大鼠中脑导水管周围灰质及侧脑室注入促肾上腺皮质激素对？…

目的：观察中脑导水管周围灰质及侧脑室注入促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ）对脊髓背角神经元放电的影响，方法；用玻璃微电极细胞外记录脊髓背角神经元放电。ＰＡＧ或侧脑室注射不同剂量ＡＣＴＨ，给药后于不同时间记录神经元的电活动。结果：在３０个神经元中，有２２个被ＰＡＧ注入ＡＣＴＨ抑制；１５个神经元中，有１４个被侧脑室注入ＡＣＴＨ兴奋，结果表明，ＡＣＴＨ在ＰＡＧ水平有抗伤害作用，而在脑室水平有致痛敏作用。     

外周炎性刺激条件下大鼠脊髓背角中PPTAmRNA和Fos阳性神经 …

以鹿角莱胶（ＣＡＲ）注射到大鼠后爪皮下作为外周炎性刺激模型，用原位杂交结合免疫组化染色观察了ＢＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ在脊髓背角神经元中的表达变化及其与Ｆｏｓ蛋白阳性神经元的关系。结果显示：ＰＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元主要位于脊髓背角柜Ⅰ、Ⅱ层和Ⅴ、Ⅵ层。ＣＡＲ注射后ＰＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元的娄得与对照侧相比明显增多，ＣＡＲ刺激也诱导了Ｆｏｓ蛋白在脊髓背角神经元中的表达。Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元主要位于刺激侧脊髓神     

ACTH及电针对甲醛痛敏大鼠脊髓NOS阳性神经元增多的影响

本文采用ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ组化染色技术,研究鞘内注射（ｉ．ｔ．）ＡＣＴＨ及电针刺激（ＥＡ）对甲醛痛敏大鼠脊髓背角浅层ＮＯＳ阳性神经元增多的影响。结果显示ＡＣＴＨ（０．５Ｕ,ｉ．ｔ．）及电针（１ｍＡ５０Ｈｚ,５ｍＡ５Ｈｚ,１ｍＡ５Ｈｚ）刺激“夹脊穴”３０ｍｉｎ均可显著抑制脊髓背角浅层ＮＯＳ阳性神经元增多;ｉ．ｔ．ＡＣＴＨ（０．５Ｕ）和电针刺激（１ｍＡ５Ｈｚ）同时给予时,抑制作用显著增加;ｉ．ｔ．ＮＯ前体     

外周炎性刺激条件下大鼠脊髓背角中PPTA mRNA和Fos阳性神经元的分布

以鹿角菜胶（ＣＡＲ）注射到大鼠后爪皮下作为外周炎性刺激模型，用原位杂交结合免疫组化染色观察了ＰＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ在脊髓背角神经元中的表达变化及其与Ｆｏｓ蛋白阳性神经元的关系。结果显示：ＰＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元主要位于脊髓背角Ⅰ、Ⅱ层和Ⅴ、Ⅵ层。ＣＡＲ注射后ＰＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元的数量与对照侧相比明显增多。ＣＡＲ刺激也诱导了Ｆｏｓ蛋白在脊髓背角神经元中的表达。Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元主要位于刺激侧脊髓背角的Ⅰ、Ⅱ层和Ⅴ、Ⅵ层，在对照侧仅有少量分布。在脊髓背角各层均可见到ＰＰＴＡｍＲＮＡ和Ｆｏｓ阳性双标神经元。Ⅰ、Ⅱ层和Ⅴ、Ⅵ层中分别有７８％和８２％的ＰＰ－ＴＡｍＲＮＡ阳性神经元同时呈Ｆｏｓ阳性，而这两个区域中仅有２７％和３０％的Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元为双标神经元。     

特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者糖皮质激素及其受体改变的临床意义——附43例分析

目的：探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ＩＴＰ）患者糖皮质激素（ＧＣ）及其受体（ＧＣＲ）受体的临床意义。方法：采用放射免疫分析法和放射性配基多点饱和结合法检测了４３例ＩＴＰ患者和１５名正常人ＡＣＴＨ,ＧＣ及淋巴细胞表面ＧＣＲ位点水平,对比了单用甲泼尼龙冲击治疗和泼尼松联合环孢素治疗难治性ＩＴＰ的治疗效果。结果：敏感组,中,度敏感组ＩＴＰ在ＡＣＴＨ,ＧＣ,ＧＣＲ位点水平与正常人组比较均无显著差异。     

蛋白激酶C在甲醛复制内脏炎症痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元电活动中的作用

目的：观察蛋白激酶C抑制剂氯丙嗪对甲醛复制的内脏炎症痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元电活动的影响，了解蛋白激酶C在甲醛复制的内脏炎症痛中的作用。 方法：实验于2005-01／1l在泰山医学院基础医学研究所完成。选用24只健康成年Wistar大鼠，数字表法随机分为3组（n=8）：①甲醛组：体积分数为0．05的甲醛100μL直肠黏膜下注射致炎，复制内脏炎症痛模型。②甲醛＋生理盐水组：在脊髓背角找到对直肠刺激敏感的神经元后，腹腔注射生理盐水0．4mlMkg，30min后记录前对照反应。然后行甲醛直肠黏膜下致炎，方法和剂量同甲醛组。③甲醛＋氯丙嗪组：腹腔注射25异／L氯丙嗪0．4mL／kg，其余处理同甲醛＋生理盐水组。记录3组大鼠注射甲醛后120min内脊髓背角神经元放电频率的变化，以15min为一个时间段，共记录8个时间段。以给药前神经元的放电频率为参照，计算给药后反应的相对值（给药后实际反应频率／给药前实际反应频率&;#215;100％）。 结果：24只大鼠全部进入结果分析，共记录到24个单位的反应结果。①甲醛组在给药后0～15min和16-30min时间段的放电频率分别为致炎前基线水平的（283．7&;#177;46．0）％和（254．0&;#177;37．4）％，与致炎前相比均有显著性增加（P〈0．05）。②甲醛＋氯丙嗪组在致炎后0～15min和16～30min两时间段的脊髓背角神经元放电频率分别为基线水平的（124．6&;#177;10．25）％和（105．4&;#177;8．69）％；甲醛＋生理盐水组致炎后同时间段的放电频率为基线水平的（279．7&;#177;37．4）％和（249．2&;#177;38．5）％。甲醛＋氯丙嗪组在致炎后0～15min和16-30min两时间段的放电频率低于其他2组（P〈0．05），另2组比较差异不显著（P〉0．05）。 结论：①甲醛直肠黏膜下注射可稳定复制大鼠炎症性内脏痛模型。②蛋白激酶C抑制剂氯丙嗪可使脊髓背角神经元放电频率减少，提示蛋白激酶C参与甲醛诱导急性炎症引起的痛觉敏感化的形成。     

甲状旁腺素对红细胞生成素疗效的影响,

目的：观察尿毒症贫血患者,甲状旁腺素（ＰＴＨ）水平对红细胞生成素（ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ）疗效的影响。方法：根据血红蛋白水平分为两组：Ａ组为Ｈｂ〈９０ｇ／Ｌ,Ｂ组为Ｈｂ≥９０ｇ／Ｌ。测定两组ＰＴＨ水平,观察ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ,１．２５＊ＩＧＨ（Ｄ３治疗前后血Ｈｂ、ＨＣＴ、ＰＴＨ变化,结果：（１）Ａ组ＰＴＨ明显高于Ｂ组。（２）ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ３个月后,两组Ｈｂ、ＨＣＴ均有提高,Ａ组上升幅度低于Ｂ组。（３）１．２５     

蛋白激酶C在甲醛复制内脏炎症痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元电活动中的作用

目的:观察蛋白激酶C抑制剂氯丙嗪对甲醛复制的内脏炎症痛大鼠脊髓背角神经元电活动的影响,了解蛋白激酶C在甲醛复制的内脏炎症痛中的作用。方法:实验于2005-01/11在泰山医学院基础医学研究所完成。选用24只健康成年Wistar大鼠,数字表法随机分为3组(n=8):①甲醛组:体积分数为0.05的甲醛100μL直肠黏膜下注射致炎,复制内脏炎症痛模型。②甲醛 生理盐水组:在脊髓背角找到对直肠刺激敏感的神经元后,腹腔注射生理盐水0.4mL/kg,30min后记录前对照反应,然后行甲醛直肠黏膜下致炎,方法和剂量同甲醛组。③甲醛 氯丙嗪组:腹腔注射25g/L氯丙嗪0.4mL/kg,其余处理同甲醛 生理盐水组。记录3组大鼠注射甲醛后120min内脊髓背角神经元放电频率的变化,以15min为一个时间段,共记录8个时间段。以给药前神经元的放电频率为参照,计算给药后反应的相对值(给药后实际反应频率/给药前实际反应频率×100%)。结果:24只大鼠全部进入结果分析,共记录到24个单位的反应结果。①甲醛组在给药后0～15min和16～30min时间段的放电频率分别为致炎前基线水平的(283.7±46.0)%和(254.0±37.4)%,与致炎前相比均有显著性增加(P<0.05)。②甲醛 氯丙嗪组在致炎后0～15min和16～30min两时间段的脊髓背角神经元放电频率分别为基线水平的(124.6±10.25)%和(105.4±8.69)%;甲醛 生理盐水组致炎后同时间段的放电频率为基线水平的(279.7±37.4)%和(249.2±38.5)%。甲醛 氯丙嗪组在致炎后0～15min和16～30min两时间段的放电频率低于其他2组(P<0.05),另2组比较差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论:①甲醛直肠黏膜下注射可稳定复制大鼠炎症性内脏痛模型。②蛋白激酶C抑制剂氯丙嗪可使脊髓背角神经元放电频率减少,提示蛋白激酶C参与甲醛诱导急性炎症引起的痛觉敏感化的形成。     

急性出血性脑血管病并发多脏器功能失常综合征患者血浆内皮素-1及降钙素基因相关肽水平的观察

目的：探讨血浆内皮素１（ＥＴ１）和降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）在急性出血性脑血管病（ＡＨＣＶＤ）并发多脏器功能失常综合征（ＭＯＤＳ）发病中的作用。方法：采用放射免疫法分别测定２１例ＡＨＣＶＤ合并ＭＯＤＳ患者（ＭＯＤＳ组）、２０例ＡＨＣＶＤ患者（ＡＨＣＶＤ组）及３０例正常人（正常对照组）血浆中ＥＴ１和ＣＧＲＰ水平。结果：ＭＯＤＳ组及ＡＨＣＶＤ组血浆ＥＴ１水平明显高于正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１），ＭＯＤＳ组ＥＴ１水平又明显高于ＡＨＣＶＤ组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＡＨＣＶＤ组血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平高于正常对照组，但无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。而ＭＯＤＳ组血浆ＣＧＲＰ水平明显低于正常对照组，ＥＴ１／ＣＧＲＰ（Ｅ／Ｃ）比值明显高于ＡＨＣＶＤ组及正常对照组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）。结论：血浆ＥＴ１水平升高、ＣＧＲＰ水平降低、Ｅ／Ｃ比值严重失衡与ＭＯＤＳ的发生相关；检测血浆ＥＴ１和ＣＧＲＰ水平对评估ＡＨＣＶＤ患者预后有一定意义     

电刺激红核对WDR神经元C反应的抑制作用

目的：分析红核的抗伤害作用和有关机制。方法：用玻璃微电极细胞外记录大鼠脊髓背角广动力型神经元(wide dynamic：range，WDR)的单位放电，观察电刺激红核对WDR神经元伤害性反应（C-反应)的影响。结果：电刺激红核对WDR神经元C-反应具有抑制作用。电刺激红核对同侧WDR神经元C-反应的抑制作用弱于对侧。静注纳洛酮对电刺激红核的抑制作用无明显的影响。结论：红核参与伤害信息的处理，阿片机制似不参与上述作用。     

ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL REGULATION OF THE GROWTH OF TISSUES : THE EFFECTS OF THE DILUTION OF THE MEDIUM ON THE GROWTH OF THE SPLEEN.

It may be concluded that the degree of dilution of the culture medium has a marked influence on the rate of growth of splenic tissue. The maximum acceleration was obtained in a medium composed of three volumes of normal plasma and two volumes of distilled water. The growth in this hypotonic plasma was very much larger than in normal plasma. On the contrary, the growth of the spleen in hypertonic plasma was always less than in normal plasma. In other experiments, we found that in diluted plasma there was also an acceleration of the growth of the skin, the heart, and the liver of chickens. The skin of adult frogs also grew more actively in this plasma. The optimum degree of dilution varied according to the nature of the tissues and to the species of the animals. While the plasma containing two fifths distilled water produced the largest growth of splenic tissue, a slightly less diluted medium was more favorable for the liver and the heart, and generally for the skin also. The action of hypertonic plasma varied also in a large measure. While the spleen did not grow at all in the medium containing 0.0124 and 0.0144 sodium chlorid, the skin, on the other hand, could stand a high concentration of the sodium chlorid. Even its growth was activated in media containing 0.0094 and 0.0124 sodium chlorid and was greater than with normal plasma. The spleen of kittens was very easily affected by the changes of the dilution of the plasma, while the skin of the frog presented its best growth in plasma containing one half distilled water. Marked variations in the sensitiveness of tissues to hypertonic and hypotonic media will probably be observed in animals of different species. From these experiments, three conclusions can be drawn: namely, that certain laws of growth, discovered by Loeb, in lower organisms are true also for higher organisms; that normal plasma is not the optimum medium for the growth of tissue; and that each tissue has probably its optimum medium. The growth of the spleen is, without doubt, considerably modified by the variations of the dilution and perhaps of the osmotic tension of the plasma. It is possible then that the influence of osmotic tension, discovered by Loeb, in the growth of certain organisms, is a general law applicable as well to higher forms of life— frogs, cats, and chickens—as to lower organisms—tubularia and sea-urchins. In placing tubularia in different dilutions of sea-water and distilled water, Loeb found that the greatest rate of regeneration was observed when two volumes of distilled water were added to three volumes of sea-water. But fertilized eggs of sea-urchins were more sensitive to the action of hypertonic plasma, and they all died in a dilution of sea-water with two fifths distilled water. If only one fifth distilled water was added to the sea-water they developed normally. We found that the cells of certain tissues of the chicken follow a similar rule, since the maximal growth of the spleen is obtained in plasma containing two fifths distilled water, while other tissues grow better in a less hypotonic medium. Normal plasma is certainly not the ideal medium for the growth of tissues, since slight modifications of the tension, the alkalinity, or the addition of certain inorganic salts to normal plasma, increase the rate of the growth of tissues.     

THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE HEMORRHAGIC DISEASES OF THE NEW-BORN

Those conditions of the new-born characterized by a hemorrhagic tendency, icterus, and fatty changes, are probably all syndromes which may occur as the result of a number of toxic agents. All of them, however, have been produced, in these experiments, by the action of a single experimental agent. Thus, a picture indistinguishable from that called Buhl''s disease has been obtained by the use of chloroform, as have also the pictures known as Winckel''s disease, melæna neonatorum, etc. Chloroform is not held to be the only substance that has this power. It stands rather as one member of a group of agents, the effects of which in general and in individual organs are similar to those caused by lack of oxygen. The essential features of these conditions have also been produced by direct asphyxiation of the fetus. The suggestion is therefore made that underlying all these symptoms and pathological complexes, there is a deficiency of oxidation, general, local, or selective, thus bringing this group of diseases into the general category of acute yellow atrophy of the liver, eclampsia, pernicious vomiting, cyclic vomiting, phosphorus poisoning, etc. In human beings, chloroform and asphyxia must, in many instances, be the determining causes. There remain, however, other cases in which different factors are to be sought.     

THE INDUCED SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE GUINEA-PIG TO THE TOXIC ACTION OF THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE HORSE

Following the divisions before used, the results presented in the preceding pages may be briefly stated. I. The particular method of sensitization and the place where the test injection is made have an important bearing on the results obtained by various workers. Comparing the results obtained by the various methods, we may conclude that the incubation period of the hypersensitive reaction is not sharply limited, but that there is a progressive increase in sensitiveness from the sixth day, and presumably before that, extending over a period of several weeks. It seems very probable that the degree of hypersensitiveness attained where the sensitizing dose consists of a mixture of diphtheria toxin and serum is greater than when a single dose of the same small quantity of serum is given alone. II. Our early experiments, the first in this field, are in thorough agreement with those first reported by Otto, and shortly after him by Rosenau and Anderson. III. This hypersensitive reaction is transmissible from mother to offspring. The transmission is probably not equally effective in all cases, and individual young guinea-pigs probably vary greatly in the rate with which they lose their ability to react. As a result not all of the young of a hypersensitive mother react to a subcutaneous dose of five cubic centimeters of serum given when they are four or five weeks old. The reaction in the young animals differs quite markedly from that in those actively sensitized. These differences are such as to indicate that in the mother there is a considerable localization of the reaction in tissues and organs whose destruction does not cause sudden death. This local reaction is a protective factor and is not transmitted to the same degree as the factors involved in the fatal acute reaction. IV. The hypersensitive reaction to horse serum depends on the development of a special anti-body during the incubation period, which anti-body may be passively transferred to a fresh animal. If the dose of hypersensitive serum be sufficient, and the intoxicating injection be given directly into the circulation, this passive hypersensitiveness may be enough so that the animal will die when tested. There is also in the serum of hypersensitive guinea-pigs an uneliminated horse serum element or "rest," which is distinct from this antibody, and probably without influence on the course of the acute reaction. V. The anti-body on which the hypersensitive reaction depends may be entirely neutralized by horse serum without causing symptoms. The gradual introduction of increasing doses over a total period of twenty-four hours suffices for this. The animal is then, properly speaking, neither immune nor refractory, but is essentially in the condition of a normal animal which has recently had a large dose of horse serum. This rapid neutralization is made possible by the great binding power which the subcutaneous and other relatively unimportant tissues have for the toxic element of the serum. The so-called "Phenomenon of Arthus" is probably the same reaction for the rabbit that we have here dealt with in the guinea-pig. The fact that the manifestation is more prominently a local one depends on racial differences. I have encountered cases in the guinea-pig in which the conditions in the rabbit are closely simulated.     

THE EXTENT OF THE CAPILLARY BED OF THE HEART

By means of injections made into the coronary arteries of beating hearts it has been possible to determine the number of capillaries in the normal heart muscle. This study has shown a very rich blood supply with an average of approximately one capillary for each muscle fibre in the ventricular walls and papillary muscles, and a less abundant supply in the auricular muscle and Purkinje system. The number of capillaries per sq. mm. of ventricular wall or papillary muscle is about twice that found by Krogh in skeletal muscle. Capillaries were not found constantly in the valves of hearts in which there was apparently a complete injection of the capillary bed. The method described for injecting the capillaries of the heart also provides a means of studying the blood supply to the muscle, valves and aortic wall in pathological hearts.     

THE INFLUENCE UPON THE SPLEEN AND THE THYROID OF THE COMPLETE REMOVAL OF THE EXTERNAL FUNCTION OF THE PANCREAS

The complete removal of the function of the pancreas concerned in digestion is followed by marked changes in the spleen and in the thyroid apparatus. Second, the spleen shows an extreme simple atrophy. Third, the thyroid apparatus exhibits a constant change shown by the macroscopic transparency of the gland, by the microscopic increase in the amount of colloid, by the chemical increase of the iodine content of the gland, and by the functional test of the delayed appearance of tetany after the complete removal of the thyroid apparatus.     

学生健康体检结果分析

在校学生进行健康体检,对常见病患病率进行统计分析,提议在体检 中应加入血液流变学指标。