甘草化学成分植物雌激素活性研究进展

甘草是一种来自于豆科甘草属的重要中药,含有400多种化学成分,以黄酮类和三萜类为主,其中黄酮类化合物具有很强的植物雌激素活性,通过调节雌激素受体（ER）、PI3K/Akt和MAPK等多种信号通路治疗包括乳腺癌、神经性、心血管在内的多种疾病。通过查阅PubMed、中国知网数据库搜集相关文献,总结了甘草中具有植物雌激素活性的成分,并阐述其相关疾病和作用机制,一方面为甘草中植物雌激素成分的临床应用提供实验依据,另一方面为开发甘草中新的植物雌激素活性成分提供参考。     

Inhalation of aerosolized vitamin a: reversibility of metaplasia and dysplasia of human respiratory epithelia -- a prospective pilot study

The objective of this preliminary uncontrolled study was twofold: First, to assess the feasibility of retinyl palmitate inhalation and second, to analyze the changes of metaplastic lesions of the respiratory epithelium (metaplasia or dysplasia) following retinyl palmitate inhalation. The response to a daily dose of 18.000 I.U. retinyl palmitate by inhalation over a period of 3 month was assessed in 11 subjects (9 smokers, 2 ex-smokers). Using white-light bronchoscopy combined with autofluorescence bronchoscopy, bronchial biopsies were taken before and after a 3 month-period. The biopsy samples were evaluated blind by a referee lung pathologist. The overall response rate (remission or partial remission) was 56% (95% CI 0.30 0.79; p<0.05). These data suggest that inhalation of retinyl esters could be a promising therapeutical approach for chemoprevention of lung cancer. Vitamin A; chemoprevention; lung cancer; squamous metaplasia; dysplasia; retinoids     

Dietary intake of antioxidant nutrients and the risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a biracial community study

Context  Oxidative processes have been suggested as elements in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD), but whether dietary intake of vitamin E and other antioxidant nutrients prevents its development is unknown. Objective  To examine whether intake of antioxidant nutrients, vitamin E, vitamin C, and beta carotene is associated with incident AD. Design, Setting, and Participants  Prospective study, conducted from 1993 to 2000, of individuals selected in a stratified random sample of community-dwelling residents. The 815 residents 65 years and older were free of AD at baseline and were followed up for a mean of 3.9 years. They completed food frequency questionnaires an average of 1.7 years after baseline. Main Outcome Measure  Incident AD diagnosed in clinical evaluations with standardized criteria. Results  Increasing vitamin E intake from foods was associated with decreased risk of developing AD after adjustment for age, education, sex, race, APOE 4, and length of follow-up. Relative risks (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) from lowest to highest quintiles of intake were 1.00, 0.71 (0.24-2.07), 0.62 (0.26-1.45), 0.71 (0.27-1.88), and 0.30 (0.10-0.92) (P for trend = .05). The protective association of vitamin E was observed only among persons who were APOE 4 negative. Adjustment for other dietary factors reduced the protective association. After adjustment for baseline memory score, the risk was 0.36 (95% CI, 0.11-1.17). Intake of vitamin C, beta carotene, and vitamin E from supplements was not significantly associated with risk of AD. Conclusion  This study suggests that vitamin E from food, but not other antioxidants, may be associated with a reduced risk of AD. Unexpectedly, this association was observed only among individuals without the APOE 4 allele.      

Dietary intake of antioxidants and risk of Alzheimer disease

Context  Laboratory findings have suggested that oxidative stress may contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Therefore, the risk of Alzheimer disease might be reduced by intake of antioxidants that counteract the detrimental effects of oxidative stress. Objective  To determine whether dietary intake of antioxidants is related to risk of Alzheimer disease. Design and Setting  The Rotterdam Study, a population-based, prospective cohort study conducted in the Netherlands. Participants  A total of 5395 participants who, at baseline (1990-1993), were aged at least 55 years, free of dementia, and noninstitutionalized and had reliable dietary assessment. Participants were reexamined in 1993-1994 and 1997-1999 and were continuously monitored for incident dementia. Main Outcome Measures  Incidence of Alzheimer disease, based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition (DSM-III-R) criteria and National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria, associated with dietary intake of beta carotene, flavonoids, vitamin C, and vitamin E. Results  After a mean follow-up of 6 years, 197 participants developed dementia, of whom 146 had Alzheimer disease. When adjustments were made for age, sex, baseline Mini-Mental State Examination score, alcohol intake, education, smoking habits, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, total energy intake, presence of carotid plaques, and use of antioxidative supplements, high intake of vitamin C and vitamin E was associated with lower risk of Alzheimer disease (rate ratios [RRs] per 1-SD increase in intake were 0.82 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.68-0.99] and 0.82 [95% CI, 0.66-1.00], respectively). Among current smokers, this relationship was most pronounced (RRs, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.37-1.14] and 0.58 [95% CI, 0.30-1.12], respectively) and also was present for intake of beta carotene (RR, 0.49 [95% CI, 0.27-0.92]) and flavonoids (RR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.31-0.96]). The associations did not vary by education or apolipoprotein E genotype. Conclusion  High dietary intake of vitamin C and vitamin E may lower the risk of Alzheimer disease.      

Dietary intake of some essential micronutrients in China

Objective :Based on the data collected in the 1992 national nutrition survey in China,the food consumption and nutrients intake were calculated,and the consumption of some micronutrients was evaluated.Method:Dietary data were obtained by using a three days‘ inventory change plus food weighing in combination with 24 hours recall method for three consecutive days.The food consumption and nutrients intake were calculated in accordance with the Chinese food composition table.The consumption of smoe micronutrients was evaluated in reference to the Chinese RDAs.Results:The average intakes of niacin,ascorbic acid and vitamin E were sufficient,whereas that of zinc,selenium and thiamin were between 80% and 90% RADs.The consumption of calcium,retionl equivalent and ribiflavin was low compared with the Chinese RDAs,Calcium was the most imsufficient nutrient in CHinese diet,Conclusion:Food fortification seems necessary for improving the nutritional status of smoe micronutrients in China.     

饮食中添加抗氧化剂与年龄相关性黄斑变性患病风险的关系

背景:发达国家中,年龄相关性黄斑变性(AM D)是导致不可逆盲的最主要原因。近期研究发现,添加高剂量的β-胡萝卜素,维生素C、维生素E以及锌均可延缓AM D的进展。目的:研究日常摄入抗氧化剂能否减少罹患AM D的风险。设计:基于鹿特丹郊区中产阶级聚集区所有55岁以上的居民人群的研     

Neonatal screening for sickle cell diseases in Camberwell: results and recommendations of a two year pilot study

The sickle cell diseases are a major health problem for Afro-Caribbean peoples. Neonatal detection and prophylactic management can reduce mortality and morbidity in childhood. A study was therefore conducted analysing the results of the first two years of cord blood screening in the Camberwell health area. Thirteen cases of sickle cell disease and two of haemoglobin (Hb)C disease were identified among 2202 non-white infants screened. The carrier state, sickle cell trait (HbAS), was present in 11.9% and HbC trait (HbAC) in 4.1% of Afro-Caribbean infants. The incidence of disease and of carrier states was much higher in West Africans than in Caribbeans. The wider implications of screening and the need for a comprehensive plan of care are emphasised.     

Probation linked supervised disulfiram in the treatment of habitual drunken offenders: results of a pilot study

Sixteen habitual drunken offenders agreed to take disulfiram in liquid form under supervision as a condition of a probation order. They knew that failure to take medication, as with failure to observe any other condition of probation, could result in their being returned to court. Three defaulted but only two of the remainder committed further offences. Nine were entirely successful. At the end of the study the average period of abstinence for the whole group was 30 weeks compared with six weeks during the previous two years. Nine risked drinking alcohol but none suffered any serious consequences or side effects. This technique may be a judicially acceptable and more hopeful alternative to prison for these offenders.     

对于持续宫腔内给予小剂量左炔诺孕酮联合口服雌二醇戊酸盐治疗的患者用数字评估乳腺摄片中的乳腺密度：一项初步研究

目的：宫腔内给予小剂量左炔诺孕酮联合雌激素治疗对于乳腺影响的初步研究。设计：前瞻性初步研究。机构：大学附属医院。患者：无乳腺疾病史的20例绝经后妇女。干预：应用持续性释放左炔诺孕酮20μg／24h的宫腔内小剂量给药装置联合口服雌二醇（E2）戊酸盐2mg。随访其对乳腺摄片中的乳腺密度、乳腺细胞增殖情况和激素水平的影响18个月。主要观察指标：乳腺摄片中的乳腺密度及乳腺细胞增殖的改变情况。激素水平、生长因子、结合蛋白之间的关系。结果：3例女性的乳腺密度显著增高，剩余的17例女性仅有少量的增高。对于乳腺密度的数字评估显示其与视觉分类评分有很强的相关性（n=0．96—0．97）。通过细针抽吸活检检测MIB-1-阳性乳腺细胞的比例，发现乳腺细胞的增殖并没有增强。乳腺密度的增大与患者年龄呈正相关（n=0．52），与E：水平呈负相关（n=-0．50），与游离睾酮（T）水平呈负相关（n=-0．50）。结论：宫腔内给予小剂量孕激素可能发展成为一种较好的可供选择的绝经后女性激素治疗方法。因为它可以在全身激素低水平的情况下对子宫内膜起到保护作用。     

济南居民膳食硒摄入量与血清硒参考值调查

目的 调查济南居民每日人均硒(Se)摄入量, 探讨血清硒（SSe）含量的参考值范围以及性别、年龄对SSe含量的影响。方法   2007年8月至2008年1月以485名济南市区健康成人作为调查对象,采用7d膳食摄入表法进行每人每日硒摄入量调查;采用微波消解-氢化物发生-原子吸收分光光度法检测SSe含量,并行统计分析。结果  济南市区健康成人人均摄入硒55.93μg/d,男性硒摄入量66.98μg/d,高于女性的49.57μg/d（P＜0.05）,年龄对硒摄入量无明显影响。SSe含量为（61.84±13.25）μg/L,参考值范围为（35.87～87.81）μg/L,男性SSe含量均值为63.40μg/L,高于女性的60.77μg/L（P＜0.05）,年龄对SSe水平没有显著影响。结论初步确定济南居民SSe的参考值范围;发现济南居民膳食硒摄入量及血清硒含量处于低水平,建议居民适量饮食补硒。