胰岛素瘤17例临床诊治分析

目的探讨胰岛素瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法回顾性地分析我院自1966年～2000年收治的17例胰岛素瘤.结果胰腺B超、腹部CT、选择性腹腔动脉造影检查准确率分别为82.4%、72.7%、60%.2例未手术,15例肿瘤切除.肿瘤位于胰头钩突3例,胰颈1例,胰体尾11例;80%肿瘤直径＜3 cm;行单纯肿瘤摘除术8例,胰体尾切除术4例,胰体尾加脾脏切除者2例,胰腺节段性切除(捆绑式胰体尾空肠吻合空肠端侧吻合术)1例.结论血糖、血胰岛素水平测定结合胰腺B超、CT检查能有效提高功能性胰岛素瘤的诊断.治疗多为单纯性肿瘤切除,恶性肿瘤应行根治性切除,腹腔镜微创手术正处于尝试阶段,药物治疗仍然在探讨阶段.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤15例诊治分析

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床病理特点及诊治方法。方法对2004～2009年我院收治的均经手术和病理检查证实为胰腺囊性肿瘤的15例临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 15例病人中浆液性囊腺瘤3例,黏液性囊腺瘤7例,囊腺癌5例。浆液性囊腺瘤较黏液瘤和囊腺癌小(P<0.05)。5例血清CAl99明显升高(胰腺囊腺癌4例,胰腺黏液性囊腺瘤1例)(正常参考范围1～39 u/L),提示CAl99是鉴别胰腺囊性肿瘤良恶性的较好标志物。5例肿物位于胰头部,1例肿物位于胰体部,2例肿物位于胰体尾部,7例肿物位于胰尾部。全部病人均接受了手术治疗。肿物位于胰头者行胰、十二指肠切除术5例;肿物位于胰体者行胰腺节段切除加胰腺远端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术1例;肿物位于胰体尾者行肿物摘除术2例;肿物位于胰尾者行肿物摘除术2例,胰体尾切除术2例,胰体尾及脾切除术2例,胰体尾切除、脾切除及肝转移瘤切除术1例。与病理诊断相比,术前诊断误诊率26.7%,手术术中诊断误诊率20%。全组无围手术期死亡者,预后良好。结论临床中胰腺囊性肿瘤的病史询问,病理学特征,B超及CT检查,囊液分析及组织活检有助于明确诊断,手术切除是唯一有效的治疗方法,疗效满意。     

胰岛素瘤62例诊治体会

目的总结胰岛素瘤的诊治经验,评估胰岛素瘤的多种定位诊断技术.方法回顾性分析两院1970年～2001年来收治的62例胰岛素瘤的临床资料.结果 CT、MRI、术前B超、SAOG及IOUS诊断胰岛素瘤的敏感性分别为46.4%、70.0%、75.6%、75.9%和100%;手术治疗60例,其中实施肿瘤剜除术41例,胰体尾切除术14例,胰十二指肠切除术3例,楔形切除术1例,姑息手术1例,总手术切除率98.3%;全组无手术死亡,肿瘤切除术后病人随访无低血糖发作;术后并发症包括胰瘘5例、胰腺假性囊肿2例.结论术前B超和SAOG、术中详尽扪诊联合IOUS可基本上取得胰岛素瘤较为满意的定位诊断;根据胰岛素瘤的大小、部位、数目及性质采取适宜的手术方式是获得良好疗效的关键.     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断及手术治疗

对28例经手术治疗、病理检查证实的胰腺内分泌肿瘤（PETs）患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。发现PETs以胰岛素瘤、胰多肽瘤最常见,肿瘤大小与症状轻重无关;胰岛素瘤体积较小,术前定位诊断较难;胰多肽瘤无特定性症状,术前定性诊断较难。本组胰岛素瘤18例,均为良性,其中15例行单纯肿瘤切除术;胃泌素瘤1例为恶性,行胰尾联合全胃切除术;胰高血糖素瘤2例均为恶性,术中发现肝转移,1例行胰体尾联合肝转移灶切除术,1例行姑息性切除;胰多肽瘤7例,4例行肿瘤切除术,3例伴肝转移者中,1例行胰体尾姑息性切除术,2例无法切除。认为PETs术前诊断比较困难;手术切除是PETs最理想的治疗方法,手术方式根据肿瘤生长部位和性质而定。     

功能性胰岛素瘤的外科临床诊疗分析

目的探讨功能性胰岛素瘤的外科诊疗方法。方法回顾性分析1990年1月至2006年12月有明显临床症状的,经手术治疗、病理证实的36例功能性胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料。结果在功能性胰岛素瘤患者中良性胰岛素瘤病例最多见,共27例,占全部病例的75%;恶性胰岛素瘤6例,胰岛细胞增殖症2例。在B超、CT、MRI、内镜超声等影像学检查中,术中B超阳性发现和定位准确率均为92.3%。所有病例均行手术治疗,7例行胰十二指肠切除术,17例行胰体尾切除术,12例行单纯瘤体摘除术,术后症状改善明显,复发率低。结论术中B超是诊断和定位胰岛素瘤最有效的诊断方法,手术规范切除是治疗功能性胰岛素瘤的有效方法,其预后良好。     

功能性胰岛素瘤的外科临床诊疗分析

目的 探讨功能性胰岛素瘤的外科诊疗方法.方法 回顾性分析1990年1月至2006年12月有明显临床症状的,经手术治疗、病理证实的36例功能性胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料.结果 在功能性胰岛素瘤患者中良性胰岛素瘤病例最多见,共27例,占全部病例的75%;恶性胰岛素瘤6例,胰岛细胞增殖症2例.在B超、CT、MRI、内镜超声等影像学检查中,术中B超阳性发现和定位准确率均为92.3%.所有病例均行手术治疗,7例行胰十二指肠切除术,17例行胰体尾切除术,12例行单纯瘤体摘除术,术后症状改善明显,复发率低.结论 术中B超是诊断和定位胰岛素瘤最有效的诊断方法,手术规范切除是治疗功能性胰岛素瘤的有效方法,其预后良好.     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 提高对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的认知和诊疗水平.方法 回顾性分析1968 ～ 2005年收治的78例胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者的临床资料.结果 胰岛素瘤49例,均为良性,其中40例行单纯肿瘤摘除术(2例在腹腔镜下完成),2例在摘除的同时行胰腺空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,7例行胰体尾切除术;胰高血糖素瘤4例,均有肝转移,行原发病灶及部分转移灶切除术;胰多肽瘤21例,恶性8例,手术切除16例,其余5例因肿瘤无法切除而放弃手术;舒血管肠肽瘤1例和胰腺类癌3例,均为恶性,行外科手术.术后均获得满意的疗效.结论 手术切除是胰腺内分泌肿瘤最为理想的治疗方法.术前定性诊断尤为重要,关键是提高对这类肿瘤的认知水平.对胰岛素瘤不强求术前定位诊断,应慎用有创性诊断方法,术中胰腺探查是定位的关键.其他内分泌肿瘤术前多可依影像学检查定位诊断.手术方式根据肿瘤生长部位而定.姑息性切除手术亦可明显缓解症状.即便是恶性肿瘤,其预后亦明显好于胰腺外分泌肿瘤.     

胰岛素瘤的定位诊断及外科治疗方法探讨

目的 探讨胰岛素瘤的定位诊断及外科治疗方法。方法 对确诊的18例胰岛素瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 术前B超、CT和选择性动脉造影检查的阳性率分别为46％(7／15)、54%(7/13)和75％(6／8)，术中B超检查的阳性率为100％(5／5)。18例中行肿瘤剜除术11例，胰体尾切除术7例。结论 胰岛素瘤的术前定位诊断比较困难，术中探查和术中B超检查准确性很高；手术切除是胰岛素瘤惟一可靠的治疗方法。     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的诊断及手术治疗

目的探讨胰腺内分泌肿瘤(PET)的诊断及手术治疗方法。方法对27例PET患者的临床资料作回顾性分析。结果胰岛素瘤17例[均有明显的Whipple三联征,术前随机最低血糖(1.72±0.66)mmol/L,胰岛素释放试验空腹胰岛素水平(68.3±44.53)mIU/L]、胃泌素瘤1例(表现为周期性、规律性上腹痛,血清胃泌素220pg/ml)、胰高血糖素瘤2例(1例表现为典型的迁移性坏死性皮炎,1例首先表现为急性腹痛)、无功能性胰岛细胞瘤7例(均以腹部包块就诊)。B超、CT、DSA、术中B超检查发现病灶者分别为15、19、8、17例。行病灶切除17例、胰体尾切除7例、活检3例。结论 PET以胰岛素瘤及无功能性胰岛细胞瘤最常见;胰岛素瘤临床有典型表现,其他肿瘤表现不典型。术中B超检查有助于本病的定位诊断。手术治疗方式多根据肿瘤大小及性质决定。     

胰岛素瘤62例诊治体会

目的：总结胰岛素瘤的诊治经验，评估胰岛素瘤的多种定位诊断技术。方法：回顾性分析两院1970年-2001年来收治的62例胰岛素瘤的临床资料。结果：CT、MRI、术前B超、SAOG及IOUS诊断胰岛素瘤的敏感性分别为46.4%、70.0%、75.6%、75.9和100%；手术治疗60例，其中实施肿瘤剜除术41例，胰体尾切除术14例，胰十二指肠切除术3例，楔形切除术1例，姑息手术1例，总手术切除率98.3%；全组无手术死亡，肿瘤切除术后病人随访无低血糖发作；术后并发症包括胰瘘5例、胰腺假性囊肿2例。结论：术前B超和SAOG、术中详尽扪诊联合IOUS可基本上取得胰岛素瘤较为满意的定位诊断；根据胰岛素瘤的大小、部位、数目及性质采取适宜的手术方式是获得良好疗效的关键。     

胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊治经验——附19例报告

目的：探讨胰岛细胞瘤的外科诊断与治疗。方法：回顾分析近5年我院手术的治疗胰岛细胞瘤的经验，总结胰岛细胞瘤临床特征，诊治方法及其效果。结果：本组19例病例中，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤8例，胰岛素瘤11例，其中2例为多发性内分泌瘤瘤，前恶变率62．5％（5／8），平均年龄40岁，后恶变率9．8％（1／11），平均年龄39岁，肿瘤位于胰头8例，胰体6例，胰尾5例，术前影像诊断明确肿瘤定位15例（78．9％），其余4例定位可疑或不能定位经术中超声和触摸探查到定位，对肿瘤行局部切除术11例，胰体尾切除＋胰空肠吻合术5例，肿瘤＋脾脏切除术2例，Whipple手术1例，术后胰瘘发生率为31．6％（6／19），是最常见的并发症，无手术死亡病例。结论：无功能性胰岛细胞瘤恶变率显高于胰岛素瘤（P＜0．01）。术前不能确定肿瘤位置的，应联合应用于中超声和术触摸以探查肿瘤部位。胰岛素瘤手术方式多为单纯肿瘤切除，无功能性胰岛细胞瘤，术中常规冰冻切片检查，对可疑恶性应尽量采取根治性手术。     

Pancreatic insulinoma:current issues and trends

BACKGROUND:Although insulinomas are very rare tumors, they are the most common pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.The incidence in general population is 1-4 per 1 000 000 yearly but the incidence is higher in autopsy studies. The malignancy of insulinomas is difficult to be predicted on the basis of their histological features,and the current WHO classification has been re-evaluated.This review aimed to summarize classical knowledge with current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of insulinomas. DATA SOURCES:A Medline search using terms"insulinoma", "treatment"and"neuroendocrine tumors"was conducted. Additional references were sourced from key articles. RESULTS:Surgery is the treatment of choice for insulinoma and has an extremely high success rate.Medical treatment is also available but only for patients who are unable or unwilling to undergo surgical treatment.Preoperative localization is necessary for planning the surgical approach.Many methods exist for localization of an insulinoma and can be invasive and non-invasive.The combination of biphasic thin section helical CT and endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS)has an almost 100% sensitivity in localizing insulinomas.Laparoscopic ultrasound is mandatory to localize intraoperatively these tumors.EUS-guided fine needle tattoing is an alternative method of localization in case of lack of laparoscopic ultrasound. CONCLUSION:Laparoscopic resection for benign insulinomas is the procedure of choice,whereas pancreatectomy is reserved for large,potentially malignant tumors.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Islet-cell hyperplasia causing hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in an adult

We report a patient, a 23-year-old man, who had clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of insulinoma. Although imaging studies did not reveal any tumors in the pancreas, distal pancreatectomy was performed because the possibility of small insulinoma could not be completely excluded. Grossly, the surgically removed pancreas did not reveal any tumors. Microscopically, the pancreas exhibited islet cell hyperplasia and nesidioblastosis. To our knowledge, this is the first authentic reported case of islet-cell hyperplasia occurring in a Japanese adult. Received Mar. 4, 1997; accepted May 23, 1997     

胰腺内分泌肿瘤的外科治疗

目的提高对胰腺内分泌肿瘤的认知和诊疗水平。方法回顾性分析1968～2005年收治的78例胰腺内分泌肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果胰岛素瘤49例，均为良性，其中40例行单纯肿瘤摘除术（2例在腹腔镜下完成），2例在摘除的同时行胰腺空肠Roux—en—Y吻合术，7例行胰体尾切除术；胰高血糖素瘤4例，均有肝转移，行原发病灶及部分转移灶切除术；胰多肽瘤21例，恶性8例，手术切除16例，其余5例因肿瘤无法切除而放弃手术；舒血管肠肽瘤1例和胰腺类癌3例，均为恶性，行外科手术。术后均获得满意的疗效。结论手术切除是胰腺内分泌肿瘤最为理想的治疗方法。术前定性诊断尤为重要，关键是提高对这类肿瘤的认知水平。对胰岛素瘤不强求术前定位诊断，应慎用有创性诊断方法，术中胰腺探查是定位的关键。其他内分泌肿瘤术前多可依影像学检查定位诊断。手术方式根据肿瘤生长部位而定。姑息性切除手术亦可明显缓解症状。即便是恶性肿瘤，其预后亦明显好于胰腺外分泌肿瘤。     

Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas

Although neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas are traditionally managed by laparotomy, these rare neoplasms may be amenable to laparoscopic surgical resection. We present our experience with laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy in two such patients, and discuss the operative technique with emphasis on organ preservation. Two female patients aged 63 and 69 years presented with clinical and biochemical features of an insulinoma and a vasoactive intestinal peptide secreting tumor (VIPoma), and were found on cross-sectional imaging to have 1.2-cm and 4.5-cm solitary tumors in the tail of the pancreas. They underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy with and without preservation of splenic vessels and spleen respectively. Both procedures were completed laparoscopically. The operating time was 180 and 210 minutes respectively. There were no postoperative complications. The postoperative hospital stay was 4 and 14 days respectively. Histology revealed a benign insulinoma and a malignant VIPoma with lymph node metastases respectively. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy for neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas may be accomplished safely, with preservation of the spleen and splenic vessels in benign disease, and with benefits to the patients in terms of postoperative recovery.     

Surgical aspects of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.

To make a diagnosis of insulinoma, one must consider it. Neuroglycopenic symptoms are the most prominent and convincing, and the combination of hypoglycemia and endogenous hyperinsulinemia are diagnostic of insulinoma. A glucose level of approximately 40 mg/dL with a concomitant insulin level of 6 microU/mL, a C-peptide level exceeding 200 pmol/L, and a negative screening for sulfonylurea must be documented to confirm the diagnosis. Although in the author's experience, preoperative ultrasound is the best and often the only test performed in the patient undergoing a first-time operation, arteriography is perhaps the single most effective localization test performed on a nationwide basis. Expertly performed intraoperative ultrasonography assists in tumor localization and in delineating important related anatomy and has become virtually routine in the author's surgical practice. Insulinomas are typically benign, single, and small, and are generally firmer than surrounding normal pancreas. Extensive surgical exposure may be required to identify and safely remove the tumor. Enucleation is preferred by the author, but distal pancreatectomy for tumors in the body or tail is an excellent method as well. Tumors in the head of the pancreas are usually enucleated, and pancreatoduodenectomy is rarely performed. The most troublesome complication is a pancreatic leakage causing pseudocyst, abscess, or fistula. Except in MEN 1 syndrome, in which a more extensive resection is usually indicated, excision of a single benign insulinoma leads to long-term cure of the disease. The successful excision of an insulinoma will profoundly affect a patient's life.     

Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with preservation of the splenic artery and vein for intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor (IPMT): three interesting cases

Preservation of the spleen at distal pancreatectomy has recently attracted considerable attention. Since our first trial and success with spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein for tumors of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis, this procedure has been performed more frequently. Three patients with intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor underwent spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein. In this procedure, the splenic vein is identified behind the pancreas and the connective tissue membrane is cut longitudinally above the splenic vein. An important point is to remove the splenic vein from the pancreas from the body of the pancreas toward the spleen. In one patient with intraductal papillary-mucinous tumor in the body of the pancreas who had undergone distal gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer 32 years previously, residual proximal gastrectomy could be avoided with this procedure. In this case, the histological diagnosis was a pseudocyst, and epithelial dysplasia was found in other pancreatic ductuli. In another case, epithelia were borderline between hyperplasia and adenoma. In both of these cases, the histological diagnosis was different from the preoperative diagnosis. Even with advances in imaging techniques, diagnosis of a cystic lesion of the pancreas is still very difficult. Ordinary distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy would have been oversurgery in these two cases, which could be avoided using our procedure. Severe complications were not found in any of the three cases and the postoperative course was uneventful. The patients have been followed as outpatients without any recurrence. Spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy with conservation of the splenic artery and vein is easy and safe, and should be performed for some patients with intraductal papillary mucinous tumor of the pancreas.     

Noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia syndrome: a rare case of adult-onset nesidioblastosis

The most common cause of hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in adults is insulinoma. Nesidioblastosis is a rare, but well-recognized disorder of persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in infancy, but adult-onset nesidioblastosis associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, termed noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemic syndrome (NIPHS), has been reported. Here, we describe an extremely rare case of NIPHS in an elderly man. A 78-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to hypoglycemic coma. During the previous 3 months, he noticed excessive sweating at midafternoon. His low fasting plasma glucose level (27 mg/dl) and high immunoreactive insulin level (11.1 muU/ml) were consistent with the possible presence of insulinoma. Localizing studies including computed tomography of the abdomen and celiac arteriography were negative, but selective arterial calcium infusion (SACI) test suggested the presence of insulinoma in the body and tail of the pancreas. Surgical exploration by palpation and intraoperative ultrasonography failed to detect any mass in the pancreas, and 60% distal pancreatectomy was performed. Postoperatively, his hypoglycemic episodes completely disappeared. Histological examination of the resected pancreas revealed diffuse islet cell hyperplasia consistent with a pathological diagnosis of nesidioblastosis. Thus, our case is a very rare case of NIPHS, or adult-onset nesidioblastosis, in which SACI test was proven to be a useful diagnostic tool for localization of the pancreatic lesion.