持久性有机污染物健康风险评价研究进展

随着工业高速发展和化学物无序排放,持久性有机污染物(POPs)的污染已成为突出的环境问题,对生态和人类健康均构成严重威胁。本文从健康风险评价角度出发,综述POPs危害识别、接触剂量-反应关系、暴露评价和危险度特征等方面的近期研究进展。由于POPs的环境监测数据及人群暴露参数仍不完善,目前全面评价POPs的健康风险还十分困难,为更好地履行消除POPs的国际公约,急需开展POPs的环境监测和人群暴露参数调查,以便建立POPs的环境控制基准和评估体系。     

Health assessment of hazardous air pollutants The Netherlands.

In The Netherlands, risk assessment of air pollutants goes back to 1980. From 1985 onwards the risk assessment of chemicals has crystallized in a systematic multi-media approach taking into account air, water, soil, and food. Criteria Documents support the formulation of environmental quality standards. Until now, 23 documents were prepared. Some toxicological aspects of the risk assessment for man in these documents are discussed with emphasis on carcinogenicity. As examples the main aspects of the risk assessments of benzene and trichloroethylene are described. A list of proposed health based standards for air pollutants is added.     

Health and environmental impact assessment in Canada

Potential health effects of proposed development activities are an important component of environmental impact assessment (EIA). I report results of a survey to determine the nature and extent of health impact assessments in EIA in Canada. Most proponents conduct health impact assessments when there is an identified health concern. However, few Canadian jurisdictions require health impact assessments in their EIA legislation. The extent to which health is considered depends on several factors and concerns can be addressed at several different stages of the EIA process. Health impact assessments have dealt with a wide range of concerns, although the specific health issues addressed depend on the nature of the project. Several procedures and methods have been used by proponents and government reviewers. Often health impact assessments are qualitative or rely on relevant standards or guidelines. Occasionally, quantitative risk assessments are conducted. Survey respondents identified several problems which hinder health impact assessments including a shortage of suitably trained and experienced health professionals, inadequate communications between government agencies and insufficient or conflicting scientific data to allow accurate prediction of any health effects.     

Health aspects of sodium salts of sulfurous and sulfuric acids as environmental pollutants

For the first time hygienic characteristics of long-term inhalation exposure effects of sodium salts of sulphurous and sulphuric acids in low concentrations on animals is given. The most sensitive organs and organism systems have been identified. MACs of the substances under study for the ambient air are proposed. The degree of contamination and the distance of spreading of sodium sulfate from the source have been determined in field studies. The size of the sanitary-protective zone has been substantiated.     

Nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants: implications in risk assessment and human health

Background: The paradigm of human risk assessment includes many variables that must be viewed collectively in order to improve human health and prevent chronic disease. The pathology of chronic diseases is complex, however, and may be influenced by exposure to environmental pollu-tants, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Much of the emerging evidence suggests that nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants, which may alter human risks associated with toxicant exposures.Objectives: In this commentary, we discuss the basis for recommending that nutrition be considered a critical variable in disease outcomes associated with exposure to environmental pollutants, thus establishing the importance of incorporating nutrition within the context of cumulative risk assessment.Discussion: A convincing body of research indicates that nutrition is a modulator of vulnerability to environmental insults; thus, it is timely to consider nutrition as a vital component of human risk assessment. Nutrition may serve as either an agonist or an antagonist (e.g., high-fat foods or foods rich in antioxidants, respectively) of the health impacts associated with exposure to environmental pollutants. Dietary practices and food choices may help explain the large variability observed in human risk assessment.Conclusion: We recommend that nutrition and dietary practices be incorporated into future environmental research and the development of risk assessment paradigms. Healthful nutrition interventions might be a powerful approach to reduce disease risks associated with many environmental toxic insults and should be considered a variable within the context of cumulative risk assessment and, where appropriate, a potential tool for subsequent risk reduction.     

Health and environmental risk assessment of organotin pollution in Japan

In the course of developing the Concise International Chemical Assessment Document (CICAD) on triphenyltin compounds for the IPCS, the author assessed health and environmental risks paused by major organotin species, i.e., triphenyltin compounds and tributyltin compounds. Organotin has been used widely as biocide in such applications as antifouling paints of boats and for other purposes, until its use was restricted in 1980's after discovery of severe damages on aquatic ecosystem caused by this agent. Among many other deleterious effects of organotin to aquatic species, imposex is one of the most conspicuous effects which is the development of male reproductive organs by female gastropods at concentrations as low as a few ng/l. Although environmental concentrations of organotin have declined as a result of tight regulations, periodical monitoring in these years shows their levels in the water still range several ng/l in Tokyo bay area which are hazardous to certain aquatic lives. Human intake of organotin in foods has been estimated through market basket surveys in Japan which showed intake of triphenyltin or tributyltin compound in 1997 as 2.29 micrograms/day (as tributyltin chloride) and 2.69 micrograms/day (as triphenyltin chloride), respectively. The intake value for tributyltin chloride corresponds to 5.2% of the provisional acceptable daily intake (ADI) estimated for bis(tributyltin) oxide (TBTO) in Japan, and 28.0% of the guidance value suggested in the CICAD draft for TBTO, respectively. The intake value for triphenyltin chloride corresponds to 10.8% of the ADI estimated by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Potential critical effects on human health observed in animal tests are the effects on immune systems and reproduction. Based on this investigation, needs for future research on mechanism of toxicity and further control of risks are discussed.     

武汉市农村生活饮用水化学污染物健康风险评价

目的 了解武汉市农村生活饮用水中污染物浓度水平,并通过健康风险评价初步评估水体污染物对成人及儿童身体健康的潜在危害度。 方法 对2017年武汉市农村饮用水中17个指标的浓度进行调查,并利用美国环保局推荐的风险评估模型进行健康风险评价。 结果 武汉市农村饮用水中5种化学致癌物和12种非致癌物所引起的成人和儿童总健康风险分别为2.58×10^-5/a和3.61×10^-5/a,其中化学致癌物的健康风险值大于非致癌物的健康风险值,占总健康风险的99.99%。化学致癌物所致成人和儿童的健康风险值由高到低均依次为铬(六价)＞砷＞镉＞三氯甲烷＞四氯化碳,非致癌物所致成人和儿童的非致癌健康风险值由高到低均依次为铅＞氟化物＞铜＞汞＞硝酸盐＞锰＞铁=锌＞硒＞氰化物＞氨氮＞挥发性酚。化学致癌物和非致癌物对儿童的健康风险均高于成人。 结论 武汉市农村饮用水中污染物所致成人和儿童总健康风险在美国环保局和国际放射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险度(1×10^-4/a和5×10^-5/a)范围内。     

Ubiquitin: new insights into chronic degenerative diseases

Ubiquitin is a 76-amino-acid protein and is perhaps the most conserved gene product in evolution. It modulates degradation of abnormal or damaged proteins and belongs to the class of heat-shock proteins induced in conditions of cell stress. Recent work shows that ubiquitin is involved in several chronic degenerative diseases characterized by the formation of cellular inclusion bodies. The ubiquitin response to cell injury appears to be cytoprotective and particularly important in diseases of the nervous system.     

Health effects of air pollutants

Air pollutants can exhibit both acute and chronic effects. Acute effects mainly occur during smog situations in industrial areas when atmospheric concentrations of hazardous substances are extremely high. This leads to an increase of morbidity and mortality especially in old and ill people. Chronic effects are the consequence of a longlasting exposition to low doses of noxious substances. Epidemiological studies have shown that frequency of respiratory diseases is higher in air polluted areas; this effect is particularly evident in smokers. Biological monitoring is used to determine the individual heavy metal burden. Lead is a danger especially for the developing central nervous system. Cadmium accumulates in the renal cortex during lifetime and may cause disturbances of renal function if a certain concentration is reached. The risk groups for heavy metals are young children and pregnant women in the case of lead and old people in the case of cadmium, respectively. Lung cancer incidence is higher in large cities than in rural areas. Carcinogenicity of city smog extracts was proved in vitro and in vivo. These findings suggest that urban air pollution may play a role as a causal factor in respiratory cancer.     

2018年呼和浩特市饮用水中重金属污染物的健康风险评价

目的评价呼和浩特市地区饮用水中重金属对健康的潜在危害。方法对呼和浩特市2018年饮用水中的10种重金属进行检测,并应用美国国家环境保护署推荐的健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出评价。结果 440个样品中,砷合格率93.86%,铁合格率99.55%,锰合格率99.09%,其他金属全部合格。重金属的非致癌总风险为5.8942×10^-9,致癌总风险为4.4988×10^-5,总的健康风险为4.4994×10^-5,金属致癌的风险排序为:铬(六价)>镉>砷,非致癌风险最高的金属为:砷>铜>铬(六价)。呼和浩特市农村水的致癌总风险和非致癌总风险均高于城市水(Z=-3.323,P=0.001;Z=-4.811,P<0.0001),出厂水、二次供水和末梢水致癌总风险间存在显著差异(Z=12.82,P=0.002);丰水期的健康总风险高于枯水期(Z=-3.122,P=0.002);丰水期的致癌总风险高于枯水期(Z=-3.939,P<0.0001)。结论呼和浩特市2018年致癌健康风...     

Pursuing longevity: delay vs elimination of degenerative diseases.

Using a new model which allows for projection of mortality change resulting from preventive health care measures, prospective changes in longevity for the resident United States population in 1978 were compared with projections of longevity gains occurring under a standard single cause-elimination model. Results indicate that equal or greater gains accrue from the prevention or delay of several major degenerative diseases, than from the complete elimination of some single major degenerative diseases. Observed declines in mortality from 1960 to 1978 have resulted in gains in longevity equivalent to the successful elimination of some major degenerative diseases.     

Compensation of victims exposed to environmental pollutants

The sponsors of the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), also known as "Superfund," agreed that more information was needed regarding legal remedies for injuries to persons from exposures to hazardous wastes. There has been a rush in Congress and some states to introduce "victims' compensation" bills to facilitate recovery for personal injury from exposure to hazardous waste sites. Such approaches are overly simplistic and totally disregard the reach and shortfall of scientific data.     

珠三角某市生活饮用水中化学污染物健康风险评价

目的 初步评估珠三角某市生活饮用水中化学污染物对人体健康产生的潜在风险。方法 于2015年1~12月,对该市水源水、出厂水和末梢水中5种基因毒物质（砷、六价铬、镉、三氯甲烷和四氯化碳）及12种躯体毒物质（铅、汞、硒、氰化物、氟化物、硝酸盐、铁、氨氮、锰、铜、锌和挥发酚）进行检测,采用美国国家环境保护局推荐的健康风险评价模型对上述17种化学污染物通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出初步评价。结果 水源水中化学污染物所引起的致癌风险、非致癌风险和总健康风险分别为3.75×10^-5/a、206.27×10^-11/a和3.75×10^-5/a,出厂水中化学污染物所引起的致癌风险、非致癌风险和总健康风险分别为3.32×10^-5/a、142.68×10^-11/a和3.32×10^-5/a,末梢水中化学污染物所引起的致癌风险、非致癌风险和总健康风险分别为3.37×10^-5/a、150.34×10^-11/a和3.37×10^-5/a。致癌风险、非致癌风险和总健康风险由高到低均分别为水源水>末梢水>出厂水。结论 珠三角某市水源水、出厂水和末梢水中17种化学污染物对人体健康产生的健康风险水平均在国际辐射防护委员会规定的最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10^-5/a）范围内。