Cardiometabolic Health of Chinese Older Adults With Diabetes Living in Beijing, China

ABSTRACT Objectives: Using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, this study examined the presence of metabolic syndrome and modifiable cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome among Chinese adults with diabetes living in Beijing, China.
Design and Sample: The cross-sectional study collected data through face-to-face interviews. The study included 73 Chinese older adults with diabetes. Their mean age was 68 years (±7.66), with a range from 52 to 90 years.
Measurements: Data were collected on demographic characteristics, blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, lipid profile and fasting glucose, physical activity, diet, and health status.
Results: The great majority (85%) had metabolic syndrome; 65% had hypertension; 52% had high levels of low-density lipoproteins, and 80.6% had a high level of fasting glucose. Half of the participants (51.4%) were overweight, 16.7% were obese, and 86.3% had central obesity. Age, gender, BMI, income, insurance, smoking history, physical activity, and diet explained 23% of the variance in the metabolic syndrome component, systolic blood pressure.
Conclusions: The association of predisposing and enabling factors and health behavior with the metabolic syndrome needs to be further explored. Persons with diabetes should have regular health screenings to check for blood pressure, BMI, cholesterol, glucose, and triglycerides in order to decrease the risks associated with metabolic syndrome and CVD.     

Blood pressure level profiles among children and adolescents with various types of obesity: study in a large population in Shandong,China

Background

It is well known that obesity is a key determinant of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. The present study compared the BP levels among children and adolescents with various types of obesity in a large population in China.

Methods

A total of 38,822 students (19,456 boys and 19,366 girls) aged 7–17 years participated in this study. Height, weight, waist circumference (WC), and BP of all subjects were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. General obesity was assessed by BMI and central obesity by WC. All obese subjects were classified into three types: general obesity only, central obesity only and combined obesity. Relatively high BP status was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥95th percentile for age and gender.

Results

The overall prevalences of general obesity only, central obesity only and combined obesity were 10.38, 9.61 and 10.77 % for boys and 5.46, 11.41 and 5.44 % for girls, respectively. In both boys and girls, significant differences in BP level and the prevalence of relatively high BP were observed among the three types of obesity (P < 0.05); combined obesity group had the highest BP levels and prevalence of relatively high BP.

Conclusion

Children and adolescents with both general and central obesity might have an increased risk of elevated BP than those with isolated types of obesity. Our results suggest that the combined measurement of BMI and WC as a screening tool for high BP among children and adolescents.     

持续气道正压通气对严重阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者心血管疾病风险的影响

目的初步探讨持续气道正压通气（CPAP）治疗对严重阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）患者炎症因子水平和心血管疾病（CVD）风险的影响。方法选取经多导睡眠图（PSG）确诊的严重OSAS患者[睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）≥30次/h]50例。分别记录CPAP治疗前及治疗10周后受试者的ESS评分、血压、呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）及脉搏血氧饱和度（Sp O2）、空腹血糖、血清胰岛素、胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、纤维蛋白原及TNF-α、SCD40L水平。以稳态模式评估胰岛素抵抗（HOMA-IR）。心血管疾病风险评估根据性别特异的多变量的风险因素算法计算。CPAP治疗1 0周后根据CPAP治疗时间分为2组：依从性好组（≥4 h/晚）及依从性差组（〈4 h/晚）。结果在使用CPAP≥4 h/晚（n=33）的患者可以发现收缩压、舒张压、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、空腹血糖、空腹胰岛素、HOMA-IR、TNF-α、SCD40L水平在治疗后下降,与心血管疾病风险下降相关。而在CPAP治疗〈4 h/晚组患者中未发现上述改变。总体的依从性与心血管疾病风险及系统炎症的降低呈直线相关。BMI和面罩漏气可能是预测治疗依从性的可靠因素。结论有效的CPAP治疗可以降低严重OSAS患者的血压、血脂、TNF-α、SCD40L水平,提高胰岛素敏感性,降低患心血管疾病的风险。     

Correlation between waist and mid-thigh circumference and cardiovascular fitness in Korean college students: a case study

[Purpose] We investigated whether waist and mid-thigh circumference correlated with cardiovascular fitness (VO₂max) in a selected sample of Korean college students. [Subjects and Methods] The subjects were 41 college students (25 males, 16 females; age, > 19 years) who visited the sports medicine laboratory at the Korea National University of Transportation in Chungju-si, Republic of Korea, to undergo measurements of body composition, cardiovascular fitness, and waist and mid-thigh circumference. [Results] VO₂max did not correlate with waist circumference or mid-thigh circumference in males, whereas VO₂max was negatively correlated with mid-thigh circumference, but not waist circumference, in females. [Conclusion] Mid-thigh circumference was not associated with cardiovascular fitness or waist in male college students. However, it was associated with cardiovascular fitness in female college students. Well-designed studies are needed to investigate this further.Key words: Cardiovascular fitness, Mid-thigh circumference, Waist circumference     

The obesity paradox, cardiorespiratory fitness, and coronary heart disease

ObjectiveTo investigate associations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and different measures of adiposity with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in men with known or suspected coronary heart disease (CHD).Patients and MethodsWe analyzed data from 9563 men (mean age, 47.4 years) with documented or suspected CHD in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (August 13, 1977, to December 30, 2002) using baseline body mass index (BMI) and CRF (quantified as the duration of a symptom-limited maximal treadmill exercise test). Waist circumference (WC) and percent body fat (BF) were measured using standard procedures.ResultsThere were 733 deaths (348 of CVD) during a mean follow-up of 13.4 years. After adjustment for age, examination year, and multiple baseline risk factors, men with low fitness had a higher risk of all-cause mortality in the BMI categories of normal weight (hazard ratio [HR], 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.05), obese class I (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.04-1.82), and obese class II/III (HR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.55-3.80) but not overweight (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.88-1.36) compared with the normal-weight and high-fitness reference group. We observed a similar pattern for WC and percent BF tertiles and for CVD mortality. Among men with high fitness, there were no significant differences in CVD and all-cause mortality risk across BMI, WC, and percent BF categories.ConclusionIn men with documented or suspected CHD, CRF greatly modifies the relation of adiposity to mortality. Using adiposity to assess mortality risk in patients with CHD may be misleading unless fitness is considered.     

2型糖尿病患者血尿酸浓度与体脂情况的相关性分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病患者不同体脂情况与血尿酸浓度的相关性及其可能的影响因素。方法回顾分析532例住院2型糖尿病患者的体脂分布、血尿酸、血糖及肾功能等指标,对其血尿酸浓度与体脂分布进行单因素和多因素相关分析。结果在2型糖尿病患者中血尿酸浓度与体脂分布密切相关：（1）根据血尿酸浓度分组,高尿酸血症组的腰臀比、体质量指数、血尿素氮、血肌酐、甘油三酯明显高于正常尿酸组[分别为（0．94±0．07）与（0．91±0．07）,（26．91±3．90）kg／m^2与（23．84±3．80）k/m^2,（8．66±5．94）mmol／L与（6．29±3．64）mmol／L,（93．9±67．6）p,molfL与（63．9±20．6）μmol／L,（2．65±1．92）mmol／L与（1．86±1．46）mmol／L,P均〈0．05];而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇降低[分别为（1．09±O,32）mmol/L与（1．24±0．45）mmol／L,P〈0．05）。（2）多元回归分析结果显示血尿酸浓度与体质量指数、血肌酐、甘油三酯（b值分别为0．201、0．500、0．153,P〈0．05）呈正相关,与糖化血红蛋白、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇呈负相关（6值分别为-0．168、-0．121,P〈0．05）。结论在2型糖尿病患者中血尿酸浓度与体脂分布密切相关。对于2型糖尿病患者不仅要控制血糖,还应控制体质量,以降低糖尿病患者心脑血管疾病的发生率。     

原发性高血压合并糖耐量减低患者血浆内皮素与其相关因素的研究

目的　探讨原发性高血压合并糖耐量减低(IGT)患者的血浆内皮素与血糖、胰岛素及血压和体重指数之间的相关性及意义。方法　选择158例原发性高血压患者分为单纯高血压组(A组)、高血压合并IGT组(B组)和高血压合并糖尿病组(C组)。分别测定血糖及血压、身高和体重等指标;采用放射免疫法测定内皮素、胰岛素。结果　B组患者的内皮素水平较A组明显升高(P<0. 01),但比C组的水平低(P<0. 05);内皮素与年龄、腰围、臀围、体重指数、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗指数、舒张压、收缩压呈正相关。结论　原发性高血压合并IGT患者的血浆内皮素与多种因素呈正相关,对其采取干预可能是降低血压、改善糖耐量及血管内皮功能、促使原发性高血压合并IGT患者逆转为正常状态的有益措施。     

血清γ谷氨酰转肽酶与BMI的相关性研究

目的：探讨血清γ-谷氨酰转肽酶（GGT）与BMI水平的关系。方法采用横断面研究法对某轻体力劳动单位职工进行问卷调查、体格检查、生化检测等,对资料完整的172名职工的数据进行分析,比较不同BMI水平、不同性别及不同GGT水平组别间一般资料的差异,采用单因素方差分析、Pearson相关分析及多元逐步回归分析探讨GGT与BMI的相关性。结果体质量过低组、正常体质量组、超体质量组、肥胖组4组间GGT水平比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;男性4个GGT四分位组间BMI、腹围、心率、舒张压、ALT、AST、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;女性4个GGT四分位组间ALT、AST、ALP、HDL-C、甘油三酯比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;Pearson 相关分析显示,男性组 GGT 水平与 BMI、腹围、心率、肝右斜径、ALT、AST、ALP呈正相关,女性组GGT水平与BMI、腹围、收缩压、舒张压、ALT、AST、ALP、血肌酐、甘油三酯呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关。多元逐步回归分析提示GGT可以显著影响BMI及腹围;调整了性别、年龄、GGT、肝右斜径、ALT、AST、ALP、血肌酐、HDL-C、LDL-C、甘油三酯、空腹血糖等指标之后,GGT与BMI独立相关。结论血清GGT水平的上升与BMI水平存在显著且独立的相关性。     

Exercise capacity and body composition as predictors of mortality among men with diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the relation of fitness to mortality among men with diabetes, adjusted for BMI and within levels of BMI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this observational cohort study, we calculated all-cause death rates in men with diabetes across quartiles of fitness and BMI categories. Study participants were 2,196 men with diabetes (average age 49.3 years, SD 9.5) who underwent a medical examination, including a maximal exercise test, during 1970 to 1995, with mortality follow-up to 31 December 1996. RESULTS: We identified 275 deaths during 32,161 person-years of observation. Risk of all-cause mortality was inversely related to fitness. For example, in the fully adjusted model, the risk of mortality was 4.5 (2.6-7.6), 2.8 (1.6-4.7), and 1.6 (0.93-2.76) for the first, second, and third fitness quartiles, respectively, with the fourth quartile (highest fitness level) as the referent (P for trend <0.0001). There was no significant trend across BMI categories for mortality after adjustment for fitness. Similar results were found when the fitness-mortality relation was examined within levels of body composition. In normal-weight men with diabetes, the relative risks of mortality were 6.6 (2.8-15.0), 3.2 (1.4-7.0), and 2.2 (1.1-4.6) for the first, second, and third quartiles of fitness, respectively, as compared with the fourth quartile (P for trend <0.0001). We found similar results in the overweight and obese weight categories. CONCLUSIONS: There was a steep inverse gradient between fitness and mortality in this cohort of men with documented diabetes, and this association was independent of BMI.     

Increase in body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio is associated with high blood pressure in children and adolescents in China

This study compared the association between blood pressure (BP) and obesity in 1145 Chinese children and adolescents (608 males, 537 females) using data from the 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey. Obesity was diagnosed by body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Analysis of variance was used to analyse the difference in BP among different subgroups. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated and multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out. The prevalence of high systolic and diastolic BP increased directly with corresponding increments in BMI, WC and WHtR, although the prevalence and OR of high BP were higher when increased BMI was combined with WC (OR 3.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.79, 6.41) or WHtR (OR 3.28; 95% CI 1.71, 6.30). In conclusion, increased BMI, WC and WHtR were directly associated with high BP in Chinese children and adolescents.     

Type 2 diabetes and maternal family history: an impact beyond slow glucose removal rate and fasting hyperglycemia in low-risk individuals? Results from 22.5 years of follow-up of healthy nondiabetic men

OBJECTIVE: Although an excess transmission of type 2 diabetes from mothers has been documented, whether this is an independent trait or whether the effect can be detected early through risk factors for type 2 diabetes remains to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and the possible prospective effect of family history on type 2 diabetes incidence adjusted for multiple diabetes risk factors in a 22.5-year follow-up study of healthy men. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 1,947 apparently healthy nondiabetic men with fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels <110 mg/dl at baseline, in whom an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was administered and several conventional risk factors were measured, were followed for 22.5 years. Family history data were obtained at the baseline examination, and morbidity data were obtained from repeated investigations, hospital records, and death certificates. RESULTS: A total of 131 men reported maternal diabetes family history only, 65 men reported paternal diabetes family history only and 10 men reported both maternal and paternal diabetes family history. Among the 1,947 men, 143 cases of type 2 diabetes developed during 22.5 years of observation. Maternal family history and combined maternal and paternal family history predisposed to future type 2 diabetes both in univariate Cox analysis and in multivariate Cox regression analysis after adjusting for glucose disappearance rate (Rd) during an IVGTT, FBG level, BMI, physical fitness, triglyceride level, and age. Maternal family history showed a relative risk (RR) of 2.51 (95% CI 1.55-4.07), combined maternal and paternal family history showed an RR of 3.96 (1.22-12.9), and paternal family history showed an RR of 1.41 (0.657-3.05) in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal family history appears to be an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes independent of prediabetic Rd, FBG, BMI, and physical fitness levels.     

Is the neck circumference an emergent predictor for inflammatory status in obese adults?

Background: Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) is a prothrombotic adipokine involved in the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis that associated with proinflammatory adipokines may increase the risk related to obesity. Anthropometric measures are commonly used in clinical practice and, currently, neck circumference (NC) has been used as a marker of cardiovascular risk that can favour inflammatory factors. Objective: To verify the possible correlations between prothrombotic and pro/anti‐inflammatory markers with anthropometric measurements in obese. Subjects and methods: A total of 43 obese adults were enrolled. The variables include body mass, stature, body mass index (BMI), NC, chest circumference (CC), abdominal circumference (AC), hip circumference (HC), blood pressure and blood collection used to assess the level of adipokines. Results: The sample was stratified by BMI. PAI‐1 levels were positively correlated with body mass (r = 0.31, p = 0.04), NC (r = 0.43, p = 0.004), CC (r = 0.40, p = 0.004), AC (r = 0.37, p = 0.01), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.35, p = 0.03), leptin/adiponectin ratio (r = 0.36, p = 0.01) and negatively correlated with adiponectin (r = ?0.34, p = 0.02). In stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, NC showed to be an independent predictor to PAI‐1 when adjusted for gender and BMI, according to the age (β = 0.47, p = 0.02 and β = 0.42, p = 0.02 respectively). Conclusion: In conclusion, NC could be suggested as an independent predictor higher PAI‐1. This association can be a new screening of persons at an enhanced cardiovascular risk and inflammation in this obese population, so useful in clinical practice.     

Beneficial associations of physical activity with 2-h but not fasting blood glucose in Australian adults: the AusDiab study

OBJECTIVE: We examined the associations of physical activity with fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and with 2-h postload plasma glucose (2-h PG) in men and women with low, moderate, and high waist circumference. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study provided data on a population-based cross-sectional sample of 4,108 men and 5,106 women aged >or=25 years without known diabetes or health conditions that could affect physical activity. FPG and 2-h PG were obtained from an oral glucose tolerance test. Self-reported physical activity level was defined according to the current public health guidelines as active (>or=150 min/week across five or more sessions) or inactive (<150 min/week and/or less than five sessions). Sex-specific quintiles of physical activity time were used to ascertain dose response. RESULTS: Being physically active and total physical activity time were independently and negatively associated with 2-h PG. When physical activity level was considered within each waist circumference category, 2-h PG was significantly lower in active high-waist circumference women (beta -0.30 [95% CI -0.59 to -0.01], P = 0.044) and active low-waist circumference men (beta -0.25 [-0.49 to -0.02], P = 0.036) compared with their inactive counterparts. Considered across physical activity and waist circumference categories, 2-h PG levels were not significantly different between active moderate-waist circumference participants and active low-waist circumference participants. Associations between physical activity and FPG were nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS: There are important differences between 2-h PG and FPG related to physical activity. It appears that 2-h PG is more sensitive to the beneficial effects of physical activity, and these benefits occur across the waist circumference spectrum.     

Effect of an inspiratory impedance threshold device on hemodynamics during conventional manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation

BACKGROUND: In animals in cardiac arrest, an inspiratory impedance threshold device (ITD) has been shown to improve hemodynamics and neurologically intact survival. The objective of this study was to determine whether an ITD would improve blood pressure (BP) in patients receiving CPR for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double-blind, intention-to-treat study was conducted in the Milwaukee, WI, emergency medical services (EMS) system. EMS personnel used an active (functional) or sham (non-functional) ITD on a tracheal tube on adults in cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac etiology. Care between groups was similar except for ITD type. Low dose epinephrine (1mg) was used per American Heart Association Guidelines. Femoral arterial BP (mmHg) was measured invasively during CPR. RESULTS: Mean+/-S.D. time from ITD placement to first invasive BP recording was approximately 14 min. Twelve patients were treated with a sham ITD versus 10 patients with an active ITD. Systolic BPs (mean+/-S.D.) [number of patients treated at given time point] at T = 0 (time of first arterial BP measurement), and T=2, 5 and 7 min were 85+/-29 [10], 85+/-23 [10], 85+/-16 [9] and 69+/-22 [8] in the group receiving an active ITD compared with 43+/-15 [12], 47+/-16 [12], 47+/-20 [9], and 52+/-23 [9] in subjects treated with a sham ITD, respectively (p < 0.01 for all times). Diastolic BPs at T = 0, 2, 5 and 7 min were 20+/-12, 21+/-13, 23+/-15 and 25+/-14 in the group receiving an active ITD compared with 15+/-9, 17+/-8, 17+/-9 and 19+/-8 in subjects treated with a sham ITD, respectively (p = NS for all times). No significant adverse device events were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the active ITD was found to increase systolic pressures safely and significantly in patients in cardiac arrest compared with sham controls.     

Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Paradoxical BMI-Mortality Risk Association in Male Veterans

ObjectiveTo assess the effect of fitness status on the paradoxical body mass index (BMI)-mortality risk association.Patients and MethodsFrom February 1, 1986, through December 30, 2011, we assessed fitness and BMI in 18,033 male veterans (mean age, 58.4±11.4 years) in 2 Veterans Affairs Medical centers. We established 3 fitness categories on the basis of peak metabolic equivalents achieved during an exercise test as well as 5 BMI categories. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality.ResultsDuring the follow-up period (median, 10.8 years, comprising a total of 207,168 person-years), 5070 participants (28%) died. After adjusting for age, risk factors, muscle-wasting diseases, medications, and year of entry, mortality risk was higher for individuals with a BMI of 20.1 to 23.9 kg/m² (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 1.12-1.30) and 18.5 to 20.0 kg/m² (HR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.37-1.77) than for those with a BMI of 24.0 to 27.9 kg/m²; mortality risk was not increased for those with a BMI of 28.0 kg/m² or greater. When stratified by fitness, the trend was similar for low-fit and moderate-fit individuals. However, mortality risk was not increased for high-fit individuals across BMI categories. When fitness status was considered within each BMI category, mortality risk increased progressively with decreased fitness and was more pronounced for moderate-fit (HR, 2.52; 95% CI, 2.06-3.08) and low-fit (HR, 2.48; 95% CI, 2.0-3.06) individuals with a BMI of 18.5-20.0 kg/m². Mortality risk was not significantly increased for high-fit individuals (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.78-1.78; P=.45).ConclusionA high mortality risk associated with low BMI levels was observed only in moderate-fit and low-fit individuals, and not in high-fit individuals. Thus, fitness greatly affects the paradoxical BMI-mortality risk association. Furthermore, our findings indicate that lower BMI levels do not increase the risk for premature death as long as they are associated with high fitness. Thus, the paradoxically higher mortality risk observed with lower body weight as represented by lower BMI is likely the result of unhealthy reduction in body weight and, perhaps most importantly, considerable loss of lean body mass.     

昆明市成年居民脂肪肝患病率及其危险因素流行病学调查

目的 明确云南省昆明市18岁以上居民脂肪肝的患病率及其主要危险因素.方法 采用随机、分层、整群抽样方法,调查昆明市4个区常住居民9500人脂肪肝的患病情况,调查内容涉及问卷、体格检查、血清生化检测以及肝脏实时超声检查.结果 昆明市受调查人员中检出脂肪肝1444例(19.08%).经年龄和性别调整后,昆明市成人脂肪肝患病率21.57%.酒精性脂肪肝、可疑酒精性脂肪肝、非酒精性脂肪肝患病率分别为0.86%、0.69%、20.02%.单因素分析显示,脂肪肝组年龄、体重指数、腰围、腰臀比、收缩压、舒张压、空腹血糖、甘油三酯、胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均显著高于非脂肪肝组,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇则明显低于非脂肪肝组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.001).多元回归分析显示:甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、空腹血糖、腰围、体重指数、高血压病、文化程度和性别(男性)等指标与脂肪肝密切相关.结论 昆明市成人脂肪肝患病率高,主要为非酒精性脂肪肝.脂肪肝发病率男性明显高于女性.高脂血症、超重及肥胖、糖代谢紊乱、高血压、男性等为脂肪肝危险因素.     

Cardiovascular risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic preschoolers

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women among all racial and ethnic groups. Identifying risk factors early in life can facilitate use of preventive strategies to reduce risk and improve health status across the life span. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify modifiable (tobacco smoke exposure, physical inactivity, dietary fat intake, overweight, and high blood pressure [BP]) and nonmodifiable (family history, gender, and age) cardiovascular risk factors in low-income preschool children. METHODS: Low-income preschool children (N = 205) 3-5 years old were recruited to participate. Parents completed a multigenerational cardiovascular health history form and a 24-hour dietary recall for themselves and their child. The children's height, weight, and BP were obtained. RESULTS: Of the 205 children, 61% reported ethnicity as Latino or Hispanic, 31.7% non-Hispanic White, 1% non-Hispanic Black, 3.9% Asian, and 2.4% mixed race. The number of males (50.7%) and females (49.3%) was similar. Only 22 (10.7%) children had no identified cardiovascular risk factors. At least one modifiable risk factor was present in 179 (87.3%) children. Fifty-two (25.5%) children had a body mass index (BMI) > or = 85th percentile for gender and age; 44 (22.3%) had a systolic or diastolic BP over the 90th percentile for gender, age, and height; 128 (66.3%) had a dietary fat intake of > 30%; 77 (37.6%) watched TV or played video games more than 2 hr/day; and 48 (23.4%) were exposed to passive tobacco smoke. DISCUSSION: The identification of cardiovascular risk factors in almost 90% of presumably healthy preschoolers provides evidence to support testing of interventions that can improve health behaviors and reduce risks.     

Education and the metabolic syndrome in women

OBJECTIVE: The main objective was to examine the association between the metabolic syndrome and socioeconomic position (as indicated by education) among women. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The study sample comprised healthy women (aged 30-65 years) in Sweden who were representative of the general population in a metropolitan area. Socioeconomic position was measured by educational level (mandatory [< or = 9 years], high school, or college/university). The metabolic syndrome was defined as the presence of two or more of the following components: 1) fasting plasma glucose level > or = 7.0 mmol/l; 2) arterial blood pressure > or = 160/90 mmHg; 3) fasting plasma triglycerides > or = 1.7 mmol/l and/or HDL cholesterol < 1.0 mmol/l; and 4) central obesity (waist-to-hip ratio > 0.85 and/or BMI > 30 kg/m2). RESULTS: After adjustment for age, the risk ratio for the presence of the metabolic syndrome comparing the lowest (< or = 9 years) with the highest (college/university) education was 2.7 (95% CI 1.1-6.8). This association persisted after controlling for menopausal status, family history of diabetes, and behavioral risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Low education is associated with increased risk for metabolic syndrome in middle-aged women. These findings show that not only are women with low socioeconomic position at increased risk for individual risk factors that are associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, they are also at increased risk for the metabolic clustering of risk factors.     

Comparative Relevance of Physical Fitness and Adiposity on Life Expectancy: A UK Biobank Observational Study

ObjectiveTo investigate the extent to which 2 measures of physical fitness—walking pace and handgrip strength—are associated with life expectancy across different levels of adiposity, as the relative importance of physical fitness and adiposity on health outcomes is still debated.Patients and MethodsUsual walking pace (self-defined as slow, steady/average, brisk), dynamometer-assessed handgrip strength, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body-fat percentage determined at baseline in the UK Biobank prospective cohort study (March 13, 2006, to January 31, 2016). Life expectancy was estimated at 45 years of age.ResultsThe median age and BMI of the 474,919 participants included in this analysis were 58.2 years and 26.7 kg/m², respectively; over a median follow-up of 6.97 years, 12,823 deaths occurred. Participants reporting brisk walking pace had longer life expectancies across all levels of BMIs, ranging from 86.7 to 87.8 years in women and 85.2 to 86.8 years in men. Conversely, subjects reporting slow walking pace had shorter life expectancies, being the lowest observed in slow walkers with a BMI less than 20 kg/m² (women: 72.4 years; men: 64.8 years). Smaller, less consistent differences in life expectancy were observed between participants with high and low handgrip strength, particularly in women. The same pattern of results was observed for waist circumference or body-fat percentage.ConclusionBrisk walkers were found to have longer life expectancies, which was constant across different levels and indices of adiposity. These findings could help clarify the relative importance of physical fitness and adiposity on mortality.     

新疆哈萨克族与汉族高血压患者血浆硫化氢水平比较及相关性研究

[目的]比较新疆哈萨克族（哈族）、汉族原发性高血压（EH）患者血浆硫化氢（H2S）水平并分析其相关因素.[方法]哈族133人及同期在本院体检中心体检的汉族130人,根据血压水平,分为哈、汉EH组,哈、汉对照组,测量血压、身高、体质量、腰围（WC）、臀围,检测血浆H2S、胰岛素（FINS）、血糖（FPG）.计算体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、体内脂肪百分比（BF%）、胰岛素抵抗指数（IRI）等并进行比较.[结果]①哈、汉EH组血浆H2S水平明显低于哈、汉对照组（P〈0.01）,哈、汉EH组间无显著性差异（P〉0.05）;对照组中汉族血浆H2S水平高于哈族（P〈0.05）.②哈、汉EH组中,血浆H2S水平与收缩压（SBP）、WC、BMI、IRI呈负相关（P〈0.05或0.01）,哈族EH组亦与WHR、FINS呈负相关（P〈0.01）.③多元逐步回归分析示,在哈族EH组中,SBP、WC、BMI、IRI是影响血浆H2S的独立因素;在汉族EH组中,SBP、BMI、IRI是影响血浆H2S的独立因素;在哈、汉族对照组中,BMI是影响血浆H2S的独立因素.[结论]哈、汉EH患者血浆H2S水平降低,且与血压、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗存在相关性,在健康人群中,汉族血浆H2S水平高于哈族,血浆H2S水平降低可能是哈族EH发病率较高的原因之一.