双鱼薄膜衣片成型工艺研究

【摘要】 目的 研究确定双鱼薄膜衣片的成型工艺。方法：以压片前颗粒的性状、休止角、引湿性变化以及压片后片面光洁度、素片硬度,崩解时限作为指标,考察筛选适合的辅料及其比例,并得到稳定的成型工艺。结果 研究确定的成型工艺为：浸膏粉:淀粉比例为2:1,以88%乙醇作为润湿剂进行湿法制粒,50℃干燥,整粒;加入1%硬脂酸镁、8%微晶纤维素混匀,压片;70%乙醇作为溶剂,配制浓度为10%的包衣液,包薄膜衣即得。结论 研究所得成型工艺稳定,且在该工艺下制得的成品外观及相关检查符合《中国药典》2010年版一部附录片剂通则的要求,指标含量均符合产品质量标准,适于工业化生产。     

正交试验优选酮通颗粒成型工艺

目的:优选酮通颗粒的成型工艺。方法:先以吸湿百分率为指标考察辅料的类别及其比例;再采用正交试验,以成型率和吸湿百分率为指标,以提取物与辅料的比例、乙醇浓度、乙醇用量为考察因素,优选成型工艺。结果:以乳糖:糊精=3:2为最佳辅料配比;最佳成型工艺为提取物与辅料按1:2的比例混匀,以70%乙醇为润湿剂制软材,乙醇用量为12%(mL·g~(-1))。成品颗粒的流动性好,临界相对湿度约为70%。结论:该成型工艺可行、稳定合理、重现性较好,可为工业化生产提供理论依据。     

虎杖解毒无糖颗粒成型工艺的优选研究

目的：优选虎杖解毒无糖颗粒的成型工艺。方法：通过单因素实验,以颗粒的成型率、溶化性、吸湿率和流动性为评价指标,确定辅料种类;采用星点设计-效应面法和总评归一值法,优选虎杖解毒无糖颗粒的辅料总量、混合辅料的比例以及润湿剂乙醇的体积分数,并验证优化结果是否可靠。结果：最佳成型工艺条件为稠膏-辅料用量比（0.41∶1）,糊精-乳糖（2.79∶1）,润湿剂为60.9%乙醇;工艺试验验证结果与二项式拟合方程预测结果的偏差小于5%。结论：优选的成型工艺稳定可靠,实验方法简单直观,制得颗粒成型性、溶化性、抗湿性、流动性俱佳,为生产提供科学依据。     

Box-Behnken效应面法优化胃爽颗粒剂成型工艺

目的优化胃爽颗粒剂的成型工艺。方法以糊精/浸膏比例（X1）、乙醇浓度（X2）、剪切制软材时间（X3）和流化床进口干燥空气温度（X4）为考察对象,以合格颗粒收率（Y1/%）、溶化时间（Y2/min）及吸湿性（Y3/%）作为评价指标,利用4因素3水平Box-Behnken效应面法优化胃爽颗粒剂成型工艺。结果最佳成型工艺：糊精/浸膏比例为3.0,乙醇浓度为77.2%,剪切制软材时间为36.3 min,流化床进口干燥空气温度为98.4℃。结论通过Box-Behnken效应面法可以用于胃爽颗粒剂的成型工艺的优化,制得颗粒剂各项指标符合规定。     

抗骨增生片制备工艺优化研究

目的对抗骨增生片的制备工艺进行优化。方法以干浸膏得率和提取物中淫羊藿苷含量作为考核指标,通过L9(34)正交试验法确定抗骨增生片的水煎煮提取工艺。通过选择黏合剂、润滑剂等确定抗骨增生片的成型工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为取药材加水煎煮2次,第1次加10倍量的水煎煮3 h,第2次加8倍量的水煎煮2 h。最佳成型工艺为取干膏粉碎成细粉,加微粉硅胶,混匀,用75%乙醇制软材,18目筛制粒,60℃干燥,整粒,加入硬脂酸镁,混匀,压片,包薄膜衣。结论优化出的提取工艺和成型工艺方法合理、可行,生产的产品质量合格、稳定。     

白花香莲解毒颗粒制备工艺研究

目的 优选出白花香莲解毒颗粒的最佳制备工艺。方法 以方中主药白花蛇舌草的特异性成分去乙酰车叶草酸甲酯及出膏率为考察指标，采用正交试验方法，优选出白花香莲解毒颗粒的最佳提取工艺。以成型率、溶化性、流动性等多项指标，对辅料、用量、工艺等条件进行考察，确定处方的成型工艺。结果 白花香莲解毒颗粒的最佳提取工艺为加10倍量水，提取2次，每次1.5 h；成型工艺为按稠膏：糊精=1：2比例加入糊精，以糊精稠膏混合物0.25%的阿司帕坦和0.25%甜菊素作为矫味剂，再加入45%乙醇作为润湿剂，混匀，过14目筛制粒，80℃鼓风干燥，整粒，即得。结论 优选出的提取工艺和成型工艺稳定可行，可为白花香莲解毒颗粒的制备与生产提供参考。     

养血当归片防潮成型工艺的研究

目的建立浸膏粉吸湿过程的数学模型,考察养血当归片防潮成型工艺,改善其吸湿性。方法选取养血当归片为实验对象,以吸湿特性参数和成型工艺参数为指标,筛选防潮辅料及成型工艺。结果最佳防潮成型工艺:以9%乳糖,3%的微粉硅胶为填充剂,75%乙醇为润湿剂,0.5%的硬脂酸镁作为润滑剂湿法制粒压片,所制颗粒的CRH为69%。结论该工艺防潮成型效果较好,可有效的降低浸膏粉的吸湿性。     

阿司匹林片成型工艺研究

目的优选阿司匹林片的成型工艺条件。方法采用单因素实验设计,以片剂外观、硬度和崩解时间等为考察指标,对成型工艺进行优选。结果确定最佳成型工艺为:阿司匹林0.1 g,钠基膨润土0.25 g和枸橼酸0.001 g,混匀后用乙醇制软材,20目筛制粒,50℃干燥,加入质量分数0.4%微粉硅胶,压片。结论优选得到的工艺稳定可行。     

连翘叶速溶保健茶成型工艺优选

摘 要 目的：确定连翘叶速溶保健茶的最佳成型工艺条件。方法: 以溶化性、外观、成型性为评价指标,采用单因素试验考察不同辅料与干膏粉的比例和润湿剂浓度对指标的影响,以水分为考察指标,确定干燥时间,优化最终成型工艺。结果: 最佳成型工艺：连翘叶干膏粉与乳糖的比例为1〖KG*9〗∶〖KG-*2〗1.5,混合均匀,80%乙醇为润湿剂,湿法制粒,60℃干燥1.5 h,整粒,即得。结论: 连翘叶速溶保健茶的成型工艺可行、合理,为连翘叶的综合开发利用提供参考。     

复方牛蒡子含片的成型工艺

目的:研究复方牛蒡子含片的成型工艺。方法:以颗粒的合格率作为指标,研究不同比例辅料、乙醇体积分数和用量对制粒工艺的影响;以口感为指标考察矫味剂的种类与用量;筛选不同硬脂酸镁用量对颗粒剂流动性的影响。结果:处方比例为浸膏粉∶糖粉∶糊精=3∶5∶2,柠檬酸0.5%、安赛蜜0.5%、薄荷脑0.1%;制粒工艺为:将药粉混合物中加入其质量0.3倍的80%乙醇制软材,过12目筛,颗粒于50～60℃鼓风干燥;压片时加入硬脂酸镁1.0%为助流剂。结论:制得含片硬度适宜、质量差异较小、外观光洁、口感较好,该成型工艺合理、可行。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.