近端胃切除浆肌瓣吻合的历史及现状

随着早期胃上部癌及食管胃结合部腺癌的检出率逐渐增高,近端胃切除术的安全性得到验证,保功能的近端胃切除术逐步得到广泛应用。然而,近端胃切除破坏了食管胃结合部的正常解剖结构,导致患者术后胃食管反流症状较重,严重影响生活质量。在各种抗反流术式中,重建"贲门-阀门"因与正常抗反流原理类似,一直是相关学者探索的热点。经过多年的发...     

腹腔镜近端胃切除术后功能性消化道重建策略

食管胃结合部腺癌发病率逐渐上升, 长径<4 cm的胃上部癌远端淋巴结转移少见, 行近端胃切除术即可满足根治要求。近端胃切除术后反流性食管炎、食物淤滞、吻合口狭窄、营养吸收差, 都是影响患者术后生命质量的重要因素。随着腹腔镜胃癌根治术的不断推广, 腹腔镜下近端胃切除淋巴结清扫术已经标准化, 但是消化道重建方式尚未达成标准共识, 而抗反流成为近年临床关注热点。通过间置空肠达到抗反流效果, 保留或重建抗反流结构的食管残胃吻合, 包括各种抗反流的附加手术, 各有优劣。笔者全面详细介绍各种主流抗反流手术方式及其改良方案, 以期为同道提供参考, 让患者最大化获益。     

腹腔镜食管胃结合部癌手术的解剖学基础与手术入路

食管胃结合部是远端食管与近端胃的交界区，其抗反流屏障由食管下括约肌、胃上括约肌、横膈膜及膈食管韧带和胃食管瓣膜等结构组成。近端胃切除术后，单纯食管残胃吻合病人反流性食管炎的发生率较高，严重影响生活质量。为此，临床上出现了多种抗反流术式，其机制包括重建机械性抗反流屏障、建立抗反流缓冲带、促进胃排空、保留生理抗反流屏障等。由于食管胃结合部的静脉和淋巴管具有头侧与尾侧双向流动的特点，当肿瘤位于贲门周围尚未侵犯食管下段时，主要向腹腔淋巴结转移。而随着肿瘤侵犯食管距离的增加，下纵隔淋巴结的转移发生率显著增加。因此，国内专家共识建议，针对SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌，如果肿瘤侵犯食管长度>2 cm，须行纵隔淋巴结清扫。SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌手术可采用经腹入路、经胸入路以及胸腹联合入路。经胸入路手术便于纵隔淋巴结清扫和下段食管切除，但并发症发生率高；经腹入路手术虽然并发症发生率低，但对于清扫下纵隔淋巴结和确保食管切缘阴性存在劣势。当前，针对SiewertⅡ型食管胃结合部腺癌的全腹腔镜手术还在不断摸索和改进中，总体趋势是将经腹与经胸入路相结合，以期给病人带来真正的生存获益。总之...     

食管胃结合部癌的消化道重建

近端胃大部切除术后食管残胃吻合是常用的术式,但是由于手术破坏了防反流结构,造成残胃内容物反流至食管内导致反流性食管炎。管状胃消化道重建,采取食管残胃前壁吻合及幽门成型可以在残胃残端形成类似胃底结构,防反流作用明显,基本保持了胃的解剖结构,具备食物的贮存与消化功能。间置空肠可以有效防止反流,连续间置空肠具有操作简便、安全可靠等优点。天津医科大学肿瘤医院对1例食管胃结合部腺癌和1例食管胃结合部间质瘤患者实施近端胃切除术,术后分别采取了管状胃食管吻合和连续间置空肠两种消化道重建方式。患者术后恢复顺利,无相关}肖化道并发症发生。     

食管胃结合部腺癌保功能手术的现状和发展

食管胃结合部腺癌是消化系统常见肿瘤,其发生率呈进行性上升。传统经腹食管裂孔路径的食管胃结合部腺癌根治手术多采用全胃切除术。随着早期病人的比例增加,保功能手术观念的发展及更多的研究数据支持,近端胃切除术在早期食管胃结合部腺癌中越来越得到重视。食管胃结合部腺癌的近端胃切除术的两个重要研究方向：一是食管胃结合部腺癌的适应证研究,主要涉及淋巴结转移、切缘要求等;二是消化道重建的术式选择研究,主要基于增加残胃的容受、重建结构屏障或压力屏障、加速胃排空三个基本原理进行重建术式的设计。笔者希望通过对两个研究方向的探讨,为食管胃结合部腺癌保功能手术的发展提供一些方向。     

全腹腔镜食管胃结合部肿瘤切除术后消化道重建方式的争议与共识

全腹腔镜食管胃结合部肿瘤切除术后消化道重建分为全腹腔镜近端胃切除术后消化道重建及全腹腔镜全胃切除术后消化道重建。这两类重建方式又分成不同的术式,其中部分重建方式的功效仍存争议。全胃切除术目前仍是食管胃结合部肿瘤的主要手术方式;近端胃切除术应用较少,但其术后抗反流重建方式的出现有望扩大近端胃切除术的适应证。管形吻合能够获得较高的切缘,适用于各种类型的食管胃结合部肿瘤;直线形吻合的全过程均可在腹腔镜下完成,主要适用于Siewert Ⅲ型食管胃结合部肿瘤。对于全腹腔镜全胃切除术后消化道重建,如何保证食管空肠吻合口的安全,降低吻合口相关并发症发生率是争议的焦点。对于全腹腔镜近端胃切除术后消化道重建,各种重建方式是否具有抗反流功效仍然需要高级别研究证据来证实。在临床实践中,术者须在遵守消化道重建一般原则的基础上,结合病人自身情况,以病人为中心,选择合适的消化道重建方式。     

近端胃癌2种手术方式术后发生反流性食管炎的对比研究

通过对近端胃癌根治术2种不同术式术后发生反流性食管炎的研究,比较全胃切除(不切断缝线结扎Roux-en-Y消化道重建术)较近端胃切除(食管残胃后壁吻合术)对减少反流性食管炎的效果。收集手术治疗的97例近端胃癌患者,其中78例行全胃切除(不切断缝线结扎Roux-en-Y消化道重建术),19例行近端胃切除术(食管残胃后壁吻合术),术后随访1年内反流性食管炎的发生率。术后随访,两组Visick分级差异有统计学意义(P0.05),全胃切除组反流性食管炎发生率为21.8%,显著低于近端胃切除组的63.2%(P0.01)。全胃切除(不切断缝线结扎Roux-en-Y消化道重建术)对减少近端胃癌根治术后反流性食管炎的发生效果更明显。     

近端胃切除与全胃切除对SiewertⅡ～Ⅲ型食管胃结合部癌疗效比较的Meta分析

目的比较近端胃切除术和全胃切除术治疗食管胃结合部癌（SiewertⅡ-Ⅲ型）的疗效。方法检索Cochrane、Medline、Embase、中国期刊全文数据库及万方数据库中1990--2012年间比较近端胃切除术和全胃切除术治疗食管胃结合部癌的临床研究。使用RevMan5．0软件对病死率、并发症发生率及术后营养状况进行Meta分析。结果共10篇文献2481例患者人选研究,其中近端胃切除组862例,全胃切除组1619例。分析显示,近端胃切除组与全胃切除组病死率（鲫=1．00,P=0．99）、并发症发生率（OR=2．14,P=0．12）及术后营养状况（WMD=2．09,P=0．57）的差异均无统计学意义。全胃切除组较近端胃切除组术后吻合口狭窄（OR=5．40,P〈0．01）及反流性食管炎（OR=7．12,P=0．01）的发生率明显降低。结论全胃切除术作为一项安全、有效的手术方式,在降低术后吻合口狭窄及反流性食管炎方面优于近端胃切除术。     

管状胃在食管胃结合部腺癌(Ⅱ型)手术中的应用

目的探讨管状胃在食管胃结合部腺癌(Ⅱ型)手术中的应用价值。方法选择南阳市中医院2014-12—2018-12间收治的48例食管胃结合部腺癌(Ⅱ型)患者,均采用左胸腹联合入路近端胃切除食管-管状胃重建,观察术中情况、术后恢复及并发症发生情况。结果手术时间为(202.92±15.6)5min,术中出血量为(295.62±52.36)mL,清扫淋巴结数量为(18.24±1.17)枚,总胸腔引流量为(855.62±72.53)mL,术后恢复排气时间为(3.01±0.89)d,住院时间为(11.35±2.07)d。发生反流性食管炎、吻合口瘘及吻合口狭窄各1例。结论对食管胃结合部腺癌(Ⅱ型)患者采用左胸腹联合入路近端胃切除食管-管状胃重建,操作简单易行,术后并发症少、患者术后恢复快、住院时间短,有利于提高生活质量。     

全胃切除术治疗贲门下腺癌的临床效果

目的探讨全胃切除术治疗贲门下腺癌的临床效果。方法根据Siewert的分型标准,将83例贲门下腺癌患者随机分为全胃组49例(TG组)和近端胃组34例(PG组)。TG组采用全胃切除术,PG组采用近侧胃大部分切除术,比较两组术后并发症发生率、术后1年营养指标、生存率及生活质量情况。结果 TG组和PG组术后并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后随访两组生活质量、体质量变化、营养状况及术后1年生存率之间差异也无统计学意义,但TG组术后生活质量较高者所占比例较PG组增高,而PG组反流性食管炎及吻合口炎发生率明显高于TG组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论全胃切除术治疗贲门下腺癌不增加围手术期并发症发生率,术后生活质量较高,是SiewertⅢ型食管胃结合部腺癌较好的手术选择。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.