髁突骨折解剖复位及小型接骨板坚强内固定

目的 探讨髁突骨折解剖复位和小型接骨板坚强内固定的技术要点和并发症的发生因素。方法 髁突骨折72例97侧（单侧47例,双侧25例）。陈旧性骨折12例,髁颈和髁颈下骨折81例,移位和脱位骨折90例。8侧未手术,7侧髁突摘除,6侧升支垂直截骨间接复位,76侧直接复位。59侧单板固定,21侧双板固定,2侧螺钉穿接固定,有22侧髁突呈游离再植,68例经颌后入路,21侧经耳屏前入路。术后1～3个月复查9例,3～6个月36例,6个月以上27例,复查内容包括骨折复位准确性、固定稳定性、骨折愈合改建,伤口愈合、面型、he关系、下颌运动、关节症状、神经损伤。结果 感染2侧,错he2例,假关节2侧,接骨板断裂3侧,接骨板变形2侧,骨折块再移位7侧,髁突吸收6侧,张口受限7例,关节疼痛5侧,关节杂音5侧,面神经损伤9例。并发症发生率33%（24/72例）,排除医源性因素后的并发症率14%（10/72例）。结论 切开复位及小型接骨板坚强内固定是治疗髁颈和髁颈下移位及脱位骨折的效方法,升支垂直截骨髁突游离再植是治疗髁突陈旧性骨折的可选择方法。低位髁颈和髁颈下骨折应采用颌后入路,接骨板应沿后外缘作张力带固定,髁颈下严重移位和陈旧性骨折需在髁颈前或乙状切迹处增加补偿固定。     

内镜辅助髁突下骨折的复位与内固定

目的：为减少明显的瘢痕和面神经损伤的机会,采用内镜辅助经口内入路进行成年人髁突下骨折的复位与固定。方法：从2003年4月—2005年12月就诊的11例髁突下骨折病例,全麻下口内切开,内镜辅助下进行髁突下骨折的复位与内固定,同期行其他部位骨折的复位与固定。结果：11例患者中有9例获得了良好的解剖复位,另2例因存在骨质缺损未能达到精确的解剖复位。手术后恢复较快,均无面神经损伤症状。随访期为1.5～3.8a,平均2.2a。术后6个月内关节功能正常,瘢痕不明显;随访期末,平均开口度为3.6cm,2例患者出现关节弹响,但不影响生活。结论：经口内入路内镜辅助的下颌骨髁突下骨折复位与固定可达到开放性手术类似的疗效,并可减少瘢痕的形成和面神经损伤的发生。     

Follow-up of condylar fractures of the mandible in 8 patients at 18 months after transoral endoscopic-assisted open treatment.

PURPOSE: The results of endoscopic-assisted transoral approach for open reduction and miniplate fixation of condylar mandible fractures were evaluated 18 months after surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The transoral endoscopic-assisted treatment of condylar fractures was performed in 8 consecutive patients from April 1998 to December 1999 at the University Hospital Freiburg. Four of 8 condylar fractures were dislocated, and 6 of the 8 patients had additional mandibular fractures. RESULTS: Anatomic reduction was achieved in all patients without facial nerve damage. There were no signs of bony resorption and good temporomandibular joint function 18 months after surgery. In 4 patients, the transoral management of condylar fractures was facilitated by angulated drills and screw drivers. Transbuccal stab incisions were not needed in these 4 patients. In all 8 patients, visible scars were avoided. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic-assisted transoral approach proved to be a reliable surgical method for condylar fractures when dislocation with lateral override was present.     

Preliminary functional results of endoscope-assisted transoral treatment of displaced bilateral condylar mandible fractures

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) function was evaluated following endoscope-assisted transoral open reduction and miniplate fixation of displaced bilateral condylar mandibular fractures. The transoral treatment of bilateral condylar fractures was performed in 13 patients from May 2000 to December 2004. Eleven of the 13 patients had additional mandibular fractures. Out of 26 fractures of the condylar process, 11 were located at the condylar neck and 15 were subcondylar. One, 6 and 12 months after surgery TMJ function was evaluated. Anatomic reduction was achieved using an endoscope-assisted transoral approach even when the condylar fragment was displaced medially and in fractures with comminution. Good TMJ function was noted 6 and 12 months after surgery. Mouth opening was measured to be more than 40 mm without deviation. Postoperative range of motion with a satisfying lateral excursion was found. Early rehabilitation and pre-injury TMJ function was achieved following minimally invasive anatomic fracture reduction.     

Catching condyle – Endoscopic-assisted transoral open reduction and rigid fixation of condylar process fractures using an auto reposition and fixation osteosynthesis plate

Introduction

Fractures of the mandibular condyle are reported to account for 9 %–45 % of all mandibular fractures. There has been a long lasting controversy on the superiority of different treatment options with endoscopic-assisted transoral approaches gaining increasing attention in recent years. In this article, we report the application of a newly developed osteosynthesis plate for an auto reposition, reconstruction and rigid fixation of condylar process fractures.

髁颈及髁颈下骨折术后非骨源性咬合关系紊乱因素探讨

目的 总结髁颈及髁颈下骨折解剖复位、坚强内固定术后影响咬合关系的非骨源性因素。方法 分析23例髁颈及髁颈下骨折经解剖复位、小型接骨板坚强内固定术后出现咬合紊乱的原因，并提出相应的处理措施。结果 23例术后咬合紊乱者均经曲面断层片及瓦氏位片复查，未发现小型接骨板变形、断裂以及骨折片再移位，但伴其他并发症(一过性面瘫2例；一过性下颌缘支损伤3例；感染2例；关节区疼痛2例；关节弹响及杂音1例)。结论 髁颈及髁颈下骨折虽经解剖复位、小型接骨板坚强内固定，且术后并无导致咬合紊乱的骨源性因素，仍有发生咬合紊乱的可能性。其原因为肌源性和关节源性。这时，不需再次手术复位，只需颌间弹性牵引及功能锻炼，个别情况下调He治疗即可恢复正常咬合关系。     

Transient total facial nerve paralysis: an unusual complication of transoral endoscopic-assisted management of subcondylar fracture

Endoscopic-assisted repair of subcondylar fractures is an additional tool for management; however, there is a steep learning curve. Generally, this technique allows good visualization of the fracture site for reduction through an incision with an acceptable cosmetic result. Recently, the surgical techniques and technology as well as the indications for endoscopic facial fracture repair are in development; there are few available data in the literature regarding detail complications and recovery processes following endoscopic fracture treatment. The purpose of this article was to reveal unusual complication following endoscopic repair of subcondylar fracture in terms of radiographic, photographic, and recovering orders of the facial nerve and facial reanimations. In our case, no damage to the facial nerve was observed intraoperatively, but the patient had total facial paralysis, immediately postoperatively. At long-term follow-up, the facial nerve function was recovered well within 6 months. The authors consider that transoral endoscopic-assisted open reduction constitutes a valid alternative to a transcutaneous approach for the reduction and fixation of subcondylar fractures. It provides the benefits of open reduction and internal fixation without the permanent complications, such as facial nerve injury.     

口内入路治疗髁突低位骨折

目的:探讨口内入路治疗髁突低位的安全性及有效性。方法:回顾性研究本院2014年1月~2016年4月所收治8例髁突低位骨折的患者,选择口内入路对髁突低位骨折进行切开复位内固定术。结果:8例患者,10侧髁突低位骨折,其中5例患者合并下颌骨体部骨折。髁突低位骨折患者行内窥镜辅助下穿颊器或侧壁螺丝刀口内入路进行手术治疗。术后患者创口均Ⅰ期愈合,未发现面瘫及涎瘘等并发症,术后复查全口曲面断层片和三维CT示骨折断端对位良好。3个月后复查,面部无明显疤痕,张口度正常,咬合关系良好。结论:利用穿颊器或侧壁螺丝刀口内入路治疗髁突低位骨折,相对于传统的耳前、颌下及颌后入路,手术创伤小,面部无明显瘢痕,外形良好,配合内窥镜的使用,更加便于直视下完成骨折复位固定,是治疗髁突低位骨折安全有效的手术入路。     

24例髁突骨折经下颌后进路行坚强内固定的疗效观察

目的:介绍发生于髁突颈和髁颈以下髁突骨折用小型钛板经下颌后进路行解剖复位、坚强内固定术的方法和经验。方法:发生于髁突颈和髁颈以下骨折24例30侧,经下颌后进路以小型钛板行坚强内固定术。术后3～6个月后复查并评价疗效,复查内容包括:张口度、张口型、咬合关系、X线表现、面神经损伤情况。结果:张口度较术前明显增大,张口型偏移明显改善,错牙合3例,面神经下颌缘支损伤2例。X线检查:髁突骨折复位良好,髁突无移位。结论:下颌后进路是一种治疗髁突颈和髁颈以下骨折的有效方法。     

3种不同手术入路治疗成人髁突骨折效果分析

目的 ：探讨成人髁突骨折3种不同手术入路的临床疗效。方法 ：46例共48侧成人髁突骨折按Loukota等标准分类,根据分类分别采用耳屏前入路、颌后穿腮腺入路及口内入路进行复位内固定。结果：46例患者术后下颌运动及咬合关系恢复良好,开口度基本正常,骨折复位及愈合良好,髁突未见明显吸收。结论：根据成人髁突不同骨折类型,灵活采用不同手术入路,可获得满意的临床效果。     

翼外肌-髁突解剖复位内固定治疗髁突骨折的探讨

目的:探讨髁突骨折进行解剖复位和小型钛板坚强内固定的手术适应证、方法和治疗效果。方法:以髁头脱位骨折、髁颈和髁颈下骨折移位角度大于30°～45°、下颌支垂直高度降低超过4～5mm为适应证,对收治的23例28侧髁突骨折患者采用改良耳颞部"拐杖"型切口或颌后进路,行翼外肌-髁突解剖复位及张力带小型钛板坚强内固定。术后3～6个月复诊,检查面型、开口度、开口型、咬合关系、咀嚼力,并以此进行疗效评价。结果:所有患者面型对称,开口度较术前明显增大,开口型显著改变。2例术后错牙合患者经1周颌间牵引,恢复正常。影象学检查示髁突无移位,骨折无错位。钛板无移位,髁突表面无明显吸收现象。患者咀嚼有力。2例面瘫患者经治疗后3个月恢复。结论:选择合适病例,进行翼外肌-髁突开放性解剖复位固定,是一种既能恢复解剖形态又能恢复咀嚼功能的有效方法。     

The retromandibular transparotid approach for reduction and rigid internal fixation using two locking miniplates in mandibular condylar neck fractures

We evaluated the safety, efficacy, and morbidity associated with the treatment of displaced mandibular condylar neck fractures using a retromandibular transparotid approach to reduce and rigidly fix using two 2.0-mm locking miniplates. Our surgical inclusion criteria were: patient selection of open reduction and fixation, displaced unilateral condylar fractures with derangement of occlusion, and bilateral condylar fractures with an anterior open bite. The study group consisted of 19 patients who underwent surgery for 19 mandibular condylar neck fractures; patients were analyzed prospectively, with more than 6 months of follow-up, and were evaluated in terms of functional results, scar formation, postoperative complications, and stability of fixation. The results showed that functional occlusion identical to the preoperative condition and correct anatomical reduction of the condylar segments in centric occlusion, followed by immediate functional recovery, was achieved in all patients. No patient suffered from any major or permanent complication postoperatively, although there were two cases (11%) of temporary facial nerve palsy, which resolved completely within 3 months. Surgical scars were barely visible. The retromandibular transparotid approach with open reduction and rigid internal fixation for displaced condylar neck fractures of the mandible is a feasible and safe, minimally invasive surgical technique that provides reliable clinical results.     

Comparison Between Two Techniques for the Treatment of Mandibular Subcondylar Fractures: Closed Treatment Technique and Transoral Endoscopic-Assisted Open Reduction

Purpose

The endoscopic-assisted technique for the treatment of subcondylar fractures has been used successfully and its acceptance develops as more surgeons gain experience. We present the short term results of this technique in a randomized prospective clinical trial.

Methods and Materials

A total of 40 patients with mandibular subcondylar fracture were included in our study in two groups randomly. Patients of first group were treated by closed treatment technique and patients of second group by transoral endoscopic-assisted open reduction. All patients were followed for minimum of 12 weeks and occlusion, Mandibular Anterior Opening (MAO), mandibular deviation, and posterior ramal height were assessed.

Results

In the endoscopic group the MAO was significantly greater and mandibular deviation was lesser at 2nd and 4th week of follow up. Posterior ramal height showed significant increase in the endoscopic group rather than closed treatment group.

Conclusion

The transoral endoscopic-assisted technique is a reliable and successful technique to address subcondylar fractures. The patients who were treated by this technique showed better results in the fields of mandibular function and patient satisfaction and comfort, although it is time consuming and needs expensive instruments.     

Retromandibular approach for reduction and fixation of mandibular condylar fractures: A clinical experience

This study evaluated the efficiency and safety of a retromandibular approach to reduce and fix displaced condylar fractures. The study group included 31 patients who had undergone surgery for 35 condylar fractures (8 bilateral, 23 unilateral). Consultants and residents had performed the procedure. Inclusion criteria were: patient's choice for open reduction and fixation; displaced unilateral condylar fractures with occlusal derangement; bilateral condylar fractures with anterior open bite. Restriction of lateral movement towards the unaffected side was observed preoperatively in all cases taken up. There was a difference in the lateral movements towards the fractured side (mean 7.2) and unaffected side (mean 4.2) during the first postoperative review. Functional occlusion identical to the preoperative occlusion and good reduction of the condyles was noted in all cases. Facial nerve was encountered in 6 cases (17%) intraoperatively. There was one case (3%) of temporary facial nerve weakness, which resolved within 2 weeks. There was no permanent facial nerve damage in any patient. The retromandibular-transparotid approach seems to be a safe and efficient method for reduction and internal fixation of condylar fractures with little or no risk to the branches of facial nerve.     

Use of an occlusal splint and intraoperative imaging with an intraoral approach in the management of mandibular subcondylar fractures

IntroductionTo evaluate the feasibility of safely managing subcondylar fractures using an original surgical procedure combining an intraoral approach, the use of a custom-made occlusal overlay splint, and intraoperative imaging.Materials and methodsCondylar fragment was freed from surrounding soft tissues, was laterally exposed to the ramus, and a miniplate was fixed in place for osteosynthesis. An overlay splint maintaining the dental occlusion was used to facilitate reduction and stabilization during fixation. Intraoperative monitoring by cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed before completing the fixation.ResultsBetween November 2018 and June 2019, 10 patients were treated using this procedure. The median length of the proximal condylar fragment was 29 mm (range 24–39 min). Five patients had an associated mandibular fracture. The median duration of the condylar fracture surgery was 54.5 min (range 38–79 min). All patients had satisfactory reduction and osteosynthesis with no complications.ConclusionIt is feasible to safely manage subcondylar fractures with this surgical procedure that could facilitate open reduction using intraoral approaches. Occlusal splints maintain downward pressure on the rami bilaterally and symmetrically, helping to anatomically reposition condylar process fractures. Intraoperative imaging is used to monitor this step.     

Treatment of low subcondylar fractures—a 5-year retrospective study

The aim of the present study was to retrospectively review the treatment outcome of low subcondylar temporomandibular joint fractures. The retrospective analysis was performed on all patients treated for low subcondylar fractures (below the sigmoid notch) between 2006 and 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: the closed reduction group (maxillomandibular fixation, MMF) and the open reduction group (anteroparotid transmasseteric (APTM) approach). Out of 129 condylar fractures, a total of 37 patients met the inclusion criterion of a fracture below the sigmoid notch (low subcondylar). Ten patients (seven males and three females) were treated using the APTM approach, and 27 patients were treated conservatively by MMF. In the open reduction group, two patients (20%) had limited mouth opening that resolved following physiotherapy; the closed reduction group had a similar percentage (18.5%) of mouth opening limitation (below 35 mm). No facial nerve damage was noted. Adult patients suffering from low subcondylar fractures can be treated by open reduction and internal fixation using the APTM approach, which was found to be a safe and reproducible procedure with no facial nerve damage; however this is a surgical procedure with a shallow learning curve.     

Complications in endoscopic-assisted open reduction and internal fixation of mandibular condyle fractures

Endoscopic-assisted open reduction and internal fixation (EAORIF) of subcondylar fractures is minimally invasive, provides excellent visibility without a large incision, and reduces surgical scarring and the risk of facial nerve injury. This study evaluated the complications associated with EAORIF. Twenty-six patients underwent EAORIF for mandibular condyle fractures. The postoperative follow-up period was longer than 6 months. We analyzed associations between the complication incidence and the number of fixation plates, accompanying mandibular fractures, and age. Eighteen (69.2%) and 6 (23.1%) patients had temporary (<3 months after surgery) and long-term (>6 months after surgery) complications, respectively. Patients older than 30 years had complications more frequently than those younger than 30 years. Complication rates were similar for different numbers of fixation plates and among patients with and without accompanying mandibular fractures. EAORIF is a reliable technique for treating condylar fractures, regardless of patient age, number of fixation plates, or accompanying mandibular fractures. However, improvements are needed to reduce long-term complications.     

切开复位治疗高位髁状突骨折

目的　探讨切开复位治疗高位髁状突骨折。方法　对 32例 (47侧 )高位髁状突骨折经耳前进路行髁状突复位、微型钛板内固定 ,术后行临床和影像学观察。结果　术后 1年临床评价优良率为 75 % ,无张口受限、关节症状及面神经损伤 ,影像学检查髁状突异常主要有骨折片移位、成角畸形及骨质吸收 ,再移位仅见于单板固定的病例。结论　切开复位治疗高位髁状突骨折可取得满意临床疗效 ,内固定时尽可能行双板固定 ,以达到三维稳固。     

A new 3-dimensional plate for transoral endoscopic-assisted osteosynthesis of condylar neck fractures.

PURPOSE: Transoral surgical treatment of condylar neck fractures minimizes the risk of damaging the facial nerve. But fracture reduction and plate osteosynthesis remain challenging, especially when using 2 plates, although endoscopic assistance has proven helpful. To further improve and simplify osteosynthesis at the condylar neck, a new delta-shaped osteosynthesis plate that mimics the function of 2 plates has been developed. The present clinical follow-up study was conducted to evaluate this new plate. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 16 patients with 19 condylar neck fractures (3 Spiessl I, 13 Spiessl II, 1 Spiessl III, 2 Spiessl IV) and 3 bilateral fractures were treated through an endoscopic-assisted transoral approach. After reduction, the plate was applied, with the screws inserted either transcutaneously or with angulated instruments. RESULTS: The operation time ranged between 55 and 120 minutes. More than 6 months after the operation, functional parameters returned to normal, with an average mouth opening of 41 mm, protrusion of 5 mm, and laterotrusion of 6 mm. Radiographic controls showed good fracture alignment in 15 of 19 cases immediately after the operation, and in 14 of 19 cases 6 months after the operation. No plate fracture or bending was observed. In 3 patients, loose screws were found on plate removal. CONCLUSIONS: The clinical data and the engineering and biomechanical background suggest that the new delta-shaped plate can be regarded as 2 miniplates. The new plate is suitable for treatment of condylar neck fractures, particularly when used in an endoscopic-assisted transoral approach.     

中国颌面外科高年资医师髁突骨折治疗观点一致性的调查

目的 了解中国颌面外科高年资医师在髁突骨折治疗观点上的分歧及其影响因素,分析国内外同行间的观点差别.方法 依据骨折类型、移位程度、发生部位和患者年龄,从85例髁突骨折中逐步筛查出18种不同损伤情况的病例.采用现场问卷形式,对46位长期从事颌面创伤治疗的高年专科医师进行髁突骨折"手术"与"非手术"治疗观点的调查,并在讨论中与Baker的调查结果进行比较分析.结果 46位调查对象对18例骨折的治疗方案选择中,3例治疗观点具有一致性,9例观点具有倾向性,6例观点严重分歧.18例髁突骨折中,选择8例手术,4例非手术,其余治疗方案不确定.儿童骨折均主张非手术治疗,青少年髁颈下脱位性骨折主张手术治疗,与国外学者观点趋于一致.成人矢状和粉碎性骨折、髁颈和髁颈下轻度错位骨折争议较大,国外学者观点不主张手术.双侧髁颈下脱位性骨折国内外医师均主张手术.单侧髁颈和髁颈下移位性骨折,国内医师主张手术,国外医师不主张手术.结论 髁突骨折手术与非手术治疗观点方面,约1/3的国内高年资医师间存在严重分歧.对儿童骨折采用非手术治疗和成人双侧髁颈下脱位性骨折手术治疗的观点较为一致.与国外相比,国内医师更倾向于手术治疗.