Laparotomy versus retroperitoneal laparoscopy in debridement and drainage of retroperitoneal infected necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis

Background

The aim of this study was to compare laparotomy and retroperitoneal laparoscopy in debridement and drainage of retroperitoneal infected necrosis of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), and to evaluate the curative efficacy and the timing of retroperitoneal laparoscopic debridement drainage (RLDD) for SAP patients.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of 50 SAP cases, including 18 patients in the RLDD group and 32 patients in the laparotomy group. Observed indices included gender, age, CT severity index, Ranson score, APACHE II score, preoperative course, length of stay, operation time, mortality, postoperative complications, drainage tube indwelling time, and change of body temperature and peripheral white blood cell (PWBC) count between the time before the operation and at 48 h after surgery.

Results

Between the RLDD group and the laparotomy group, there was a significant difference in operation time (130 ± 15 vs. 148 ± 25 h; P = 0.007), length of stay [40.8 (6–121) vs. 55.9 (28–133) days; P = 0.053], and preoperative course [14.7 (5–31) vs. 18.3 (6–31) days; P = 0.05], but no significant difference in average drainage tube indwelling time [44.4 (2–182) vs. 49.8 (2–175) days; P = 0.663]. More improvement in body temperature and PWBC count was observed in the patients of the RLDD group. There was one death (1/18) in the RLDD group and four (4/32) in the laparotomy group. Fourteen cases (14/32) in the laparotomy group had postoperative complications, including pancreatic fistula (n = 11), intestinal fistula (n = 2), retroperitoneal hemorrhage (n = 2), infection of incision (n = 9), and 5 cases (5/18) in the RLDD group, including pancreatic fistula (n = 4) and retroperitoneal hemorrhage (n = 1).

Conclusions

RLDD, as minimally invasive surgery, is technically feasible, safe, and effective in the treatment of retroperitoneal infected necrosis in SAP patients, in contrast to the laparotomy technique, and can be performed in the early phase of SAP to prevent the deterioration of the disease.     

腹腔镜与开腹近端胃癌根治术对患者疗效比较分析

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹近端胃癌根治术对近端胃癌患者疗效。方法将2012年7月至2014年7月收治的80例近端胃癌患者随机分为腹腔镜组40例和开腹组40例,采用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行分析,患者术中、术后指标采用x珋±s表示,用t检验;术后1年生存率、肿瘤复发率比较采用χ2检验;手术前后凝血功能指标、血清肿瘤标志物采用重复测量方差分析,以P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果腹腔镜组手术时间显著高于开腹组,术中出血量、排气时间、术后下床时间均显著低于开腹组(P0.05),两组患者淋巴结清扫数量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后凝血酶原时间(PT)呈降低趋势,纤维蛋白原(FIB)、D-二聚体(D-D)呈上升趋势,与手术前比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),其中术后腹腔镜组纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体显著高于同时段开腹组,两组间比较差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。腹腔镜组1年生存率97.5%(39/40),开腹组为95.0%(38/40);腹腔镜组1年复发率5.0%(2/40),开腹组7.5%(3/40),两组患者术后1年生存率、肿瘤复发率比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜与开腹近端胃癌根治术近期疗效无明显差异,但是腹腔镜术后血栓形成的风险更高,需要在围手术期采取相应预防措施。     

Breast cancer cytogenetics and beyond

It is hypothesized that cancers arise as a result of genetic or chromosomal alteration. Evidence for this is provided by the leukaemias and lymphomas in which cytogenetic studies are of established value in diagnosis, classification and follow-up. In contrast, the cytogenetic study of all solid tumours, including breast carcinoma, is in its infancy. However, cytogenetic studies indicate that clonal structural alterations do occur, affecting several loci on a number of chromosomes. Molecular studies provide further evidence of recurring chromosomal breakpoints in breast cancer. This paper reviews the chromosomal rearrangements observed to date and discusses their relevance to the biology of breast cancer.     

Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer

Surgical resection remains the only potentially curative treatment of patients with gastric cancer. Evaluation of surgery and other treatments depends on accurate staging of the disease. The objective of the study was to compare staging laparoscopy with ultrasonography, endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography, and histology for serosal infiltration, lymph node metastasis, peritoneal seeding, and hepatic metastasis. Diagnostic laparoscopy was carried out in 48 patients. Prelaparoscopic staging in all cases included upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and biopsies followed by endosonography, ultrasound, and computed tomography. Preoperative combined examination using CT and laparoscopy was superior when compared with each modality alone or the combinations of the other tests. The present study showed that preoperative evaluation of patients with laparoscopy is superior to all other diagnostic tests. We also found that laparoscopy and computed tomography were better in accurately assessing the serosal infiltration, peritoneal seeding, and hepatic metastases, which thus allows the surgeon to choose more effective treatment modality.     

Staging laparoscopy for gastric cancer

The growing role of multimodal treatment plans for advanced gastric cancer has contributed to the development of more accurate preoperative staging strategies. The high diagnostic efficacy of video-laparoscopy as regards the M factor has been reported by many; preoperative laparoscopy therefore permits to avoid unhelpful surgical exploration in case of peritoneal dissemination of tumor or liver metastases undetected by conventional staging. At Memorial Sloan Kattering Cancer Center preoperative staging laparoscopy is currently included in the diagnostic algorithm for gastric cancer. Data from a consecutive series of 103 patients demonstrated metastatic disease in 24 patients (37%) who were considered to have localized cancer by computed tomography (CT) or endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), with an accuracy of 94% with respect to the M factor. These patients did not require open surgery. Laparoscopic washings were obtained from 127 patients with gastric cancer and a positive correlation between the extent of disease and prevalence of positive cytology was noted (T1/T2: 0%, T3/T4: 10%, M+: 59%). Our experience suggests that laparoscopy has added value in staging patients with gastric carcinoma. It appears to be a safe and effective staging modality, avoiding unnecessary explorations and providing new means of directing appropriate treatment strategy.     

The impact of laparoscopy on cancer management

Surgical Endoscopy -     

The Best Surgical Approach for Left Colectomy: A Comparative Study Between Transverse Laparotomy,Midline Laparotomy and Laparoscopy

Aim

To compare the early and late complications after left colectomy (LC) by left transverse laparotomy (LTL), midline laparotomy (ML) and laparoscopy (La).

Methods

From 1998 to 2003, 328 patients underwent an LC by LTL, ML or La. After matching patients for age, ASA score and indication, 159 patients were divided into three groups of 53 patients each according to the surgical approach performed. The median follow-up was 8 years. Early and late complications were compared by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

Early morbidity rates after LTL, ML and La were 52 %, 45 % and 21 %, respectively (p?=?0.002). Extra digestive complication rates after LTL, ML and La were 36 %, 34 % and 13.2 %, respectively (p?=?0.02). Respiratory complication rates were 15 %, 21 % and 2 % (p?=?0.01). The rate of wound infection was higher after LTL (15 % vs. 6 % and 6 %, p?=?0.06). Length of stay was significantly shorter after La (median: LTL, 10 days; ML, 9 days; La, 6 days; p?<?0.0001). At a median follow-up of 8 years, the obstruction rate was 6.3 %, regardless of the surgical approach. The rates of incisional hernia after LTL, ML and La were 8 %, 23 % and 3 % (p?=?0.004), respectively, with odds ratio (OR)?=?4.47 (1.2 to 16).

Conclusion

Our study shows that although La has a significant lower rate of complications, LTL, with fewer respiratory complications and hernia than ML, should be considered as the reference incision in case of conversion or contra-indication for laparoscopy.     

Staging laparoscopy and its indications in pancreatic cancer patients

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy has become a popular and widespread surgical technique. An important goal in the treatment of patients with pancreatic cancer is to avoid any unnecessary procedure. Laparoscopy has been suggested as a routine tool for staging in order to prevent unnecessary laparotomies in these patients. METHODS: In this article we present our experience regarding the value of laparoscopic staging and review the literature on this topic. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A direct and conclusive comparison of the controversial literature is difficult because of different study designs. Inconsistent use of high-quality CT scans significantly affects the results. However, recent studies reveal that not more than 14% of the patients benefit from diagnostic laparoscopy when a state-of-the-art CT scan has been performed previously. Therefore, we conclude that routine diagnostic laparoscopy is not justified in all patients with pancreatic cancer. Rather, selective use is appropriate, especially in patients in whom ascites is an indirect sign of peritoneal metastases, or if liver metastases cannot be surely excluded preoperatively. This approach is cost-effective and limits diagnostic laparoscopy to a subgroup of patients in whom a laparotomy can be avoided.     

加速康复外科及腹腔镜在胃癌中的应用研究

目的:评价加速康复外科(fast track surgery,FTS)新理念及腹腔镜技术常规应用于胃癌根治术的可行性.方法:回顾分析2005年3月至2010年3月由同一医师完成的胃癌根治术的临床资料,按围手术期理念和手术技术分为3组,A组(66例)采用传统围手术期处理方法行开腹手术,B组(105例)应用FTS理念行开腹...     

3D微创外科技术在胃癌中的应用与选择

正随着科学技术的进步,腔镜技术的出现使得通过微小创伤或入路进行外科手术操作的微创外科理念得以实现。腹腔镜技术应用于临床已有三十余年的历史。1987年Mouret进行的第一例腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,标志着腔镜技术首次应用于腹部手术[1]。伴随3D微创外科技术的兴起和革新,     

Laparotomy and unstable pelvic fractures

The requirement for laparotomy was analysed in 91 patients with unstable pelvic fractures. Laparotomies were classified as positive or negative. Injuries found at laparotomy were compared with the pelvic fracture pattern. Laparotomy was carried out in 28 patients but was unnecessary in 8. Eleven of the 28 patients died, a mortality of 39%. Vertical shear and combined mechanical injury pelvic fracture patterns had the highest incidence of abdominal injuries (28%) but the fracture pattern was not a reliable guide to the presence or nature of intra-abdominal injury. Inadequate preoperative investigations contributed to the eight negative laparotomies and three of these patients died. Laparotomy was only necessary in 22% of our patients. Major pelvic fractures with concomitant intra-abdominal injuries have a high mortality rate. Preoperative CT scanning was 98% accurate in the identification of intra-abdominal injury and was the most useful investigation for determining the need for laparotomy and minimising the risk of negative laparotomy.     

Comparing Surgical Outcomes in Obese Women Undergoing Laparotomy,Laparoscopy, or Laparotomy With Panniculectomy for the Staging of Uterine Malignancy

Background Limiting surgical morbidity while maintaining staging adequacy is a primary concern in obese patients with uterine malignancy. The goal of this study was to compare the surgical adequacy and postoperative morbidity of three surgical approaches to staging the disease of obese women with uterine cancer. Methods The records of all patients with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥35 undergoing primary surgery for uterine corpus cancer at our institution from January 1993 to May 2006 were reviewed. Patients were assigned to three groups on the basis of planned surgical approach—standard laparotomy, laparoscopy, or laparotomy with panniculectomy. Standard statistical tests appropriate to group size were used to compare the three groups. Results In all, 206 patients with a BMI of ≥35 were grouped as follows: laparotomy, 154 patients; laparoscopy, 25 patients; and laparotomy with panniculectomy, 27 patients. Median BMI was 41 (range, 35–84). Regional lymph nodes were removed in 45% of the laparotomy patients, 40% of the laparoscopy patients, and 70% of the panniculectomy patients (P = .04). Compared with laparotomy, both laparoscopy and panniculectomy yielded higher median pelvic and total lymph node counts (P = .001). Operative time was shortest after standard laparotomy, and blood loss was greatest after panniculectomy. The incidence of all incisional complications was lower for panniculectomy (11%) and laparoscopy (8%) compared with standard laparotomy (35%) (P = .002). On multivariate analysis, a significantly lower risk of total incisional complications was seen for patients undergoing panniculectomy (risk ratio, .25; 95% confidence interval, .071–.88) and laparoscopy (risk ratio, .19; 95% confidence interval, .04–.94). Conclusions Both laparoscopic staging and panniculectomy in a standardized fashion were associated with an improved lymph node count and a lower rate of incisional complications than laparotomy alone. Although definitive conclusions are limited by low patient numbers, the substantial decrease in wound complications suggests that these two approaches should be considered for obese patients undergoing uterine cancer staging. Presented in part at the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists Winter Meeting; Beaver Creek, CO; February 1–3, 2007.     

Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection

OBJECTIVES: We assess how laparoscopy has altered the presentation of patients with gallbladder cancer and determine whether radical resection in patients with gallbladder cancer is beneficial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The widespread adoption of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has led to an increased frequency of incidentally discovered gallbladder carcinoma. Little data exist to guide surgeons in the optimum management of patients with gallbladder cancer, particularly with respect to the potential advantages of radical resection. METHODS: Records of 107 patients with gallbladder cancer admitted to a tertiary academic medical center between 1995 and 2004 were reviewed. Gallbladder cancer was found incidentally in 53 patients (50%). Fifty-two of these patients underwent a routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were found to have gallbladder cancer intraoperatively or following the operation by subsequent pathologic evaluation of the specimen. Gallbladder cancer had been diagnosed preoperatively by radiology in the other 54 patients (50%). These patients did not undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were explored electively. RESULTS: The median age at presentation was 67 years and 66% were female. Patients who were found to have gallbladder carcinoma incidentally at laparoscopic cholecystectomy had a significant increase in survival when compared with those who were admitted electively with a known diagnosis (P < 0.001). All patients who presented with a known diagnosis had stage II or greater disease, and 36% of these were stage IV carcinomas. However, 82% of those patients who were found incidentally were stage I or II. The overall 5-year survival for all patients was 15%; those discovered incidentally at laparoscopic cholecystectomy had a 5-year survival of 33%. This difference was significant among patients with stage II carcinomas. In the laparoscopic group, there was no difference in survival between the patients who were immediately converted to an open resection when identified to have gallbladder cancer intraoperatively (n = 6) and those who had a completed laparoscopic cholecystectomy and were re-explored at a later point when found to have gallbladder cancer by subsequent pathology (n = 33). There was a significant improvement in survival in 50 patients (47%) who underwent some form of radical resection (P < 0.001). Stage for stage comparison showed that this was significant in stage II disease. Patients who underwent hepatic resection along with lymphadenectomy and extra hepatic biliary resection had similar survival compared with those who had hepatic resection and lymphadenectomy alone. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy appears to have resulted in the earlier discovery of gallbladder cancer in some patients, resulting in increased probability of survival. Patients discovered with gallbladder carcinoma during a laparoscopic cholecystectomy do not have to be converted immediately to an open resection and should be referred to a tertiary care center for further exploration. Adjunctive radical surgical resection, either at the time of cholecystectomy or subsequently, increases survival significantly in early stage disease.     

Acute biliary pancreatitis,endoscopy, and laparoscopy

Current practices for diagnosis and treatment of common bile duct stones are not evidence-based. Acute biliary pancreatitis (ABP) is a specific situation in which endoscopic procedures are either overused or misused. Pancreatitis is a poor marker for choledocholithiasis. Prognostic systems are accurate to discern those patients with ABP who do not need aggressive procedures. Patients with a benign ABP do not need an endoscopic approach. Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration is an underrated treatment for patients with choledocholithiasis. Laparoscopic approach to infected necrotic collections and pseudocysts warrant further investigations.