银杏提取物抗肿瘤作用的实验研究

目的:对银杏提取物进行抗肿瘤活性研究.方法:用MTT比色法检测银杏提取物对S180和H22细胞株的体外细胞毒作用;同时在昆明系小鼠异体移植性S180和H22肿瘤模型上观察银杏提取物的抑瘤作用.结果:银杏提取物能够明显抑制体外培养的瘤细胞生长,对两种瘤细胞有明显的细胞毒效应,其IC50分别是197.90 mg/L、206.27 mg/L,而且对荷S180和H22小鼠肿瘤生长有明显的抑制作用,高剂量组抑瘤率分别为60.53%、58.41%.结论:银杏提取物在体内外对S180和H22均有抑制作用.     

可疑翼手参皂苷colochiroside A的抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:研究可疑翼手参体内三萜皂苷colochiroside A(CA)的体内外抗肿瘤活性.方法:采用MTT法检测三萜皂苷CA对6种体外培养肿瘤细胞(p388,HL-60,A-549,SpC-A4,MKN-28,SGC-7901)的增殖抑制活性;以小鼠肉瘤S180和小鼠肝癌H22为移植性肿瘤模型,观察CA的体内抗肿瘤活性及对免疫器官的影响.结果:CA对6种体外培养肿瘤细胞均显示显著抑制增殖作用,IC50平均值为(3.61±0.55)mg·L(-1);对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑制率分别为36.4%,70.0%,对小鼠H22肝癌的抑制率分别为34.8%,43.9%,52.2%,对荷瘤小鼠的免疫器官未见明显影响.结论:可疑翼手参体内皂苷CA具有很强的体内外抗肿瘤活性,且不降低荷瘤宿主的器官指数,有希望研发为种新型的抗肿瘤化合物.     

玉米提取物的抗肿瘤作用研究

研究玉米乙醇提取物(YM-J)和玉米多糖(YM-S)的体外和体内抗肿瘤活性.方法　采用MTT法测定YMJ,YM-S对人肿瘤细胞株BGC-823和SMMC-7721的体外抑制作用,计算IC50;分别采用人胃癌BGC803裸鼠移植瘤模型和H22小鼠肝癌移植瘤模型,ig YM-J,YM-S,剂量400,200 mg· kg-1,1次/d(胃癌BGC803连续19d,小鼠肝癌连续10 d,检测其体内抗肿瘤作用.结果　YM-J和YM-S对人胃癌细胞BGC-823细胞有较强的抑制作用,IC50分别为24.16,12.61 μg·mL-1;YM-J和YM-S对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的抑制作用较弱,IC50分别为127.42,1352.72 μg·mL-1.在人胃癌BGC803裸鼠移植瘤模型和H22肝癌模型,YM-J均可明显抑制肿瘤生长,抑瘤率最高分别为40.27％和44.69％.YM-S对H22肝癌有一定抑瘤作用,抑瘤率38.89％,但对人胃癌BGC803裸鼠移植瘤的抑瘤率最高为25.96％.结论　玉米乙醇提取物YM-J和玉米多糖YM-S在体外和体内均具有一定的抗肿瘤活性,其中乙醇提取物对肝癌和胃癌的抑制作用较强.     

朱砂七总蒽醌抗肿瘤的实验研究

目的:研究朱砂七总蒽醌的体内外抗肿瘤作用。方法:通过朱砂七总蒽醌对S180、和H22荷瘤小鼠瘤重的研究,观察朱砂七总蒽醌的体内抗肿瘤作用。应用MTT法检测朱砂七总蒽醌对HL-60细胞的生长抑制作用,Giemsa染色法从形态上观察朱砂七总蒽醌对HL-60细胞凋亡的影响。结果:朱砂七总蒽醌具有抑制小鼠肿瘤S180和H22的作用,抑制率在40%以上,与对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);朱砂七总蒽醌能明显抑制HL-60细胞的增殖,半数抑制浓度(IC50)为3.2mg/mL;形态学观察显示朱砂七总蒽醌作用HL-60细胞后,可见典型的凋亡细胞的形态学特征。结论:朱砂七总蒽醌在体内对小鼠肿瘤S180和H22均有抑制作用;体外试验证实:能抑制HL-60细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡可能是其发挥抗肿瘤作用的机制之一。     

瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物的抗肿瘤作用

目的:　研究瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物的抗肿瘤作用。方法:体外抗肿瘤活性研究采用MTT比色法和集落形成法测定,靶细胞采用人胃癌细胞SGC- 790 1、人肝癌细胞BEL- 74 0 2和人白血病细胞HL- 6 0 ;通过提取物对小鼠的移植性肿瘤S180和H2 2生长的影响来评价体内抗肿瘤作用。结果:瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物对体外培养的肿瘤细胞有较强的抑制作用,体外抗肿瘤活性高于长春新碱;瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物急性毒性较小,对小鼠移植性肿瘤S180和H2 2的生长也有显著的抑制作用,并和剂量正相关,高剂量组对小鼠移植性肿瘤S180的抑制率为4 5 . 6 4 % ,H2 2的为4 7 .5 9% ,与阳性对照组环磷酰胺的抑制率接近。结论:瑞香狼毒总黄酮提取物具有较强的体内和体外抗肿瘤作用。     

桑黄提取物的抗肿瘤作用研究

目的 研究桑黄提取物对小鼠S180实体瘤、H22肝癌和Lewis肺癌实体瘤的生长抑制作用,体外对人瘤细胞的直接抑制作用.方法 建立小鼠S180实体瘤、H22肝癌和Lewis肺癌实体瘤模型,观察桑黄提取物高(1000mg/kg)、中(500mg/kg)、低(250mg/kg)剂量组体内抑制肿瘤生长作用,MTT法检测桑黄提取物抑制人肿瘤细胞增殖的作用.结果 ①桑黄提取物高、中、低剂量对小鼠S180实体瘤的抑制作用分别为27.9%、75%、31.2%;对小鼠H22肝癌的抑制率分别为46%、63%、57%;对小鼠肺癌Lewis的抑制率分别为57.1%、54.5%、45.9%.②体外对人瘤细胞的抑制作用:桑黄提取物给药剂量(20 μg/ml、40μg/ml、80μg/ml、160 μg/ml)对人卵巢癌细胞(A2780)的抑制率分别为16.9%、18.5%、25.8%、31.5%;对人乳腺癌(MCF7)细胞的抑制率分别为19.9%、28.1%、32.25%、30.8%.结论 桑黄提取物各剂量组对小鼠H22、S180、Lewis实体型肿瘤的生长均有抑制作用,体外对人肿瘤细胞MCF7,OVCA278有直接杀伤作用.     

吴茱萸次碱对三种肿瘤细胞体外增殖抑制作用的研究

目的:探讨吴茱萸次碱的体外抗肿瘤活性。方法:采用MTT法检测了不同浓度的吴茱萸次碱在不同的时间点对S180肉瘤细胞、H22肝癌细胞、人源Hep G2肝癌细胞的抑制情况。结果:吴茱萸次碱在浓度为64、32、16、8、4μg/ml时,对S180肉瘤细胞、H22肝癌细胞、人源Hep G2肝癌细胞均具有明显的抑制作用,随着药物浓度增加,抑制率逐渐增大,与阴性对照组比较作用极其显著。吴茱萸次碱作用细胞24h时,对三种肿瘤细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为34.10、24.81和28.07μg/ml,对H22的IC50值最小(24.81μg/ml),生长抑制作用最好;作用48h时,对三种肿瘤细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为19.35、20.62和27.81μg/ml,对S180的IC50值最小(19.35μg/ml),抑制作用相对最好;作用72h时,对三种肿瘤细胞的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为15.35、17.74和14.52μg/ml,对Hep G2的IC50值最小(14.52μg/ml),抑制作用最好。结论 :吴茱萸次碱对三种肿瘤细胞增殖均有明显的抑制作用。     

多花黄精粗多糖抗肿瘤活性研究

目的:研究多花黄精粗多糖(PSP)体内外抗肿瘤作用。方法:采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色法(MTT)考察PSP对S180肿瘤细胞和人乳腺癌细胞株(MCF-7)的增殖抑制作用;以小鼠S180肉瘤为模型,考察PSP对体内肿瘤生长的抑制作用。结果:PSP对S180肿瘤细胞及MCF-7有较明显的增殖抑制作用,且呈现良好的浓度-效应依赖关系,但其IC50&gt;30μg&#183;mL-1;PSP对小鼠S180肉瘤也有显著的抑制作用,并能显著提高S180荷瘤小鼠的脾脏指数及胸腺指数,且呈现良好的剂量-效应关系。结论:PSP可有效抑制S180肉瘤的生长,促进荷瘤鼠胸腺和脾脏的生长发育,可通过提高动物的免疫功能来达到控制和杀灭肿瘤细胞的目的。     

狗舌草总黄酮对L_(1210)细胞的体外作用研究

目的:研究狗舌草总黄酮对L1210细胞体外生长和细胞周期的影响。方法:用细胞计数法绘制细胞生长曲线,用细胞平均倍增时间(mPDT)检测L1210细胞增殖速度,台盼蓝拒染率测定细胞存活率,流式细胞术分析细胞周期。结果:狗舌草总黄酮能抑制L1210细胞生长且呈浓度依赖性,对L1210细胞的增殖具有显著抑制作用。S期细胞数目显著增加,并引起S-G2阻滞,从而阻断细胞周期的正常发展。结论:狗舌草总黄酮对L1210细胞体外生长、增殖有抑制作用,对细胞周期有阻滞作用,显示一定的抗肿瘤活性。     

新藤黄酸对S180细胞株的体内外抗肿瘤作用

目的:评价新藤黄酸对S180肿瘤细胞株的体内外抗肿瘤作用.方法:将不同浓度的新藤黄酸分别作用于体外培养的S180细胞48 h,用CCK-8法检测药物对S180细胞的增殖抑制作用;以8.0,4.0,2.0 mg·kg-1剂量ip给予S180腹水瘤小鼠,每天1次,连续7d,观察45 d对存活时间的影响;以16.0,8.0,4.0 mg·kg-1剂量ig给予荷S180实体瘤小鼠,每天1次,连续12d,评价新藤黄酸的体内抗肿瘤作用;测单次ip给药对小鼠的LD50.结果:新藤黄酸对体外培养S180细胞的增殖有明显的抑制作用,药物作用48 h其IC50为(1.54±0.12) mg·L-1;4.0 mg· kg-1新藤黄酸ip给药可使S180腹水瘤小鼠存活时间较荷瘤对照组延长141.6％,新藤黄酸对S180实体瘤的抑制作用随着剂量的增大而升高,并呈一定剂量依赖性,体内抗肿瘤显著(P＜0.05);单次ip给药对小鼠的LD50为36.66 mg·kg-1.结论:新藤黄酸对S180细胞株具有明显的体内外抗肿瘤作用.     

暗紫贝母、栽培瓦布贝母及浙贝母药效学比较

目的:比较暗紫贝母、栽培瓦布贝母及浙贝母镇咳、祛痰及平喘作用,明确栽培瓦布贝母作为野生川贝母替代资源的可行性.方法:采用小鼠氨水引咳及豚鼠枸橼酸引咳法比较3种贝母的镇咳作用.小鼠酚红排痰法及大鼠毛细管排痰实验法比较3种贝母的祛痰作用;整体动物引喘实验法比较3种贝母的平喘作用.每个实验均分为5个组,分别为阴性对照组,阳性对照组,暗紫贝母组,栽培瓦布贝母组及浙贝母组.阴性组采用蒸馏水或生理盐水灌胃5d.镇咳实验中3种贝母的剂量分别为2.5g·kg-1·d-1(小鼠),1.5g·kg-1·d-1(豚鼠);祛痰实验中3种贝母的剂量分别为2 g·kg-1·d-1(小鼠),1 g·kg-1·d-1(大鼠),平喘实验中3种贝母的剂量为1.5 g·kg-1·d-1.结果:栽培瓦布贝母祛痰作用与暗紫贝母相当,小鼠酚红排泌量与阴性对照组比较,P＜0.01,大鼠毛细管排泌量与阴性对照组比较P＜0.05,栽培瓦布贝母平喘作用与暗紫贝母相当,哮喘潜伏期与阴性对照组比较,P＜0.05,暗紫贝母与栽培瓦布贝母作用差异无统计学意义;栽培瓦布贝母镇咳作用与暗紫贝母及浙贝母相当,减少枸橼酸引咳后5 min内咳嗽次数与阴性组比较,差异有统计学意义.结论:栽培瓦布贝母可作为野生川贝母的替代资源推广种植与应用.     

In vitro and in vivo anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.

Aims of the study

Calophyllum brasiliense (Camb.) is a medicinal tree that grows particularly in the hilly and forested regions of Brazil. Preparations from its stem bark are popular remedies for the treatment of chronic ulcers. Since earlier investigations on bark extracts evidenced gastroprotective and gastric acid inhibitory properties, this study evaluated the effects of hydroethanolic extract (HEECb) and the dichloromethanic fraction (DCMF), from Calophyllum brasiliense stem bark, against Helicobacter pylori, in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and methods

The in vitro assays were performed using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. The test substances were evaluated in vivo taking into account the delay in the gastric ulcer healing in Wistar rats, infected with Helicobacter pylori.

Results

DCMF appeared the most active and potent in vitro against Helicobacter pylori growth with an MIC of 31 μg/mL. In the in vivo assays, rats ulcerated by acetic acid, and inoculated with Helicobacter pylori showed a marked delay in ulcer healing. Treatment with HEECb (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and DCMF (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ulcerated area in a dose-dependent manner. While DCMF, at 200 mg/kg, increased the prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) level, both HEECb and DCMF decreased the number of urease-positive animals, as confirmed by the reduction of Helicobacter pylori presence in histopathological analysis.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the antiulcer activity of Calophyllum brasiliense is due, in part, to its anti-Helicobacter pylori action, validating the popular use of this species.     

In vitro and in vivo safety evaluation of Acer tegmentosum

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Acer tegmentosum, which contains salidroside and tyrosol, has been used for the treatment of hepatic disorders in eastern Asia. However, little is known about its safety.

Aim of the study

To determine the safety of Acer tegmentosum, we evaluated its acute oral toxicity and genotoxicity profiles.

Materials and methods

Salidroside and tyrosol present in Acer tegmentosum were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Acute oral toxicity testing of Acer tegmentosum was performed in rats. Genotoxicity of Acer tegmentosum was assessed by bacterial reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration, and bone marrow micronucleus tests. All the tests were conducted in accordance with the good laboratory practices.

Results

The amounts of salidroside and tyrosol in Acer tegmentosum were found to be 85.01±1.21 mg/g and 3.12±0.04 mg/g, respectively. In the bacterial reverse mutation test, Acer tegmentosum increased the number of revertant Salmonella typhimurium TA98 colonies, regardless of metabolic activation by S9 mixture. In contrast, Acer tegmentosum application did not significantly increase the number of chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in mice. In the acute oral toxicity test, the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of Acer tegmentosum was found to be >2000 mg/kg in rats.

Conclusion

Take together, Acer tegmentosum exhibits mutagenicity, which was evident from the bacterial reverse mutation test. Further studies are needed to identify the components responsible for such an effect and the underlying mechanisms.     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

Antimalarial and safety evaluation of Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) Oliv. & Hiern: In-vitro and in-vivo study

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Many of the effective therapeutic strategies have been derived from ethnopharmacologically used natural products. Pluchea lanceolata is an herb employed in Indian folk medicine for malaria like fever but it lacks proper pharmacological intervention.

Aim of the study

To evaluate antimalarial and safety profile of Pluchea lanceolata: an in-vitro, in-vivo for its ethnopharmacological validation.

Materials and methods

Methanol, butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane extracts and its isolate, taraxasterol acetate (TxAc) were obtained from air dried aerial part of Pluchea lanceolata. These were tested in-vitro against chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum NF54 by measuring the parasite specific lactate dehydrogenase activity. The most potent hexane extract and TxAc were further validated for in-vivo antimalarial and safety evaluation. TxAc, a pentacyclic-triterpene isolated from the most active fraction was further evaluated with special emphasis on inflammatory mediators involved in malaria pathogenesis. Murine malaria was induced by intra-peritoneal injection of Plasmodium berghei infected red blood cells to the male Swiss inbred mice. Mice were orally treated following Peters 4-Day suppression test. In-vivo antimalarial efficacy was examined by evaluating the parasitaemia, percent survival, mean survival time, blood glucose, haemoglobin and pro-inflammatory mediators involved in malaria pathogenesis.

Results

Hexane extract and TxAc showed promising antimalarial activity in-vitro and in-vivo condition. TxAc attributed in inhibition of the pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as afford to significant increase in the blood glucose and haemoglobin level when compared with vehicle treated infected mice. We have not observed the synergistic action of combinations of chloroquine and TxAc from our experimental results. In-vitro and in-vivo safety evaluation study revealed that hexane extract is non toxic at higher concentration.

Conclusion

Present study further validates the ancient Indian traditional knowledge and use of Pluchea lanceolata as an antimalarial agent. Study confirms the suitability of Pluchea lanceolata as a candidate for further studies to obtain a prototype for antimalarial medicine.     

In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Lentinus polychrous extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Lentinus polychrous is a Thai local edible mushroom, traditionally used for the treatments of fever and inflammation due to snake or scorpion envenomation.

Aim of study

The present study aimed to investigate an anti-inflammatory effect of Lentinus polychrous mycelial extract (LPME) both in vitro and in vivo.

Materials and methods

The cytotoxicity and suppressive effects of LPME on nitric oxide production, intracellular O₂⁻ production, pro-inflammatory mediator expression, TNF-α production were determined by using LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, Anti-inflammatory effect of LPME was evaluated by using carageenan-induced paw edema in rats.

Results

The LPME exhibited cytotoxicity with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 280.25±10.10 μg/ml and significantly suppressed the productions of NO and intracellular O₂⁻ with dose-dependent manner. LPME decreased the expressions of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2 and significantly decreased the TNF-α production in LPS-activated macrophage with dose-dependent manners. Moreover, LPME showed significant suppressive effect on paw edema in rats.

Conclusion

The results clearly revealed that the LPME inhibited NO and pro-inflammatory productions by down-regulating the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators leading to the decrease paw edema in rat which support the traditional use.     

In vitro activity of Tridax procumbens against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Tridax procumbens is an active herb against leishmaniasis.

Aim of the study

Leishmaniasis is a group of diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. We investigated the antileishmanial activity of Tridax procumbens extracts and a pure compound against promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana, the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the New World.

Materials and methods

Extracts and (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol (1) were obtained by chromatographic methods from Tridax procumbens, and the latter identified by spectroscopic analysis. The effect of these extracts and 1 on the growth inhibition of promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana was evaluated. In order to test the safety of extracts and 1, mammalian cells were treated with them, and cell viability was assessed using trypan blue and MTT.

Results

We demonstrated that extracts of Tridax procumbens and 1 showed a pronounced activity against Leishmania mexicana. The methanol extract inhibited promastigotes growth of Leishmania mexicana with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 3 μg/ml, while oxylipin 1 exhibited the highest inhibition at IC₅₀ = 0.478 μg/ml.

Conclusions

In this study we report the biological activity of extracts and (3S)-16,17-didehydrofalcarinol (1), obtained from Tridax procumbens, on the promastigote form of Leishmania mexicana, with no effect upon mammalian cells.     

北柴胡糖基转移酶基因BcUGT3,BcUGT6的表达分析及其原核表达

该研究测定了北柴胡中2个糖基转移酶基因BcUGT3和BcUGT6在不同组织中的转录水平及MeJA处理后不定根中的转录水平。BcUGT3在根、叶、花和果中的转录水平无明显差异,但均高于茎中的转录水平。BcUGT6在叶中转录水平最高,在花中最低。以未处理的为对照,BcUGT6在MeJA处理后2 h,8 h,24 h,2 d,4 d的北柴胡不定根中,转录水平均提高近2倍,表明BcUGT6的转录受MeJA影响较小。BcUGT3转录水平随处理时间的延长不断增加,4 d时,达7倍左右。利用载体pET-28a（+）,进行了2个基因的原核表达。IPTG诱导后,宿主菌表达出了目的蛋白,并获得了纯化蛋白。为后续开展这2个基因的功能研究奠定了基础。     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa methanol extract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. is a representative Thai medicinal plant traditionally used in South Asian countries to relieve various inflammatory symptoms. However, no systematic studies on its anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms have been reported.

Materials and methods

The effect of the methanol extract from the leaves of this plant (Rt-ME) on the production of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂)] and the molecular mechanism of Rt-ME-mediated inhibition, including target enzymes, were studied with RAW264.7, peritoneal macrophage, and HEK293 cells. Additionally, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of this extract was evaluated with mouse gastritis and colitis models.

Results

Rt-ME clearly inhibited the production of NO and PGE₂ in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. According to RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation analyses and a kinase assay with mRNA, whole cell extract, and nucleus lysates from RAW264.7 cells and mice, it was revealed that Rt-ME was capable of suppressing the activation of both nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 pathways by directly targeting Syk/Src and IRAK1/IRAK4.

Conclusion

Rt-ME could have anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing Syk/Src/NF-kB and IRAK1/IRAK4/AP-1 pathways and will be further developed as a herbal remedy for preventive and/or curative purposes in various inflammatory diseases.