡.脑缺血会导致ER功能障碍,对ERS进行干预能减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,从而为缺血性脑血管病的治疗找到新的途径.文章对脑缺血再灌注诱导ERS的研究进展进行了综述.     

内质网应激与炎症性肠病

内质网（ER）是细胞内蛋白折叠修饰组装的场所,由于某种原因使错误折叠蛋白质或未折叠蛋白质在ER内聚集导致稳态失衡、生理功能发生紊乱称为内质网应激（ERS）.初期的ERS是一种代偿过程,能避免细胞损伤、恢复细胞功能,而ERS长时间持续或程度过强则会引起细胞凋亡,组织受损.近期研究发现,ERS在炎症性肠病的发生发展中起着重要作用.此文就近期ERS在炎症性肠病中作用的研究作一综述.     

未折叠蛋白反应与肺部疾病关系的研究进展

正肺与外界直接接触,外界刺激如粉尘、气体、微生物容易导致肺内细胞产生大量错误合成蛋白,此时为保持细胞内蛋白平衡,内质网产生内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)促进错误蛋白进行正确折叠并降解无法折叠的蛋白,短暂的ERS有助于细胞恢复稳态,但是长期和高强度的ERS可以导致肺部许多疾病的发生。未折叠蛋白反应(unfold protein response,UPR)是ERS最主要的反应,主要分     

内质网应激与心血管疾病

内质网(endoplasmic reticulum,ER)是细胞内蛋白质折叠、Ca2+储存和脂质生物合成的重要部位。氧化应激、缺血、Ca2+稳态的失衡都可以引起ER内非折叠蛋白的聚集,通过ER内的分子伴侣激活非折叠蛋白反应（unfolded protein response,UPR)可促进细胞的生存,但是过度ER应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)可以诱导凋亡信号起始,通过线粒体依赖或者非线粒体依赖途径导致细胞死亡。因此,近年来ER被认为是决定细胞生存与凋亡的重要器官。最近研究提示,ERS在多种心血管疾病的病生理机制中起着重要作用,包括心功能不全及缺血性心脏疾病等。对这些疾病分子机制的进一步认识,将有助于开发新的靶向药物并治疗疾病。本文将对ERS和其与心血管疾病的关系进行综述。     

内质网应激与缺血性脑损伤

内质网应激是内质网内未折叠或错误折叠蛋白积聚所致。作为对内质网应激的响应,细胞形成了一条称为未折叠蛋白反应(UPR)的自我保护信号转导通路。然而,如果脑缺血诱导的内质网应激严重且持续时间长,UPR最终会启动细胞凋亡通路,导致神经元死亡。文章对脑缺血再灌注诱导内质网应激和UPR的研究进展做了综述。     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease constitutes a major and increasing health burden in developed countries. Although treatments have progressed, the development of novel treatments for patients with cardiovascular diseases remains a major research goal. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular organelle in which protein folding, calcium homeostasis, and lipid biosynthesis occur. Stimuli such as oxidative stress, ischemic insult, disturbances in calcium homeostasis, and enhanced expression of normal and/or folding-defective proteins lead to the accumulation of unfolded proteins, a condition referred to as ER stress. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) to maintain ER homeostasis. The UPR involves a group of signal transduction pathways that ameliorate the accumulation of unfolded protein by increasing ER-resident chaperones, inhibiting protein translation and accelerating the degradation of unfolded proteins. The UPR is initially an adaptive response but, if unresolved, can lead to apoptotic cell death. Thus, the ER is now recognized as an important organelle in deciding cell life and death. There is compelling evidence that the adaptive and proapoptotic pathways of UPR play fundamental roles in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, ischemic heart diseases, and atherosclerosis. Thus, therapeutic interventions that target molecules of the UPR component and reduce ER stress will be promising strategies to treat cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding UPR signaling in cardiovascular disease and its related therapeutic potential. Future studies may clarify the most promising molecules to be investigated as targets for cardiovascular diseases.     

Endoplasmic reticulum stress and angiogenesis: is there an interaction between them?

When cells are subjected to stress by changes in their extracellular environment, unfolded proteins accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER stress. This initiates the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signal transduction cascade aiming at restoring cellular homeostasis. The UPR and angiogenesis are involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cancer, pulmonary diseases and chronic liver diseases (CLDs) including alcoholic liver disease, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatitis B. This review summarizes the upcoming knowledge of the interaction between the UPR and angiogenesis in physiological angiogenesis and in different CLDs and other diseases.     

Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Cardiometabolic Disorders

When endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is disrupted, an adaptive signaling pathway, called the unfolded protein response (UPR) is activated to help ER cope with the stress. The UPR is an important signal transduction pathway, crucial for the survival and function of all cells. Recently, there has been a substantial progress made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of physiological UPR regulation and its role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including metabolic diseases. Studies using mouse models lacking or overexpressing the factors involved in ER stress signaling as well as work performed on humans have revealed the contribution of UPR to disease progression. This review focuses on the regulation of UPR signaling and its relevance in pathogenesis of metabolic diseases.     

Antioxidants reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and improve protein secretion

Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contributes to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Although oxidative stress can disrupt protein folding, how protein misfolding and oxidative stress impact each other has not been explored. We have analyzed expression of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), the protein deficient in hemophilia A, to elucidate the relationship between protein misfolding and oxidative stress. Newly synthesized FVIII misfolds in the ER lumen, activates the unfolded protein response (UPR), causes oxidative stress, and induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in mice. Strikingly, antioxidant treatment reduces UPR activation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, and increases FVIII secretion in vitro and in vivo. The findings indicate that reactive oxygen species are a signal generated by misfolded protein in the ER that cause UPR activation and cell death. Genetic or chemical intervention to reduce reactive oxygen species improves protein folding and cell survival and may provide an avenue to treat and/or prevent diseases of protein misfolding.     

Respiratory epithelial cell responses to cigarette smoke: The unfolded protein response

Cigarette smoking exposes the respiratory epithelium to highly toxic, reactive oxygen nitrogen species which damage lung proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the cell organelle in which all secreted and membrane proteins are processed. Accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins in the ER, a condition termed ER stress, activates a complex cellular process termed the unfolded protein responses (UPR). The UPR acts to restore cellular protein homeostasis by regulating all aspects of protein metabolism including: protein translation and syntheses; protein folding; and protein degradation. However, activation of the UPR may also induce signaling pathways which induce inflammation and cell apoptosis. This review discusses the role of UPR in the respiratory epithelial cell response to cigarette smoke and the pathogenesis of lung diseases like COPD.