Transplantation of kidneys from living related donors. Comparison with cadaveric kidney transplantation

In a series of 271 transplantations of renal allografts, performed over 10 years, the rates of graft survival, patient survival, and morbidity in the recipients of allografts from living related donors (47 allografts) have been compared with those in the recipients of cadaveric allografts (224 allografts). The one-year graft survival rates were 88% for allografts from living related donors (100%, if these were HLA-identical) and 55% for cadaveric allografts, while the patient survival rates were 97% and 87%, respectively, in the same period. Morbidity rates (expressed as the number of days spent in hospital) for recipients of allografts from living related donors were approximately 50% of those for recipients of cadaveric grafts. Complications in the living related donors were minimal, and acceptable. It is concluded that transplantation of allografts from living related donors has many advantages over transplantation of cadaveric kidneys, and is a valuable adjunct to a cadaveric renal transplantation programme. Greater use of living related kidney donors should be encouraged in Australia.     

Outcome of overseas commercial kidney transplantation: an Australian perspective

Lack of donors has led to a worldwide increase in commercial kidney transplantation programs where recipients acquire kidneys either from executed prisoners or live non-related donors. Commercial transplantation is prohibited by legislation in Australia. Our centres have had 16 patients who have travelled overseas to receive a commercial kidney transplant; five have subsequently died. As has been found previously, patients who received commercial transplants were more likely to develop infections such as HIV, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus and fungal infections. Previous reports have found that patient and graft survival were comparable to local results, whereas we found that patient and graft survival were worse than transplantation within Australia. Patients considering the option of overseas commercial donation should be advised that heightened risks to life and graft survival exist.     

婴幼儿心死亡后捐献肾行肾移植术：2 例病例报告并文献复习

目的：加深针对扩大标准供肾的心脏死亡器官捐献(donation aer cardiac death，DCD) 肾移植手术术中、
术后管理的认识。方法：2 例供肾来自于诊断为脑死亡的2 例低龄儿童供者，年龄分别为11 个月和1 岁7 个月，脑
死亡的原因分别是重症婴儿肝综合征和重症颅脑外伤。2 例供者出现心死亡后，切取双肾整块，并分别整块移植给了
2 位受者。2 例受者的年龄分别是37 岁和41 岁。结果：术后随访6 个月，2 例受者移植肾功能基本正常。2 例受者术
后都出现大量血性引流液，在给予相应治疗后停止，未出现急性排斥反应和其他手术并发症。结论：采用改进的技
术可以安全采用年龄<3 岁的婴幼儿DCD 供肾；手术后短期效果满意，有助于扩大供体池，但血管并发症值得重视。     

心脏死亡供者肾移植48例临床分析

目的:探讨终末期肾病患者接受心脏死亡无偿器官捐献(DCD)供者移植后的恢复情况及此类供体对受者及移植物术后的影响。方法:对48例终末期肾病患者接受DCD捐献的肾脏后行同种异体肾移植术,并对其术前和术后的诊疗及随访血肌酐、移植物及受者存活情况进行回顾性分析。结果:48例受者中无1例出现移植肾原发性无功能(PNF),18例受者术后出现肾功能延迟恢复(DGF),其发生率为37.5%,DGF组与无DGF组受者及移植肾生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(分别P=0.098,P=0.447)。48例受者中有7例(14.6%)受者移植肾丢失,其他41例受者随访时间为0.5~23(中位数8)个月,39例(95.1%)受者移植肾功能恢复正常。在1,3,6,12个月移植物的存活率分别为95.7%,93.0%,90.0%,87.5%,患者的存活率分别为100%,94.9%,90.0%,87.5%。结论:在我国尚无脑死亡法的环境下,DCD是解决我国器官移植界瓶颈的重要手段,是器官来源的重要部分,并且有着较好的短中期预后。     

腹腔镜取肾亲属肾移植临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜活体供肾亲属肾移植临床效果.方法回顾性分析8例腹腔镜取肾活体亲属供肾移植供受者临床资料.结果经术后2-50月随访,8例供者均无并发症出现,术后7～10d出院.8例受者肾移植术后恢复迅速,移植肾功能稳定.结论腹腔镜活体取肾安全可行,活体亲属肾移植的存活率要高于尸体肾移植.活体供肾是一较好的供肾来源.     

乙肝/丙肝阳性供肾移植临床观察

目的：探讨乙肝/丙肝阳性供肾移植的安全性。 方法：回顾性分析中南大学湘雅二医院2002年1月至2006年6月间283例乙肝/丙肝阳性供肾移植受者的临床资料。其中乙肝阳性供肾的肾移植共31例,阳性供肾均移植给乙肝表面抗原阳性的受者（DB+/RB+）,同期有26例乙肝表面抗原阳性的受者接受了乙肝表面抗原阴性的供肾(DB-/RB+)。丙肝阳性供肾的肾移植6例（DC+/RC+）,同期有13例丙肝阳性的受者接受了丙肝阴性的供肾(DC-/RC+)。平均随访14个月。结果：接受乙肝/丙肝阳性供肾的受者在肝损害、急性排斥的发生率、移植肾和人的存活率方面与对照组相比无统计学差异。结论：将乙肝/丙肝阳性供肾移植给相应的血清学阳性受者短期内是安全的,远期效果有待进一步观察。     

Delayed complications of renal transplantation and their prevention

The complications of cadaveric renal transplantation in a group of 10-year survivors are presented. Fifty-two (44%) of 119 graft recipients survived more than 10 years, 48 with their original allograft. The major causes of death in the others were bacterial (24%) and other (10%) infections, cerebral (12%) and myocardial (7.5%) vascular disease. Serious morbidity in the survivors included infectious episodes (55%), skin cancer (40%), vascular disease (30%), cataracts (45%) and aseptic necrosis of bone (13%). Only six (12%) patients had no complications. Although complications were frequent, 34 patients (72%) were fully rehabilitated to work or household duties. Several recipients have become parents. Prevention of the late complications of transplantation must be aimed at reducing the known risk factors early in the course of renal failure. These include hypertension, obesity, cigarette smoking and sun exposure.     

Use of non-heart-beating donors in renal transplantation

The rate of renal transplantation has plateaued and is now limited by the number of donor organs available. In the past all donor kidneys came from living donors or controlled non-heart beating donors. It was not until the introduction of brainstem death criteria that cadaveric heart beating donors became the main source. Recently, there has been renewed interest in non-heart beating donors, who have already suffered cardiorespiratory arrest. Kidneys from these donors have a unique set of problems associated with increased duration of warm ischaemia. To minimise this, the kidneys are cooled in situ using an intra-aortic balloon catheter and are perfused with cold hyperosmolar citrate. Retrieval can then proceed in the normal fashion. Despite a higher level of delayed graft function, the results from non-heart beating renal transplantation are good, with long term function comparable to cadaveric organs. If used safely, they enable significant expansion of the donor pool. Techniques in the future, such as machine perfusion preservation, may further improve the results from non-heart beating programmes.     

Cadaveric liver transplant from older donors

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of cadaveric donor age on outcomes following orthotopic liver transplantation OLT. METHODS: Data were collected on all patients who underwent OLT between January 1997 and December 2004 at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. During this period, 313 OLTs were performed: 51 patients 16% received older donor livers OD; 60 or more years old, and 262 84% received younger donor livers YD; less than 60 years old. RESULTS: In the study group 313 patients, we found significantly more recipients of OD liver with blood group O: 51% versus 33% p=0.025 and with fulminant hepatic failure: 9.8% versus 5% p=0.018 compared to YD recipients. No difference between OD and YD liver recipients was found in initial poor graft function: 16/51 31% versus 74/262 28%, primary non-functioning: 6.5% versus 6.5%, the overall graft loss: 15/51 29% versus 62/262 24%, post-revascularization liver biopsy steatosis: 14/40 35% versus 82/232 36% or hepatic artery thrombosis: 1/51 2% versus 8/262 3%. There was no difference in graft actuarial survival between OD and YD recipients at 1, 3, and 5 years, 82% versus 87%, 75% versus 81%, and 75% versus 77% p=0.27 log rank or patient actuarial survival, 86% versus 89%, 79% versus 83%, and 79% versus 80% p=0.336 log rank. CONCLUSION: Orthotopic liver transplantation can be achieved with acceptable outcomes using selected livers from older deceased donors.     

Non-heart-beating organ donors as a source of kidneys for transplantation: a chart review

BACKGROUND: Organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end-stage organ failure, but the supply of organs has not increased to meet demand. This study was undertaken to determine the potential for kidney donation from patients with irremediable brain injuries who do not meet the criteria for brain death and who experience cardiopulmonary arrest after withdrawal of ventilatory support (controlled non-heart-beating organ donors). METHODS: The charts of 209 patients who died during 1995 in the Emergency Department and the intensive care unit at the Foothills Hospital in Calgary were reviewed. The records of patients who met the criteria for controlled non-heart-beating organ donation were studied in detail. The main outcome measure was the time from discontinuation of ventilation until cardiopulmonary arrest. RESULTS: Seventeen potential controlled non-heart-beating organ donors were identified. Their mean age was 62 (standard deviation 19) years. Twelve of the patients (71%) had had a cerebrovascular accident, and more than half (10 [59%]) did not meet the criteria for brain death because one or more brain stem reflexes were present. At the time of withdrawal of ventilatory support, the mean serum creatinine level was 71 (29) mumol/L, mean urine output was 214 (178) mL/h, and 9 (53%) patients were receiving inotropic agents. The mean time from withdrawal of ventilatory support to cardiac arrest was 2.3 (5.0) hours; 13 of the 17 patients died within 1 hour, and all but one died within 6 hours. For the year for which charts were reviewed, 33 potential conventional donors (people whose hearts were beating) were identified, of whom 21 (64%) became donors. On the assumption that 40% of the potential controlled non-heart-beating donors would not in fact have been donors (25% because of family refusal and 15% because of nonviability of the organs), there might have been 10 additional donors, which would have increased the supply of cadaveric kidneys for transplantation by 48%. INTERPRETATION: A significant number of viable kidneys could be retrieved and transplanted if eligibility for kidney donation was extended to include controlled non-heart-beating organ donors.     

Strokes among black people in Harare, Zimbabwe: results of computed tomography and associated risk factors

Computed tomography was performed and risk factors evaluated in 100 consecutive adult patients presenting to the two teaching hospitals in Harare with a clinical diagnosis of stroke. The mean age of the patients was 52; only 28 were 65 or older. Non-stroke lesions were found in seven patients and were predicted by a recent history of convulsions (p less than 0.0001). Five lesions (four subdural haematomas and one cerebral cysticercosis) were remediable. Hypertension was present in 27 (93%) of the 29 patients with cerebral haemorrhage and in 49 (53%) of the 93 patients with stroke lesions. In 22 (45%) of these patients the hypertension had not been diagnosed, and another 22 had defaulted from treatment. All 13 patients who died before computed tomography had hypertension, and over half showed evidence of haemorrhagic stroke. There was a cardiac source for all 12 cases of cerebral embolism. In eight of the 100 patients cerebral infarction was attributed to neurosyphilis. None of the patients had clinical evidence of atherosclerosis. Smoking and oral contraceptives did not seem important risk factors for stroke. Detection and control of hypertension remain the most important measures needed to reduce the incidence of and mortality from stroke in Zimbabwe.     

Hypertension following renal transplantation. Causative factors and therapeutic implications.

During a five-year period, we studied 21 of 319 renal transplant recipients who were admitted for evaluation of refractory hypertension. For comparison we examined 93 consecutive patients in the renal transplant clinic. Hypertension, which was noted in 47% of the outpatients, occurred with greater frequency following renal transplantation from cadaveric donors and was associated with a decline in renal function. The 21 inpatients had higher blood pressures and were studied at an earlier stage than their outpatient counterparts. Fourteen of the inpatients had underlying stenosis of their transplant artery nd revascularization of the transplanted kidney was possible in the majority of these patients. Stenosis of the transplant artery was suggested by the occurrence of severe hypertension during the first year following transplantation, a bruit in the transplant region, and increased levels of peripheral plasma renin activity.     

HLA-DRw6 as a risk factor for active cytomegalovirus but not for herpes simplex virus infection after renal allograft transplantation

To study genetically determined susceptibility to cytomegalovirus and herpes simplex virus infections in patients given renal transplants a prospective study was performed of 68 consecutive patients receiving their first cadaveric kidney allograft. The recipients positive for HLA-DRw6 showed a significantly increased incidence of active cytomegalovirus infection as early as the 10th week after transplantation (p less than 0.05). No relation with other human leucocyte antigens was found, nor did a correlation exist between HLA typing and the incidence of herpes simplex virus infections. Furthermore, recipients positive for HLA-DRw6 with secondary cytomegalovirus infections excreted infectious virus more often (p less than 0.01) and showed more clinical symptoms (p less than 0.01) than a comparable group of recipients negative for HLA-DRw6. These observations may have practical implications for the treatment of patients who have had renal transplant operations.     

Eight years study of Sudanese renal allograft recipients at Soba University Hospital

Forty sudanese renal allograft recipients were followed up at Soba University Hospital (SUH), Khartoum, Sudan, for varying periods between January 1978 and October 1985 accruing 1417 patient-months of observation. 21 transplant operations were done in United Kingdom, 11 in Kuwait, 1 in Sudan, while the rest were done in other European and Arab countries. There were 27 males and 13 females with the age ranging between 10 and 48 years with a mean of 30.15. Thirty eight patients received live related (LR) donor kidneys and two were transplanted with cadaver kidneys. Four patients had a second graft because of early loss of the first. Seven patients died, 3 because of chronic rejection, 3 had severe intractable diarrhoea and one died because of an unrelated cause. The 30 patients who had their transplantation 2 years ago or more were studied for the 2-year survival. Twenty seven of these were alive and well with functioning grafts giving a patient and graft survival of 90%. The complications encountered are discussed.     

Beneficial effects of adrenergic blockade in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage

A total of 148 patients presenting within 48 hours of subarachnoid haemorrhage were assigned at random to receive standard management only or standard management and treatment with the adrenergic-blocking agents propranolol and phentolamine (or propranolol alone) for three weeks. One hundred and thirty-four patients completed the study. Assessment at four weeks showed a strong trend for less neurological deficit in the treated group, almost statistically significant (p=0.053) in the women. During the first month the treated group suffered fewer episodes of clinical deterioration consistent with cerebral arterial spasm: thus more treated patients underwent operation and those who did had a better outcome (p=0.030). At one year fewer were dead or disabled (unable to work) in the treated group; a significant difference for women (p=0.030). Possible mechanisms for these actions may include a reduction in pulmonary oedema, prevention of myocardial infarcts, a reduction in plasma renin activity, nd a reduction in cerebral oxygen requirements. It is concluded that early adrenergic blockade benefits patients (particularly women) with subarachnoid haemorrhage for up to one year in terms of lesser neurological deficit. Beta-blocker rather than alpha-blockade appears to be the useful component. A randomised, blind extension of the present study using long-acting propranolol and placebo has shown a significant (p=0.026) decrease in deaths and significantly (p=0.003) fewer poor results in the treatment group.     

活体亲属供肾移植12例

目的　总结活体亲属供肾移植临床经验 ,提高其治疗效果。方法　自 1972年 12月至 2 0 0 4年 5月 ,我院有 12例肾移植患者为活体亲属供肾 ,对此资料进行回顾性研究。结果　术后随访 14d～ 8 5年 (平均 4 2年 ) ,供者恢复好 ,未见并发症发生。受者 1998年前后分为A ,B两组 :A组 7例患者中 ,并发肝炎死亡 1例 ,脑疝死亡 1例 ,急排 3例 ,急性肾小管坏死 (ATN) 2例 ;B组 5例患者中 ,1例发生ATN后并发肺部感染 ;1例移植肾动脉狭窄 ,放置血管内支架扩张 ,术后肾功能恢复好 ;其余 3例无并发症 ,肾功能恢复好。结论　核磁共振血管造影术 (MRA)作为一种精确的无创性成像技术 ,用于供肾血管的术前检查效果较好。活体肾移植缺血时间短、组织配型好、免疫抑制剂用量低 ,近期效果好 ,远期效果有待进一步观察。     

活体右半肝移植肝中静脉取舍选择与供受者的安全性

目的 根据术前CT评估供体残余肝脏比例(RLV%)和评估移植物重量与受者体重比(GRWR),参考肝中静脉解剖情况等因素制定术前肝中静脉(MHV)切取分配方案,研究这种分配方案对活体肝移植供、受体安全的影响,并为今后临床工作提供参考.方法 同一外科小组连续73例活体右半肝肝移植病例按术前肝中静脉分配方案,切取肝中静脉28例,不切取肝中静脉45例.对供受者性别、年龄、体重、手术时间及失血量等基本资料,移植物重量、无肝期、供肝冷保存时间、围术期供受者存活率、小肝综合征发生率以及供受者术后肝功能恢复情况等移植物相关资料进行比较.结果 两组供者术中均未输注血制品,术后均无死亡及小肝综合征发生病例.1例受体术后6 d出现移植肝急性肝坏死转尸体肝移植后痊愈,1例发生小肝综合征保守治疗后痊愈,受者围手术期死亡1例(术后30 d),死亡原因为全身播散性感染并发呼吸功能衰竭旭肝功能已恢复正常.切取MHV组与不切取MHV组之间受者年龄、供体体重小于受体病例所占比例、实际GRWR、移植物重量、移植物冷保存时间、受体术后ALT最高值问差异有统计学意义.结论 这种以术前CT评估供者残肝比例和评估GRWR为分类标准,重点参考MHV解剖因素的MHV取舍方案对供、受者均是安全的.     

亲属活体肾脏移植117例分析

目的 总结117例亲属活体肾移植临床经验.方法 全部供、受者为3代以内血缘关系;供肾均采用开放式手术取肾;全部受者术后采用环孢素A(或他克莫司)、霉酚酸酯(或硫唑嘌呤或咪唑立宾或雷帕霉素)及泼尼松预防排斥反应.结果 术后2例发生肾功能延迟恢复;18例发生急性排斥反应,经甲泼尼龙或抗淋巴细胞球蛋白治疗后逆转.术后随访1～44个月.所有受者人肾存活率100%.117名供者术后安返社会;生活、工作未受明显影响,肾脏功能正常;2名供者术后2年内出现高血压,1名出现隐性糖尿病,目前病情平稳.结论 术前对供者身、心健康充分评估和积极调节受者身体状况是亲属活体肾脏移植成功的保障.减少移植肾受损、术后早期足量应用免疫抑制剂是减少术后急性排斥反应的关键.     

Cadaveric renal transplantation: Our experience at a tertiary care centre in India

BackgroundRenal transplantation in developing countries like India is largely live donor transplantation. Cadaveric transplantation comprises <2% of all transplants in India.MethodsNinety-two cadaveric renal transplantations were included. Various donor and recipient characteristics were analysed along with graft and patient survival, using Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsThe mean age of the recipients was 35.5 ± 10.9 years while that of cadaver was 43.9 ± 17.0 years. Proportion of females among recipients was 47.8% while that of donors was 34.8%. The most common underlying pathology was chronic glomerulonephritis (44.6%). Antithymocyte globulin was used as induction in 84.8% of cases. Tacrolimus-based triple-drug regimen was most commonly used as maintenance (80.4%). The mean follow-up time was 39.02 ± 28.24 months. The most common cause of death was sepsis (47%). More than 50% deaths (9/17) occurred within first 3 years, while 61.5% of graft loss occurred 5 years after transplantation. The mean graft survival time was 81.6 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 72.8–90.4). Cumulative proportion of graft survival was 91.6% at 3 years and 77.1% at 5 years. Although females have better mean graft survival time (91.6 vs 73.5 months), it was not a significant difference as shown by log-rank test (p value = 0.062). Pretransplant haemodialysis has no significant effect on graft loss, but patients on peritoneal dialysis have significantly higher odds of graft loss (odds: 4.86, p value < 0.05 [0.018]). The mean patient survival time was 99.5 months (95% CI: 84.0–114.9). Cumulative proportion of patient survival was 83.3% at 3 years and 70.8% at 5 years.ConclusionGraft and patient survival rate of cadaveric transplant at our centre was satisfactory. There is need to sensitise and augment the rate of cadaveric transplantation to increase the donor pool.     

活体亲属供肾移植四例报告

目的：总结活体亲属供肾移植的临床经验。方法：回顾性分析４例活体亲属供肾移植的效果及供者捐肾后的恢复情况。结果：４例供者均无并发症出现,术后９～１１ｄ出院。４例受者经８～２０个月随访,术后恢复迅速,肾功能正常。结论：活体亲属供肾移植是安全可行的;受者的人／肾存活率优于尸体供肾;活体亲属供肾是扩大供肾来源的较好途径。