自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输对骨科手术患者凝血功能的影响作用

目的观察术前自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输对骨科手术患者凝血功能的影响作用。方法60例骨科择期手术患者（预计出血量〉1000ml,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级）,随机分为3组,每组20例患者。Ⅰ组采用术前自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输,Ⅱ组采用单纯术中自体血回输,Ⅲ组不进行任何血液保护措施。各组分别于麻醉前、血小板分离后10min、保存的血小板或自体血回输前10min、回输后10min、术后24h、术后48h检测相应时点的血红蛋白水平、凝血功能、血小板水平和聚集功能、术中术后出血量及异体输血情况。结果三组的一般资料、术中出血量、术中术后的血红蛋白水平比较未见明显差异。与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组术后24h和术后48h的血小板水平和聚集功能明显降低（P〈0．05）,术后出血量及异体输血率则明显增高（P〈0．01）。结论术前自体血小板分离联合术中自体血回输可明显改善骨科手术患者的凝血功能,并有效降低术后出血量和异体血的输注。     

Autologous transfusion in scoliosis operations: preoperative autologous blood donations and intraoperative mechanical autotransfusion

Autologous transfusion was used to reduce the high demand for blood accompanied with scoliosis surgery. Half of the blood loss could be saved by intraoperative autotransfusion (35 patients). This resulted in a corresponding reduction in homologous transfusion. An elimination of the need for homologous blood could be achieved only by the combination of preoperative blood donation and intraoperative autotransfusion (37 patients). With freezing the predeposit blood was independent of storage time and autologous plasma was available. Thus, the risks of transfusion can be avoided.     

Minimizing blood transfusions during abdominal aortic surgery: recent advances in rapid autotransfusion

The purpose of this study was to determine what percentage of patients could avoid the transfusion of any homologous bank blood products during elective abdominal aortic surgery with a recently developed semicontinuous, rapid autotransfusion device. Fifty patients (26 with abdominal aortic aneurysms and 24 with aortic occlusive disease) prospectively received intraoperative autologous transfusion (group 1) and were matched for comparison with 50 patients receiving homologous blood without use of any autotransfusion equipment (group 2). For the entire perioperative period, 34 group 1 patients (68%) received only their own autotransfused blood and no other homologous blood components compared with group 2 in which 48 patients (96%) required some bank blood (p less than 0.0001). Rapid autotransfusion reduced usage of homologous red cell transfusion by 75%. The mean postoperative hemoglobin was similar in both groups (group 1, 11.91 gm/dl vs. group 2, 11.90 gm/dl, p = 0.73). Rapid autotransfusion was not associated with significant hemolysis, air embolism, or coagulopathy and did not increase morbidity or death. By eliminating the need for any bank blood components in most patients, rapid autotransfusion minimizes the risk of blood-borne diseases and transfusion reactions. New rapid autotransfusion devices offer a distinct advantage over past equipment and allow significant changes in current transfusion practices during elective abdominal aortic reconstructions.     

The efficacy of intraoperative autologous transfusion in major shoulder surgery

Perioperative blood loss associated with 36 cases of major shoulder surgery in which an intraoperative autologous transfusion device was used was compared with a control group of 36 shoulder surgery patients to determine the effectiveness of intraoperative autologous transfusion (IAT). Total blood loss in this retrospective review was evaluated by assessing the volume of transfused banked blood and the change in hematocrit. All surgical cases were performed by the same surgeon. The procedures considered in the study were humeral head and total shoulder replacement. Use of an intraoperative autotransfusion device was associated with fewer units of transfused banked blood and similar or smaller drops in hematocrit. While shoulder surgery can involve substantial blood loss, the authors recommend intraoperative autologous transfusion for revision of failed shoulder surgery, arthrodesis, joint replacement, or repairs of massive cuff tears when mobilization and tendon transfers are anticipated. The risk of disease transmission through banked blood, especially of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis viruses, has increased the need for a heightened awareness and use of alternative blood sources such as IAT.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of an autotransfusion program in primary knee and hip replacement surgery

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a program for autotransfusion in patients undergoing primary prosthetic surgery of the knee and hip (cemented and non-cemented). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A case-control comparison. Retrospective group: review of case histories of patients undergoing surgery in 1993, screened to identify the subpopulation that would be candidates for a program of autotransfusion and to evaluate the blood transfusion policy. Prospective group: patients undergoing surgery between 1995 and 1996 who participated in an autotransfusion program. We studied the following variables in both groups: prevalence of exposure to homologous blood and the amount, perioperative course of hemoglobin/hematocrit, and mean cost of the blood treatment given. In the prospective group we examined agreement between autologous blood extracted before surgery and later reinfused. RESULTS: The prevalence of exposure to homologous blood fell significantly from the retrospective to the prospective phases as follows: knee surgery 43.8% to 11.6%, cemented hip replacement 75% to 17.4%, non-cemented hip replacement 73.5% to 15.2%. The amount of packed red cells from homologous blood also fell: knee surgery 0.9 +/- 1.1 units to 0.2 +/- 0.5 units, cemented hip replacement 1.4 +/- 1 to 0.3 +/- 0.6 units, non-cemented hip surgery 1.8 +/- 1.3 to 0.3 +/- 0.7 units. The most commonly used techniques were preoperative donation and postoperative blood salvage from drains. The mean direct costs of hemotherapy in the prospective phase (homologous + autologous) were greater than in the retrospective phase, with the highest costs incurred in cases using autotransfusion (preoperative donation + blood salvage). The least differences in cost were seen in preoperative donation, which was also associated with the lowest rate of reinfusion in knee surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The autotransfusion program described is effective for lowering and even preventing exposure to homologous blood. The efficacy of the program is adequate, though it could be improved. The costs related to autologous hemotherapy are greater when combined autotransfusion techniques are used. When only one technique is used, the best cost-benefit ratio comes with preoperative donation.     

Blood conservation for myocardial revascularization. Is it cost effective?

A total of 284 patients undergoing myocardial revascularization were prospectively studied to determine if the use of intraoperative autotransfusion or intraoperative autotransfusion plus postoperative reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood decreased transfusion requirements and the use of one or both techniques was cost effective. The Haemonetics Cell Saver System was used for intraoperative autotransfusion and the Sorenson Receptaseal autotransfusion system for postoperative reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood. During Phase 1, the Cell Saver System was used for 57 patients and 93 patients served as a control group. During Phase 2, the Cell Saver System plus the autotransfusion system were used in 43 patients and 91 patients were in the control group. Separate parallel analyses to compare the blood conservation groups to control groups were conducted for each phase of the study. The patient groups were comparable with regard to age, sex, preoperative red cell mass, preoperative hematocrit value, number of bypasses, and use of internal mammary grafts. Blood conservation techniques resulted in significant reductions in the use of bank blood. During Phase 1, Cell Saver System patients received an average of 2.8 units of packed cells versus 4.7 units for control patients. Transfusion was avoided entirely in 14% of Cell Saver System patients compared to 3% of control patients. During Phase 2, patients subjected to both the Cell Saver System and the autotransfusion system received an average of 1 unit of packed red cells versus 3 units for control patients. Transfusion was required in only 42% of patients subjected to both the Cell Saver System and the autotransfusion system compared to 85% of control patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis confirmed that the use of the Cell Saver System in Phase 1 and the Cell Saver System and autotransfusion system in Phase 2 were each independently predictive of decreased transfusion requirements. The total "blood-related costs" (including cost for all bank blood products plus Receptaseal and Cell Saver System equipment) was slightly lower for the blood conservation patients in both Phase 1 ($555.00 versus $615.00, no significant difference) and Phase 2 ($373.00 versus $426.00, no significant difference). Intraoperative use of the Cell Saver System is associated with substantial savings of bank blood, and the addition of postoperative reinfusion of shed mediastinal blood results in further bank blood savings. The use of blood conservation techniques is cost effective; that is, the costs incurred for the blood conservation equipment are more than offset by the resultant dollar savings for blood products.     

Postoperative autotransfusion in primary knee replacement surgery

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of postoperative autologous transfusion to reduce homologous blood transfusion needs in primary knee replacement surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out in 33 consecutive patients with diagnoses of arthrosis scheduled for primary knee replacement surgery with postoperative autotransfusion using a CBCII Constavac-Stryker (Stryker Instruments, Michigan, USA) recovery system from June through October 2002. We analyzed patient age, sex, preoperative and postoperative (24 hours) hemoglobin and hematocrit values, autologous blood reinfused and homologous blood transfusion incidence rate (if hematocrit was below 25%). RESULTS: Of the 33 patients receiving postoperative autotransfusion, one also needed homologous blood transfusion (3%). The mean volume of filtered whole blood reinfused was 538.63+/-261.23 mL, 1100 mL being the largest volume reinfused. We observed no complications related to use of autotransfusion devices during the perioperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative autotransfusion as the only blood salvage technique in primary knee prosthesis surgery nearly eliminates homologous transfusion needs. In addition, it is a safe, simple procedure and has replaced our hospital's preoperative autologous transfusion procedure.     

Autotransfusion in hepatic transplantation

Hepatic transplantation is often accompanied by a large volume of intraoperative blood loss which may place extraordinary transfusion demands on a community blood bank. In an effort to conserve blood bank resources, intraoperative autotransfusion has recently been used in our adult patients undergoing orthotopic hepatic transplantation. A group of seven patients receiving autotransfusion was studied and compared to another group of five patients who did not receive autotransfusion. In spite of receiving more blood during the transplant procedure, the autotransfusion group required a mean of 7.9 units less banked blood. Post-transplant transfusion requirements and bleeding complications were similar in both groups. Hematocrit and total bilirubin were not adversely affected, while transient elevation of BUN and serum creatinine appeared to be unrelated to the salvage process. This procedure was found to be safe and cost-effective, while conserving blood bank resources.     

Benefit from combining blood conservation measures in cardiac operations

Conventional blood conservation techniques have been insufficient to decrease transfusion needs in increasingly complex cardiac operations. To evaluate combinations of conservation techniques, 300 patients were divided into three equal groups. Group 1 had intraoperative autotransfusion and return of mediastinal drainage for 4 hours postoperatively. Group 2 had these measures plus intraoperative plasmapheresis. These two groups were given a transfusion for a hematocrit of less than 0.21 on cardiopulmonary bypass. Group 3 was treated with the same measures as group 2 but did not receive transfusions while on pump unless the hematocrit decreased to less than 0.15. The percentage of patients in each group given transfusions in the operating room was 34% in group 1, 28% in group 2, and 7% in group 3 (p less than 0.05). The percentage of all patients receiving transfusions during hospitalization was 68% in group 1, 36% in group 2 (p less than 0.05), and 18% in group 3 (p less than 0.05). Average total units transfused were 2.16 +/- 0.25 in group 1, 0.7 +/- 0.15 in group 2 (p less than 0.05), and 0.37 +/- 0.07 in group 3 (p less than 0.05). The perioperative morbidity rates including myocardial infarctions and strokes were similar. There were no deaths in group 3. Combining complementary conservation measures is effective in reducing homologous blood transfusions, and the need for transfusion can be safely reduced by allowing profound hemodilution during bypass.     

Use of predeposit autologous blood and intraoperative autotransfusion in urologic cancer surgery.

A total of 20 patients underwent major urologic cancer surgery with the combined use of predeposit autologous blood and intraoperative autotransfusion with the Haemonetics Cell Saver. The estimated blood loss ranged from 400 to 2,000 mL (mean 1,208 mL). Total transfusion requirements for the 20 patients were 85.5 units of which 82.5 (96%) were autologous. Predeposit autologous blood accounted for 53 percent, intraoperative autotransfusion blood 43 percent, and homologous blood 4 percent of the total transfusion requirements. Of the 20 patients in the study, only 1 received homologous blood. There were no complications related to either modality of autotransfusion. Our data suggest that using the combined modalities of predeposit autologous blood donation and intraoperative autotransfusion, major urologic cancer surgery can be performed without homologous blood in most cases.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion. Experience in 725 consecutive cases

Autologous intraoperative transfusion employing the Haemonetics Cell Saver is reported in 725 patients from a general hospital population, of which 75% were cardiovascular patients. The remaining cases included various orthopedic procedures, splenectomy, craniotomy, ectopic pregnancies, Caesarian sections, and exploratory laparotomy. On occasion, this method was utilized in trauma and in pediatric surgery. The product of washed red blood cells gave an average yield of 573 cc per case with an average hematocrit of 55 cc/dl available for autologous infusion. In 100 consecutive open heart procedures operated prior to the Cell Saver period, an average of 1.97 units of bank blood was utilized during operation, as compared with 0.75 units in 100 consecutive cases studied employing the Cell Saver (p less than 0.0001). Homologous blood utilization during cardiac surgery declined more than 50% with the use of the Cell Saver. Quality control was monitored scrupulously and included special precautions against air embolism, abnormal coagulation, and sepsis. The overall mortality rate was 2.8%, and in no instance was mortality or morbidity ascribable to the autologous transfusion. Numerous advantages offered by autotransfusion include prevention of sensitization of the recipient to various antigens in donor erythrocytes, leucocytes, platelets, and plasma, and avoidance of transfusion-transmitted diseases, especially viral hepatitis. Additionally, autologous blood, the only perfectly compatible product, provided immediate availability while conserving blood bank resources. In circumstances in which the intraoperative blood loss exceeded 1000 cc in the adult, its use was observed to be cost-effective. In the present study, autotransfusion proved safe, efficient, and in some instances life saving.     

Intraoperative autologous transfusion in children undergoing spinal surgery

An intraoperative autologous transfusion program was used in conjunction with preoperative phlebotomy in 25 children undergoing elective spinal surgery. Operative red blood cells, 10,000 ml, with an average hematocrit of 55%, as well as 7,300 ml of preoperative phlebotomy blood were returned to the patients. No complications were noted. The complete blood count on discharge was satisfactory, and the clotting parameters were unchanged. The results of this study show that intraoperative autologous transfusion with preoperative phlebotomy is safe, easy to perform, and cost-effective in children undergoing elective spinal surgery. The risks of homologous blood transfusions were eliminated.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion in major vascular surgery.

The use of intraoperative autotransfusion provides a safe and cost-effective means of salvaging operative blood loss and reducing or eliminating the use of stored homologous bank blood with its inherent difficulties and risks. The risk of disease transmission or various reactions is minimized. Autotransfusion provides a readily available, more physiologic, and at times life-saving source of blood for patients with rare blood types or patients in whom time does not permit adequate cross-matching. This technique is acceptable to most sects of Jehovah's Witnesses, who normally refuse homologous blood. Our experience during the past six years with autotransfusion in major vascular surgery reveals a mean slavage equivalent to five units of blood loss, and avoidance of using any bank blood in almost half of elective patients. No significant problems occurred due to hemolysis, coagulation abnormalities, or particulate/air emboli, nor any morbidity or mortality specifically related to autotransfusion. We conclude that wider and more frequent use of autotransfusion technics is appropriate.     

Safety and efficacy of perioperative cell salvage and autotransfusion after coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized trial

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to ascertain whether cell salvage and autotransfusion after first time elective coronary artery bypass grafting is associated with a significant reduction in the use of homologous blood, a clinically significant derangement of postoperative clotting profiles, or an increased risk of postoperative bleeding. METHODS: Patients were randomized to autotransfusion (n = 98) receiving autotransfused washed blood from intraoperative cell salvage and postoperative mediastinal fluid cell salvage after coronary artery bypass surgery or control (n = 102) receiving stored homologous blood only after coronary artery bypass surgery. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference between the groups in terms of demographics, comorbidity, risk stratification, or operative details. Mean volume of blood autotransfused was 367 +/- 113 mL. Patients in the autotransfusion group were significantly less likely to receive a homologous blood transfusion compared with controls (odds ratio 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22-0.71) and received significantly fewer units of blood per patient compared with controls (0.43 +/- 1.5 vs 0.90 +/- 2.0 U, p = 0.02). There was no difference between the groups in terms of postoperative blood loss, fluid requirements, blood product requirements, or in the incidence of adverse clinical events (p = NS chi(2)). Autotransfusion did not produce any significant derangement of thromboelastograph values or laboratory measures of clotting pathway function (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, and fibrinogen D-dimer levels) when compared with the effect of homologous blood transfusion (p = NS, repeated measures analysis of variance [MANOVA]). CONCLUSIONS: Autotransfusion is a safe and effective method of reducing the use of homologous bank blood after routine first time coronary artery bypass grafting.     

Use of autologous blood in total hip replacement. A comprehensive program

We evaluated the effectiveness of a comprehensive program for the use of autologous blood in reduction of the need for transfusion of homologous blood in total hip replacement in a prospective study of a consecutive series of patients. Transfusion of homologous blood was minimized through transfusion of preoperatively deposited autologous blood, intraoperative and postoperative salvage of washed red blood cells, and use of the clinical condition of the patient as the sole criterion for transfusion of non-autologous blood, regardless of the hematocrit. The cases of 143 patients who had had 154 primary total hip replacements were studied. One hundred and forty-three procedures were done on patients who had not been prevented from donating blood for medical reasons, and 93 per cent of these 143 procedures were performed with the availability of one to five units of preoperatively deposited autologous blood. The patients predeposited an average of 2.6 units of blood for each procedure. Ninety-two per cent of the procedures for which autologous blood had been predeposited were performed without transfusion of homologous blood. In the entire group of patients, almost 90 per cent of the transfused blood was autologous blood. Intraoperative salvage of red blood cells was successful in 148 procedures, and salvage was continued in the recovery room for all of these patients. An average of 408 milliliters of red blood cells was saved and reinfused, and this was 28 per cent of the average total loss of blood (1435 milliliters) for this series of procedures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Transfusion of previously deposited autologous blood for patients undergoing hip-replacement surgery

The efficacy of a program of transfusion of previously deposited autologous blood for patients undergoing total hip-replacement surgery was studied by comparing five different parameters for a group of fifty consecutive patients who deposited blood for autologous transfusion and a randomly chosen, closely matched control group of fifty patients who received only homologous blood. Sixty-two per cent of the patients in the group that deposited autologous blood did not receive additional homologous blood while in the hospital. The patients who deposited autologous blood had a mean preoperative hematocrit of 36 per cent, compared with 39 per cent for the control group, but the average postoperative hematocrits of the two groups did not differ (33 per cent). There was no significant difference in the average total loss of blood or need for replacement of blood between the groups. Transfusion-related complications developed in two patients in the control group. We concluded that previous deposit of autologous blood for transfusion is an effective method for reducing the need for transfusion of homologous blood and for avoiding the attendant complications of transfusion of homologous blood. This method of the replacement of blood should be considered for patients who are to undergo a major orthopaedic procedure on the hip.     

Autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood after cardiac surgery: a prospective study

In a randomized prospective study of patients having cardiac surgery, autologous blood collected from mediastinal tubes was autotransfused preferentially in 63 patients (ATS), whereas 51 patients received bank blood for transfusion (control). Comparison of the two groups showed no significant difference in regard to age, sex, operations performed, or total postoperative bleeding (ATS 813 +/- 121 ml. per square meter versus control 711 +/- 93 ml. per square meter; N.S.) Although mean postoperative blood replacement was similar in the two groups (ATS 4.3 +/- 0.6 units per patient versus control 4.8 +/- 0.6 units per patient), requirements for transfusion of stored bank blood were reduced by 50 percent in the ATS group (ATS 2.4 +/- 0.3 units per patient versus control 4.8 +/- 0.6 units per patient; p less than 0.005). Coagulation studies demonstrated that this blood was defibrinogenated; yet it contains significantly more platelets and clotting factors than does bank blood. In this study, autotransfusion of shed mediastinal blood was safe and simple. It significantly reduced bank blood requirements and resulted in substantial financial savings for the patients and the hospital.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion in extensive orthopedic interventions

In large orthopaedic operations massive blood losses sometimes can hardly be avoided. Apart from other autotransfusion methods (repeated preoperative withdrawal of blood or isovolaemic haemodilution) the intraoperative autotransfusion (IAT) has proved particularly useful. By means of the autotransfusion system Haemonetics Cell Saver, whose functional performance is described in the following, there was a decrease in homologous erythrocytes of 60.5 l, that is more than 300 erythrocyte concentrates. With regard to the intraoperative period the average reduction in donor blood for each patient was between 68.0 and 94.8%. Considering the compensation of postoperative blood losses there was a decrease in donor blood of between 55.6 and 66.2%. The importance of this reduction in donor blood (decreased hepatitis risk and better quality of the autologous erythrocytes) is discussed. On close and critical examination of advantages and disadvantages concerning the intraoperative autotransfusion, we have to give the preference to the Haemonetics Cell Saver, especially in the orthopaedic range.     

Intraoperative autologous blood salvage with cardiac surgery: an analysis of five years' experience in more than 3,000 patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To analyze intraoperative autologous salvage of shed mediastinal blood and subsequent transfusion in cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective statistical analysis. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENTS: Three thousand twenty two patients undergoing cardiac surgery from 1984 to 1988. INTERVENTIONS: A review of anesthesia and transfusion records of all patients who underwent intraoperative salvage of shed blood and autologous transfusion using the Sorenson Receptal Auto Transfusion System (ATS) with saline wash prior to reinfusion in cardiac surgery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The salvaged blood volume ranged from 36 to 2,795 ml, with a mean of 321 +/- 222 ml (SD). Eighteen percent of patients did not receive any homologous blood products during their hospitalization. Patients who received only salvaged autologous transfusion were younger, had higher preoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit values, had a larger body surface area, and had shorter surgeries compared with patients who received only homologous blood or both autologous and homologous blood. More blood products were given to patients who received salvaged autologous blood compared with those who did not. Patients who underwent normovolemic hemodilution prior to extracorporeal circulation with subsequent reinfusion received significantly fewer blood products. Ten preoperative and four intraoperative variables significantly influenced the salvaged volume. Previous cardiac surgery was the most significant preoperative variable, and repair of ventricular septal defect produced by myocardial ischemia was the most significant intraoperative variable. CONCLUSION: Considering the average salvaged volume and its current autologous transfusion-related expense, autologous blood salvage is potentially an economic benefit. Perioperative blood conservation requires a considerable commitment from surgeons, anesthesiologists, perfusionists, and intensive care physicians to be effective.     

Effects of intraoperative plasmapheresis on blood loss in cardiac surgery

Intraoperative platelet-rich plasmapheresis allows autotransfusion of fresh, undamaged platelets and clotting factors at the completion of the operation. To evaluate this technology, we randomly assigned 100 consecutive patients who were to undergo an elective coronary bypass procedure and had normal clotting studies into the experimental (plasmapheresis) or the control group. Characteristics of both groups were similar, including average age (61.4 years versus 61.3 years [experimental versus control group]), sex (78% male versus 74% male), preoperative weight (80.9 kg versus 80.2 kg), preoperative red cell mass (1,989 mL versus 1,890 mL), perfusion time (102 minutes versus 106 minutes), and coagulation studies. Both internal mammary arteries were used in 68% of the patients. All patients had preoperative and postoperative blood volume determinations and complete clotting studies. Sixty-two variables related to bleeding were analyzed. Strict indications for transfusion were a hemoglobin level less than 7 g/100 mL in patients younger than 70 years and a hemoglobin level less than 8 g/100 mL in patients older than 70 years. The group receiving intraoperative plasmapheresis had a significant reduction in operative red cell mass loss (1,050 +/- 43 mL versus 1,226 +/- 61 mL; p = 0.021), a reduction in the average homologous transfusion (0.67 +/- 0.15 unit versus 1.8 +/- 0.25 units; p = 0.0002), and an increase in the percentage of patients not requiring blood transfusions (66% versus 32%; p = 0.001). This technique is useful in reducing postoperative blood loss and homologous transfusions.