Rapid maxillary expansion versus middle ear tube placement: Comparison of hearing improvements in children with resistance otitis media with effusion

Objective:To test the null hypothesis that there are significant differences in hearing improvements of children with resistance otitis media with effusion (OME) who undergo a rapid maxillary expansion (RME) procedure or ventilation tube placement.Methods:Forty-two children between 4.5 and 15 years old were divided into three groups: RME, ventilation tube, and control groups. The RME group consisted of 15 children with maxillary constriction and resistance OME that indicated ventilation tube placement. The ventilation tube group consisted of 16 children for whom ventilation tube placement was indicated but no maxillary constriction. The control group consisted of 11 children with no orthodontic and/or rhinologic problems. Hearing thresholds were evaluated with three audiometric records: (1) before RME/ventilation tube placement (T0); (2) after RME/ventilation tube placement (T1), and (3) after an observation period of 10 months (T2). The control group was matched to these periods, except T1.Results:Hearing thresholds decreased significantly in both the RME and ventilation tube groups (P < .001). Hearing thresholds decreased approximately 15 and 17 decibels in the RME and ventilation tube groups, respectively, but differences in improvements were insignificant between the two study groups (P > .05). Slight changes were observed in the control groups.Conclusion:The null hypothesis was rejected. RME showed similar effects as ventilation tube placement for release of otitis media and improvement of hearing thresholds levels. RME should be preferred as a first treatment option for children with maxillary constriction and resistance OME.     

Unilateral otitis media with effusion caused by retained surgical gauze as an unintended iatrogenic complication of orthognathic surgery: case report

Inadvertent retention of surgical gauze during an operation can have disastrous consequences for both the patient and the surgeon. Several cases have been reported, particularly after abdominal surgery. However, it has never to our knowledge been reported as a leading cause of dysfunction of the Eustachian tube after orthognathic surgery. We recently encountered a patient in whom it presented with unilateral otitis media with an effusion after orthognathic surgery. All surgeons involved with orthognathic surgery should be aware that remnants of surgical gauze after orthognathic surgery can compromise the Eustachian tube and cause otitis media with an effusion.     

腭裂修复术同期中耳置管治疗渗出性中耳炎

目的:评价腭裂修复同期鼓膜切开中耳置管对腭裂渗出性中耳炎及听力损失的作用。方法:选择在腭裂修复前作声阻抗检查鼓室图为B型、声镫骨肌反射阴性、脑干听觉诱发电位检查V波反应≥30dB的患儿76例,随机分为A、B2组,A组45例在腭裂修复同期中耳置管,B组31例为单纯性腭裂修复,术后2周行鼓室图、脑干听觉诱发电位检查,结果采用t检验和χ2检验。结果:A组手术前与手术后V波反应阈值、听力损失及鼓室图均有显著性差异(P<0.001),B组手术前与手术后V波反应阈值、听力损失及鼓室图均无显著性差异(P>0.05),术前A、B2组间V波反应阈值、听力损失及鼓室图无显著性差异(P>0.05),术后A、B2组间V波反应阈值、听力损失及鼓室图有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论:中耳置管可作为防治腭裂术后渗出性中耳炎及听力损失的常规治疗手段,避免黏连性中耳炎发生,提高患者听力。     

Otitis media with effusion in Nigerian children with cleft palate: incidence and risk factors

Otitis media with effusion is common in children with cleft palate, and the aim of this study was to find out its incidence and risk factors in Nigerians. We prospectively studied 84 patients (42 with cleft palate and 42 control subjects); 27 were male and 15 female, who were age and sex matched with control subjects. The extent and size of the clefts were measured using a dental cast and Vernier calipers, and the otitis media was diagnosed with otoscopy and tympanometry. The mean (SD) age of the groups was 11 (7) months (range 1–33). Twelve children in the cleft group had otitis media compared with three in the control group. Infants and boys were more likely to be affected. There was a significant association between age (p = 0.02), sex (p = 0.01), and size of cleft (p = 0.00). However, only the size of the cleft was confirmed to be an independent predictor, with children who had extremely wide clefts being more likely to develop otitis media than those with narrow clefts (OR = 8.71, 95%CI = 1.07 to 70.5).We conclude that the incidence of otitis media with effusion was higher among children with cleft palate than among those who did not have a cleft. Infants had a higher incidence than older children, and boys had a higher incidence than girls. Age, sex, and the size of the palatal cleft were significantly associated with otitis media, but not the extent of clefting.     

Dentofacial changes from fan-type rapid maxillary expansion vs traditional rapid maxillary expansion in early mixed dentition: A prospective clinical trial

Objective:To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference between the effects of fan-type rapid (FRME) and rapid maxillary expansion (RME) used with an acrylic bonded expansion appliance on dentofacial structures in early occlusal stages.Materials and Methods:This was a prospective clinical trial. The FRME group had an anterior constricted maxillary width with a normal intermolar width, and the RME group had bilateral constricted maxillary width. The FRME group consisted of 20 patients (mean age, 8.96 ± 1.19 years), and the RME group consisted of 22 patients (mean age, 8.69 ± 0.66 years). Lateral and frontal cephalometric radiographs and dental casts were taken before and after expansion and 3 months after completing treatment for each patient. The data were compared using repeated-measures analysis of variance. The paired-samples t-test was used to evaluate treatment and retention effects, and the independent samples t-test was used to consider the differences between the two groups.Results:The maxilla moved downward and forward in both groups. The nasal cavity and maxillary width were expanded more in the RME group, and there were only a few relapses in this group during the retention period. There was significant labial tipping of the upper incisors in the FRME expansion group. The expansion of intercanine width was similar in both groups, but the expansion of intermolar width was significantly greater in the RME group.Conclusion:The null hypothesis was rejected. There was a difference between the effects of FRME and RME used with an acrylic bonded expansion appliance on dentofacial structures in the early occlusal stages.     

Short term effects of rapid maxillary expansion on breathing function assessed with spirometry: A case-control study

BackgroundThe aim of this work is to evaluate changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on breathing function in two groups of patients: mouth breathers and nasal breathers.Materials and methodsTwenty-five oral breather patients (12 male, 13 female, mean age 15.2 ± 1.3), and 25 nasal breather patients (14 male, 11 female, mean age 15.3 ± 1.6) were treated with RME. Breathing function was evaluated by computerized spirometry. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), Tiffenau index (FEV1/ FVC ratio, IT%), forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of vital capacity (FEF 25–75%), and Tidal volume (TV) were assessed. Breathing function analysis was performed before RME and 6 and 12 months after RME during follow-up appointments. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess whether data were normally distributed. As data were not normally distributed, Mann–Whitney U and Friedman tests were used to perform comparisons between treatment groups and within group comparisons, respectively.ResultsOral breathers and nasal breathers showed statistically significant differences in FVC, FEF 25–75%, and TV at T0. They did not present any statistically significant difference in FEV1 and IT% at the same time point.Statistically significant differences were noticed for all indices in the oral breather group after maxillary expansion, while the nasal breather group showed statistically significant differences only in FCV, FEF 25–75%, and TV after treatment.There were no statistically significant differences in all indices 12 months after maxillary expansion between the oral breather and nasal breather groups.ConclusionsRME appeared to improve breathing function in both groups. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of vital capacity (FEF 25–75), and Tidal volume (TV) reached similar values in both groups after treatment with RME.     

渗出性中耳炎听力损失对腭裂患者术后语音的影响

目的分析腭裂患者中耳及听力状况与术后语音效果的关系.方法记录18例腭裂患者术前中耳及听力状况以及术后各自的言语清晰度,将不同言语清晰度组间渗出性中耳炎(+)及渗出性中耳炎(-)病例数进行比较,将患者术前平均语频气导听阈值与术后相应言语清晰度进行线形相关分析.结果腭裂患者平均语频气导听阈值与术后言语清晰度呈负相关关系(r=-0.504,t=-2.349,P=0.032<0.05),而不同言语清晰度组间以声阻抗检查诊断渗出性中耳炎(+)及渗出性中耳炎(-)病例数的差异无显著性.结论腭裂患者的听力状况与腭裂术后语音状况关系密切,是选择腭裂患者伴发渗出性中耳炎合理治疗方案的重要依据.     

上颌快速扩展最佳时机的初步研究

目的:通过患者年龄、牙龄、骨龄,对上颌快速扩展扩弓效应的相关性分析,期望发现应用上颌快速扩展的最佳时机。方法:选择需上颌横向扩展的患者30例,年龄11～14岁,平均12.30岁,进行上颌快速扩展。摄左手腕掌指骨片,扩展矫治前后的上颌前部咬合片、头颅正位定位片。利用SPSS11.0软件包对数据进行t检验、多元线性回归、多元逐步回归分析。结果:年龄相近,扩展效应不一;骨龄与扩展效应具有一定的相关性,偏回归系数为-6.440,P值为0.045;牙龄与扩展效应具有高度相关性,偏回归系数为-1.289,P值为0.000。随着上颌第二恒磨牙的萌出、生长和建牙合,扩展效应明显下降。结论:在上颌第二恒磨牙萌出前进行上颌快速扩展,可在较短的治疗时间内获得所需的骨骼效应。     

Facial soft-tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion analyzed with 3-dimensional stereophotogrammetry: A randomized,controlled clinical trial

Objective:To evaluate three-dimensional (3-D) soft tissue facial changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and to compare these changes with an untreated control group.Materials and Methods:Patients who need RME as a part of their orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into two groups of 17 patients each. Eligibility criteria included having maxillary transverse deficiency with crossbite, and to be in the normal range according to body mass index. In the first group (mean age  =  13.4 ± 1.2 years), expansion was performed. The second group received no treatment initially and served as untreated control (mean age  =  12.8 ± 1.3 years). Skeletal and soft tissue changes were evaluated using posteroanterior cephalograms and 3-D facial images. The primary outcome of this study was to assess the soft tissue changes. The secondary outcomes were evaluation hard tissue and soft tissue relations. Randomization was done with preprepared random number tables. Blinding was applicable for outcome assessment only. MANOVA, t-test, and correlation analyses were used (P  =  .05).Results:In both groups, there was a general trend of increase for the transverse skeletal measurements, but these increases were more limited in the control group. Alar base width was greater in the treatment group (P  =  .002). Pogonion soft tissue point (P  =  .022) was located more posteriorly in the expansion group compared with the control group.Conclusions:Soft tissue changes between groups were similar, except for the alar base, which became wider in the treatment group. Weak correlations were found between the skeletal and soft tissue changes.     

Asymmetric rapid maxillary expansion in true unilateral crossbite malocclusion: A prospective controlled clinical study

Objective:To investigate the short-term effects of the asymmetric rapid maxillary (ARME) appliance on the vertical, sagittal, and transverse planes in patients with true unilateral posterior crossbite.Materials and Methods:Subjects were divided into two groups. The treatment group was comprised of 21 patients with unilateral posterior crossbite (mean age  =  13.3 ± 2.1 years). Members of this group were treated with the ARME appliance. The control group was comprised of 17 patients with Angle Class I who were kept under observation (mean age  =  12.3 ± 0.8 years). Lateral and frontal cephalograms were taken before the expansion (T1), immediately after expansion (T2), and at postexpansion retention (T3) in the treatment group and at preobservation (T1) and postobservation (T2) in the control group. A total of 34 measurements were assessed on cephalograms. For statistical analysis, the Wilcoxon test and analysis of covariance were used.Results:The ARME appliance produced significant increases in nasal, maxillary base, upper arch, and lower arch dimensions (P < .01) and a clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane (P  =  .001).Conclusion:The ARME appliance created asymmetric increments in the transversal dimensions of the nose, maxilla, and upper arch in the short term. Asymmetric expansion therapy for subjects with unilateral maxillary deficiency may provide satisfactory outcomes in adolescents, with the exception of mandibular arch expansion. The triangular pattern of expansion caused clockwise rotation of the mandible and the occlusal plane and produced significant alterations in the vertical facial dimensions, whereas it created no displacement in maxilla in the sagittal plane.     

Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on temporomandibular joints:: A systematic review

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the condylar position, disc joint, joint space, and interarticular relationship in growing patients.Materials and MethodsA systematic search was performed in nine databases. The clinical studies selected included those with pre- and post-magnetic resonance, conventional computed tomography or cone beam tomography in growing patients. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool for controlled clinical studies and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Quality Assessment for Before-After Studies With No Control Group.ResultsInitially, 4303 records were identified. Only eight studies fulfilled the criteria and were included in the qualitative analysis. Of those, two were controlled clinical studies with a risk of uncertain to high bias. The remaining papers had a low to moderate risk of bias. Results showed that RME in children and adolescents promoted the following: remodeling in the head and or condylar branch, changes in condylar position and joint space, maintenance of improved symmetry between the condyles, and no ability to modify the position or shape of the articular disc.ConclusionsRME in growing patients is able, in the short term, to modify the condyle-fossa relationship but does not change the position or shape of the articular disc. The intercondylar symmetric relationship is maintained or improved. Although the NHLBI score shows low to moderate risk of bias, the clinical relevance of these review findings is limited by Cochrane and Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation scores.     

腭裂伴发渗出性中耳炎的研究进展

腭裂患儿常伴发渗出性中耳炎等中耳疾病,间接影响患儿听力及语音发育,其诊治是唇腭裂综合序列治疗中的重要组成部分。该文回顾近年来相关的文章,从临床流行病学发病特点、发病机理及转归、临床表现、治疗方案等方面对腭裂伴发渗出性中耳炎的研究进展做一综述。     

Effects of symmetric and asymmetric rapid maxillary expansion treatments on pharyngeal airway and sinus volume:: A cone-beam computed tomography study

ObjectiveTo evaluate pharyngeal airway and maxillary sinus volumes following symmetric rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and asymmetric rapid maxillary expansion (ARME) treatment using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and MethodsThe study consisted of 60 patients presenting to the orthodontics clinic with an indication that they required symmetric or asymmetric rapid maxillary expansion treatment. Individuals were included if they were aged 12–15 years and had symmetric (RME group; 14 girls, 16 boys) or asymmetric (ARME group; 16 girls, 14 boys) maxillary deficiency. Maxillary sinus volume (mm³) and pharyngeal airway volume (upper, lower, and total; mm³) were evaluated using CBCT records. The parameters were compared before treatment (T1) and after 3 months in retention (T2).ResultsAll measurements at T2 were increased significantly compared with T1 in the RME group (P < .05). In the ARME group, changes in the lower pharyngeal airway and the nonaffected maxillary sinus volumes (non-affected side of maxillary sinus volumes) were not significant; however, the other measurements increased significantly from T1 to T2 (P < .05). Intergroup comparisons revealed that total pharyngeal airway volume and total maxillary sinus volume changes were significantly greater in the RME group.ConclusionsPharyngeal airway and maxillary sinus volumes increased with both RME and ARME treatment. Both were found to be effective for treating transverse maxillary deficiency.     

Effects of face mask treatment with and without rapid maxillary expansion in young adult subjects

Objectives:To investigate the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue effects of the face mask (FM) treatment with and without rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in young adult subjects with maxillary retrognathia.Materials and Methods:Pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs from 32 subjects who had a skeletal Class III malocclusion were analyzed. The subjects were divided into two groups: FM group (N  =  17; 3 male and 14 female subjects; mean [SD] age 14.47 [0.89] years) was treated with FM only, while the RME+FM group (N  =  15; 3 male and 12 female subjects; mean [SD] age 14.67 [1.28] years) was treated with both FM and RME. Ten cephalometric linear and nine angular variables were measured to assess dentofacial changes. Within-group and between-group comparisons were determined by a paired t-test and Student''s t-test, respectively.Results:Forward displacement of the maxilla and a clockwise rotation of the mandible occurred in both groups. The maxillary-mandibular relationship improved and soft tissue changes resulted in a more convex profile. The maxillary incisors were more proclined in the FM group than in the RME+FM group, the only difference between the two groups. Notably, the mandibular incisors moved backward in both groups.Conclusions:Forward movement of the maxilla can be obtained in young adults after face mask treatment. However, there was no difference in this phenomenon between the FM and RME+FM groups.     

上颌快速扩弓后上气道容积变化的Meta分析

目的:采用Meta分析的方法根据现有临床证据系统评价上颌快速扩弓后上气道容积的变化情况.方法:检索中英文电子数据库中有关上颌快速扩弓与上气道容积变化方面的所有文献.按照相关性、是否符合纳入标准等对文献进行筛选.将数据输入RevMan 5.3进行分析.结果:最后纳入11 篇文献,Meta分析结果显示鼻咽容积变化为+0.62 cm3(P=0.000 2),腭咽容积变化为+0.62 cm3(P=0.02),舌咽变化为+0.39 cm3(P=0.11),口咽总体积变化+0.40 cm3(P=0.27).结论:现有临床证据表明,上颌快速扩弓对上气道容积的影响主要在鼻咽、腭咽部位,对舌咽及口咽总容积无明显影响.     

上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后骨性Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者上气道变化的meta分析

目的 系统评价上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后骨性Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者上气道的变化情况。方法 计算机检索 PubMed、Cochrane Library、Embase、CNKI、CBM、维普及万方数据库等中英文数据库中所有关于上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后骨性Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者上气道变化方面的文献,检索时限均为建库至 2018年 3 月1日。由 2 名研究者根据纳入与排除标准筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3 软件进行 meta 分析。结果 最后纳入 12 篇文献,Meta 分析结果显示,上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引后,鼻咽容积[MD=0.89 cm³,95%CI(0.36 cm³,1.42 cm³),P=0.001]显著大于治疗前,口咽容积[MD=0.44 cm³,95%CI(-0.01 cm³,0.89 cm³),P=0.05]、喉咽容积[MD=0.37 cm³,95%CI（-1.31 cm³,1.76 cm³）,P=0.61]较治疗前差异无统计学意义。上气道上部变化PNS-ad1[MD=2.11 mm,95%CI（1.87 mm,3.94 mm）,P<0.00001]、 PNS-ad2[MD=2.91mm,95%CI(1.87 mm,3.94 mm),P<0.00001]显著大于治疗前,上气道下部MPS[MD=0.47 mm,95%CI(-0.89 mm,1.87 mm),P=0.5]、IPS[MD=0.42 mm,95%CI(-0.90 mm,1.75 mm,P=0.53)]较治疗前差异无统计学意义。结论 上颌快速扩弓联合前方牵引可以增加安氏Ⅲ类伴上颌骨发育不足患者鼻咽部容积及矢状径,可通过扩大气道间隙,降低上颌骨发育不足患者发生阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征的风险。     

Long-term evaluation of rapid maxillary expansion and bite-block therapy in open bite growing subjects: A controlled clinical study

Objective:To evaluate the long-term effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and posterior bite block (BB) in prepubertal subjects with dentoskeletal open bite.Materials and Methods:The treatment group (TG) comprised 16 subjects (14 girls, 2 boys) with dentoskeletal open bite with a mean age of 8.1 ± 1.1 years treated with RME and BB. Three consecutive lateral cephalograms were available before treatment (T1), at the end of the active treatment with the RME and BB (T2), and at a follow-up observation at least 4 years after the completion of treatment (T3). The TG was compared with a control group (CG) of 16 subjects (14 girls, 2 boys) matched for sex, age, and vertical skeletal pattern. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the T1 to T3, T1 to T2, and T2 to T3 cephalometric changes between the TG and the CG.Results:In the long term, the TG showed a significantly greater increase in overbite (+1.8 mm), reduced extrusion of maxillary and mandibular molars (−3.3 mm), and, consequently, a significant decrease in facial divergence (−2.8°) when compared with untreated subjects.Conclusions:The RME and BB protocol led to successful and stable recovery of positive overbite in 100% of the patients considered. Correction of open bite was associated with reduced extrusion of maxillary and mandibular molars with a significant improvement in vertical skeletal relationships when compared with the CG.     

Short-term skeletal and dental changes following bone-borne versus tooth-borne surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion: A randomized clinical trial study

AimTo evaluate and compare the short-term (post-retention) skeletal and dental changes following bone-borne and tooth-borne surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).Subjects and methodsIn this randomized clinical study, 30 patients with transverse maxillary deficiency underwent either tooth-borne (n = 15) or bone-borne (n = 15) SARME. Before treatment and immediately after the consolidation period, CBCT was obtained and the nasal floor width, interdental root distance, palatal bone width and interdental cusp distance were measured at first premolar and first molar regions of maxilla.ResultsTwenty eight patients completed the study protocol. In both tooth-borne (n = 13) and bone-borne (n = 15) groups the highest degree of expansion occurred in the dental arch, followed by palatal bone, and nasal floor (V-shaped widening in coronal dimension). The amount and pattern of expansion was comparable between anterior and posterior maxillary regions in each group (parallel posteroanterior expansion) and between the two groups.ConclusionDental and skeletal effects of tooth-borne and bone-borne devices were comparable. The overall complication rate was negligible. Selection of an expansion device should be based on each individual patient's requirements. Future long-term clinical trial studies to evaluate the stability and relapse of these two techniques are recommended.