A prospective study of dietary calcium, dairy products and prostate cancer risk (Finland)

High dietary intakes of calcium and dairy products have been hypothesized to enhance prostate cancer risk, but available prospective data regarding these associations are inconsistent. We examined dietary intakes of calcium and dairy products in relation to risk of prostate cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention Study, a cohort of 29,133 male smokers aged 50-69 years at study entry. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline using a validated 276-item food use questionnaire. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to adjust for known or suspected risk factors for prostate cancer. During 17 years of follow-up, we ascertained 1,267 incident cases of prostate cancer. High versus low intake of dietary calcium was associated with a marked increase in prostate cancer risk. The multivariate relative risk (RR) of prostate cancer for > or =2,000 mg/day compared to <1,000 mg/day of calcium intake was 1.63 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.27-2.10; p trend < 0.0001). Total dairy intake was also positively associated with risk of prostate cancer. The multivariate RR of prostate cancer comparing extreme quintiles of intake was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.04-1.51; p trend = 0.03). However, no association with total dairy intake remained after we adjusted for calcium (p trend = 0.17). Findings were similar by stage and grade of prostate cancer. The results from this large prospective study suggest that intake of calcium or some related component contained in dairy foods is associated with increased prostate cancer risk.     

Breast cancer and polyps of the colon. A case-control study

A case-control study was conducted involving 145 patients with breast cancer and 144 controls. A pansigmoidoscopy was performed in each case and control. There was no statistically significant difference in the length of the colon explored (cases, 50.3 cm; controls, 48.9). The odds ratio for adenomatous polyps was 2.65 (confidence limits, 1.56 and 3.74). As adenomas of the colon can be considered as precursors of colon cancer, this study demonstrates new evidence of the close relationship between breast and colon cancer. These results show the usefulness of performing a pansigmoidoscopy in all breast cancer patients and, if positive, the removal of all of the polyps through the colonoscope.     

A case-control study of dietary and nondietary factors in ovarian cancer

A case-control study is presented that estimates ovarian cancer risk for various factors, including diet. Data collected by interview between 1957 and 1965 for 274 white women aged 30-79 years with epithelial carcinoma of the ovary are compared to data similarly collected for 1,034 hospital controls. Relative risk estimates are presented for the total group as well as for premonopausal (ages 30-49) and postmenopausal (ages 50-79) are groups. In the total group, cancer risk increased with increasing age at first marriage (P less than .01) and previous history of benign breast disease (P less than 0.1), and risk decreased with increasing number of previous pregnancies (P less than .01). In the 50- to 79-year age group, a marginally significant trend for decreasing risk with increasing obesity was observed (P less than .10). There was no significant risk (i.e., P less than .10) associated with the consumption of alcohol, cigarettes, coffee, tea, total dietary protein, vitamin C, or fat at any age. In the 30- to 49-year age group only, increased risk (P less than .01) was seen in women reporting diets low in fiber and vitamin A from fruit and vegetable sources. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the apparent protective effect of vitamin A in the 30- to 49-year age group (but not dietary fiber) was independent of the nondietary factors analyzed in this study (P less than .05).     

Food-group consumption and colon cancer in the adelaide case-control study. II. Meat,poultry, seafood,dairy foods and eggs

We conducted a case-control study in Australia, comparing 220 persons with histologically confirmed incident adenocarcinoma of the colon with 438 age- and gender-matched controls. Cases were identified via the South Australian Cancer Registry (1979-80); controls were randomly selected from the electoral roll. All participants completed a 14I-item food-frequency questionnaire and were interviewed regarding demographic and other information. Consumption of 8 groups of foods from animal sources was investigated. Odds ratios (OR) for quartiles of consumption were obtained using conditional logistic regression. All analyses were conducted separately for females and males. The most striking finding was a positive association for egg consumption in females, with an unadjusted OR of 2.4 (1.1-5.3) for consumption in the uppermost quartile. The uppermost septile of egg consumption was associated with an unadjusted OR of 6.3 (1.5-26.1) and a dose-response pattern was suggested. Intakes of red meat, liver, seafood, and dairy foods were also weakly positively associated with risk in females. In males, intakes of red meat and poultry were weakly positively associated with risk with unadjusted ORs of 1.5 (0.8-2.8) and 1.4 (0.7-2.6) respectively. The ratio of intake of red meat to poultry and seafood was also positively associated with risk in males, with an unadjusted OR of 1.4 (0.8-2.6). Interpretation of analyses stratified by colon cancer subsite was limited by the low number of subjects in each sub-site stratum, yet the results were somewhat supportive of a stronger risk associated with animal foods in the proximal than in the distal colon. The results for egg consumption suggest a role for cholesterol in the etiology of colon cancer, particularly in proximal cancer for females. Results for vegetable and fruit consumption are presented in a companion report.     

A case-control study of toenail selenium and cancer of the breast, colon, and prostate

To study the possible role of dietary and supplementary selenium intake in the etiology of cancer, we carried out a case-control study of breast, colon, and prostate cancer in Montreal between 1989 and 1993. In this study, we were able to interview a total of 1,048 incidence cases of colon (402), breast (414) and prostate (232) cancer subjects and 688 population-based controls matched for age and gender. Of these, a total of 501 cancer cases and 202 controls produced toenail samples for their selenium concentrations, which were determined by neutron activation analysis. We found no association between toenail selenium and breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4-1.31) or prostate cancer (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.46-2.83), though we did observe a statistically significant inverse association between toenail selenium level and the risk of colon cancer for both genders combined (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.19-0.93; P = .009) and for female subjects (P = .050). We also found that nonsmoker case and control subjects had higher selenium in their toenail samples. This could be due either to the nature of tobacco, which reduces selenium absorption, or to smokers' consumption of certain foods containing less selenium. Further epidemiologic studies are required to clarify the role of selenium in the etiology of certain cancers.     

Dietary carotenoids and risk of colon cancer: case-control study

Some epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables with a high carotenoid content may protect against colon cancer (CC). The evidence, however, is not completely consistent. Given the inconsistencies in findings in previous studies and continued interest in identifying modifiable risk factors for CC, a case-control study of French-Canadian in Montreal, Canada, was undertaken to examine the possible association between dietary carotenoids and CC risk and to investigate whether this association varies in relation to lifestyle factors such as smoking or diet, and particularly the high consumption of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). A total of 402 colorectal cases (200 males and 202 females) and 688 population-based controls matched for age, gender and place of residence were interviewed. Dietary intake was assessed through a validated food frequency questionnaire that collected information on over 200 food items and recipes. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated in unconditional logistic regression models. After adjustment for important variables such as total energy intake, no association was found between dietary intake of carotenoids and CC risk. For women with high intakes of LCPUFA, an inverse association was found between lutein + zeaxanthin and CC risk. ORs were 0.41; 95%CI (0.19-0.91), p=0.03 for eicosapentaenoic acid, and OR=0.36, 95%CI (0.19-0.78), p=0.01 for docosahexaenoic acid, when the upper quartiles of intake were compared to the lower. Among never-smokers, a significantly reduced risk of CC was associated with intake of beta-carotene [OR=0.44, 95%CI (0.21-0.92) and p=0.02], whereas an inverse association was found between lycopene intake and CC risk [OR=0.63, 95%CI (0.40-0.98) and p=0.05] among smokers. The results of our study suggest that a diet rich in both lutein + zeaxanthin and LCPUFAs may help prevent CC in French-Canadian females.     

Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study

In 1979-81, 419 patients with incident cases of colon and rectal cancer and 732 controls were questioned regarding diet and alcohol. Cancer cases were a population-based series reported to the South Australian Central Cancer Registry, were 30-74 years of age, and were residing in Metropolitan Adelaide. Controls were selected from the electoral roll and individually age- and sex-matched to cancer cases. The most consistent risk factor for colorectal cancer was dietary protein, which was associated with a twofold-to-threefold relative risk for colon cancer and for rectal cancer in women for all levels of consumption above the base line (i.e., the lowest consumption quintile). For male colon cancer the corresponding relative risk was similar; but for male rectal cancer, risk was elevated only at old ages. Total energy intake and, less clearly, meal frequency were also positively associated with increased risk. Total alcohol intake (but not specifically beer) was associated with increased risk of both colon and rectal cancer in women; in both sexes, there was an increased risk of colon and rectal cancer associated with spirits consumption. A reduced risk of rectal cancer was associated with vitamin C but not with vitamin A. The increased risk associated with high protein and total energy was confined to those consuming a low fiber diet, particularly among women; but some other aspects of the relationship between fiber consumption and risk of colorectal cancer were more complex. Some modifications and extensions of the current fat-to-bile acid-to-fiber theory of bowel carcinogenesis were suggested.     

A case-control study of dietary factors and stomach cancer risk in Poland

We report results from a case-control study on stomach cancer conducted in 1980-81 in Cracow, Poland, where the risk of this disease is among the highest reported world-wide. One hundred and ten cases from a surgical clinic were matched by age and sex to the same number of controls from the same hospital. A matched series from a population-based health survey was also considered. After adjusting for residency, smoking and various food items, cases and hospital controls showed significant differences in consumption of fruits (RR rarely vs. daily: 3.24; 95% CI: 1.56-6.77), joint consumption of vegetables, salads and fruits (RR low vs. high: 4.23; 95% CI: 1.41-12.63), and consumption of protein-containing foods (RR low vs. high: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08-0.61). Consumption of strong alcoholic beverages on an empty stomach (before breakfast) was associated with an RR of 2.09 (1.04-4.22). The findings are discussed in relation to the apparent urban/rural difference in stomach cancer incidence in Poland and the possible underlying etiological factors involved.     

Breast cancer and smoking, vodka drinking and dietary habits. A case-control study.

The relationship between cigarette smoking, vodka drinking and consumption of 44 food items typical of the Polish diet were analysed in a case-control study in Cracow, Poland, among 127 cases of breast cancer and 250 controls randomly selected from the general population. Cigarette smoking was not significantly influencing the breast cancer risk. Compared with never-drinkers, the habit of vodka drinking 20 years earlier significantly increased breast cancer risk in women below 50 years of age (multivariate OR was 4.4 with 95% CI 1.6-12.4). Frequent consumption of boiled vegetables 20 years earlier (greater than 3 times per week) was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer in women aged 50 years and more (multivariate OR was 0.4 with 95% CI 0.2-0.8).     

Consumption of animal products, olive oil and dietary fat and results from the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer risk

Aim

The Western diet typically consists of high levels of saturated fat from animal products and has been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. Whilst olive oil, the predominant fat in the Mediterranean diet, has been associated with many health benefits its role in bladder cancer aetiology is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effect of intake of animal products, olive oil and other major dietary fats on bladder cancer risk.

Methods

Dietary data were collected from 200 cases and 386 controls participating in a Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by comparing the highest with the lowest tertiles of intake between cases and controls using unconditional logistic regression. Adjustment was made for age, sex, smoking characteristics, occupational exposures and calorie intake.

Results

There was a statistically significant inverse association between olive oil intake and bladder cancer consistent with a linear dose-response relationship: middle versus the lowest tertile (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39-0.99) and the highest versus the lowest tertile (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.28-0.78; p-trend = 0.002). We also observed borderline statistically significant increased odds of bladder cancer for the highest versus the lowest intake of cheese (OR: 1.53; 95% CI: 0.95-2.46; p-trend = 0.08). No potential associations were detected for any other source or type of dietary fat.

Conclusion

We observed evidence for a protective effect by olive oil and a possible increased risk of bladder cancer associated with a high intake of cheese. Our results require further investigation and confirmation by other studies.     

Intake of dairy products,calcium, and vitamin d and risk of breast cancer

BACKGROUND: Laboratory data suggest that calcium and vitamin D, found at high levels in dairy products, might reduce breast carcinogenesis. However, epidemiologic studies regarding dairy products and breast cancer have yielded inconsistent results. We examined data from a large, long-term cohort study to evaluate whether high intake of dairy products, calcium, or vitamin D is associated with reduced risk of breast cancer. METHODS: We followed 88 691 women in the Nurses' Health Study cohort from the date of return of their food-frequency questionnaire in 1980 until May 31, 1996. Dietary information was collected in 1980 and updated in 1984, 1986, 1990, and 1994. We identified 3482 women (premenopausal = 827, postmenopausal = 2345, and uncertain menopausal status = 310) with incident invasive breast cancer. We used pooled logistic regression to estimate multivariable relative risks (RRs) using 2-year time increments. The RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each category of intake compared with the lowest intake group. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Intakes of dairy products, calcium, or vitamin D were not statistically significantly associated with breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, however, consumption of dairy products, especially of low-fat dairy foods and skim/low-fat milk, was inversely associated with risk of breast cancer. The multivariable RRs comparing highest (>1 serving/day) and lowest (800 mg/day versus 500 IU/day versus 相似文献   

Hormone replacement therapy, reproductive history, and colon cancer: a multicenter, case-control study in the United States

Hormonal factors have been inconsistently associated with coloncancer risk in women. The associations between reproductive events, menstrualfactors, exogenous hormones, and colon cancer were evaluated in a largecase-control study (894 female cases and 1,120 female age-matchedpopulation-based controls) in the United States, stratifying by age atdiagnosis, tumor site, family history and other potential risk factors.Overall, higher parity was associated with a marginally decreased risk ofcolon cancer (five or more births compared with nulliparous: odds ratio [OR]= 0.75, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.53-1.06) after adjusting forage at diagnosis, family history of colorectal cancer, vigorous lifetimephysical activity, body mass index (BMI) (wt/ht 1.5 ), total energy intake,and aspirin use. No important associations were observed for otherreproductive or menstrual events. An inverse association between recent useof hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and colon cancer was observed (OR = 0.71, CI = 0.56-0.89). Although interaction termswere not significant, this inverse association appeared to be more pronouncedfor those with an older age at diagnosis; for those without a first-degreerelative with colorectal cancer; and for those with a relatively low BMI. Thereduced risk associated with HRT use did not appear to be explained by otherbehaviors related to HRT use.     

Plasma and dietary carotenoids, and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study.

The association between plasma carotenoids and prostate cancer risk was investigated in a case-control study nested within the prospective Health Professionals Follow-up Study. We matched 450 incident prostate cancer cases diagnosed from 1993-1998 to 450 controls by age, time, month, and year of blood donation. Modest inverse, but not statistically significant, associations were observed among plasma alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and lycopene concentrations, and overall risk of prostate cancer diagnosis [odds ratio (highest versus lowest quintile; OR), alpha-carotene: OR, 0.67 [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.40-1.09]; beta-carotene: OR, 0.78 (95% CI, 0.48-1.25); lycopene: OR, 0.66 (95% CI, 0.38-1.13)]. The inverse association between plasma lycopene concentrations and prostate cancer risk was limited to participants who were 65 years or older (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23-0.98) and without a family history of prostate cancer (OR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.26-0.89). Combining, older age and a negative family history provided similar results (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.18-1.02). Inverse associations between beta-carotene and prostate cancer risk were also found among younger participants (<65 years of age; OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.91; P(trend) = 0.03). Combining dietary intake and plasma data confirmed our results. We found a statistically significant inverse association between higher plasma lycopene concentrations and lower risk of prostate cancer, which was restricted to older participants and those without a family history of prostate cancer. This observation suggests that tomato products may exhibit more potent protection against sporadic prostate cancer rather than those with a stronger familial or hereditary component. In addition, our findings also suggest that among younger men, diets rich in beta-carotene may also play a protective role in prostate carcinogenesis.     

Sucrose as a risk factor for cancer of the colon and rectum: A case-control study in Uruguay

In order to examine the relationship between dietary sucrose intake and colorectal cancer, a case-control study was conducted in Uruguay in the time period 1992–1996. In all, 289 cases and 564 controls, admitted for diagnosis or treatment in the 4 major hospitals in Montevideo, were considered eligible for the study. Total sucrose intake was associated with a monotonic positive gradient of risks and the odds ratio (OR) for the uppermost quartile of intake was of 2.18 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.35–3.51). Glucose intake was associated with a small and non-significant increase in risk (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.76–2.82). Finally, an interaction between sucrose and protein intake was found, and the OR for high intakes of sucrose and protein was 6.07. Int. J. Cancer 75:40–44, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

A case-control study of dietary and nondietary risk factors for breast cancer in Shanghai

A case-control study of breast cancer (186 cases, 186 population, and 186 hospital controls) was conducted in Shanghai, China, between 1982 and 1984. This population has a high daily caloric intake (population control mean, 2394 kcal) and low percentage of calories from fat (22.7%) compared to Western populations. Cases have a significantly greater daily caloric intake than controls, primarily because of increased consumption of monounsaturated fat for which the relative risk is 1.89 for the highest compared to the lowest quintile (P = 0.02). This finding requires cautious interpretation but seems worthy of further study in populations with similar dietary practices.     

Role of fat, animal protein, and dietary fiber in breast cancer etiology: a case-control study

A case-control study of 818 breast cancer (BC) patients and 2 matched control groups, surgical controls (SCs) and neighborhood controls (NCs), was undertaken in Israel between 1975 and 1978. The interview schedule included a detailed dietary history based on the frequency of consumption of 250 food items, which were grouped according to their principal nutrient component. The average frequency of consumption of each food item in each nutrient group was computed. Medical, demographic, hormonal, and parity histories were also obtained. Risks associated with fat, animal protein, and fiber consumption were evaluated. Two types of analysis were performed [in 2 age groups (less than 50 yr and greater than or equal to 50 yr)], using the conditional logistic method: evaluating the risk attributable to nutrition only and controlling for nondietary confounding factors as well. When no adjustment for nondietary confounding factors was made, the risk increased with fat intake in both age groups [one-tailed P-value for linear trend = .08 and .07 in age less than 50 and .01 and .10 for the greater than or equal to 50 age category for the BC case (BCC)-SC and BCC-NC comparisons, respectively]. Increased fiber intake decreased the risk in the younger age group (one-tailed P-value for linear trend = .06 and .07 for the BCC-SC and BCC-NC comparisons, respectively), while in the 50-or-over age category the trend was inconsistent. The risk associated with animal protein was much less clear. For women in the highest quartiles of fat and animal protein intake and the lowest quartiles of fiber intake, risk was about twice as high as that for women in the lowest quartiles of fat and animal protein intake and in the highest quartile of fiber intake (one-tailed P-value for linear trend = .04 and .08 for age less than 50 and .08 and .09 for the age category greater than or equal to 50 BCC-SC and BCC-NC comparisons, respectively). When hormonal and demographic confounding factors were controlled for, this pattern persisted but it remained significant for 1 control only. Power increased when cases were analyzed against both controls simultaneously (one-tailed P-value for linear trend = .10 for age less than 50 and .02 for age greater than or equal to 50). Thus a higher fat-animal protein and lower fiber diet is associated with increased cancer risk, but this relationship needs to be studied further.     

Calcium, vitamin D, sunshine exposure, dairy products and colon cancer risk (United States)

Objective: Epidemiologic studies on calcium, vitamin D and colon cancer are inconsistent, whereas experimental studies more regularly show a protective effect. To evaluate potential sources of inconsistencies, data from a large case–control study were analyzed, stratifying on potential effect modifiers. Methods: Data were collected by certified interviewers in Northern California, Utah and Minnesota. Analyses included 1993 incident colon cancer cases and 2410 population-based controls. Multivariate logistic regression models included age, sex, BMI, family history, physical activity, intake of energy, dietary fiber, aspirin and NSAIDs. Results: Dietary calcium was inversely associated with colon cancer risk in men (OR highest vs lowest quintile = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.5–0.9) and women (OR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–0.9). No statistically significant associations were observed for dietary vitamin D or sunshine exposure. Consumption of total low-fat dairy products was associated with a statistically significantly decreased risk in men and women (ORs highest vs lowest category of intake = 0.8 and 0.7 respectively). Calcium supplement use was inversely associated with risk in both sexes (ORs use vs non-use = 0.8). Vitamin D supplements were inversely associated with risk in men (OR = 0.5) and women (OR = 0.6) but confidence limits included 1.0. Conclusions: These data provide additional support of an inverse association between high levels of calcium intake and colon cancer risk.     

A common 8q24 variant and the risk of colon cancer: a population-based case-control study.

Three recent studies identified common variants on 8q24 that confer modestly increased susceptibility to colorectal cancer. Here, we replicate the association in a population-based case-control study of colon cancer, including 561 cases and 721 unrelated controls. The rs6983267 marker was significantly associated with colon cancer risk. Compared with those homozygous for the T allele, the heterozygous and homozygous carriers for the G allele had an age-adjusted odds ratio of 1.39 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.88) and 1.68 (95% confidence interval, 1.21-2.33), respectively. An additive model showed strong evidence for a gene-dose response relationship (P(trend) = 0.0022). The association remained statistically significant when restricted to Caucasians only (527 cases and 679 controls; P(trend) = 0.0056). Further adjustment for other known risk factors did not alter the results. Stratified analysis revealed no evidence for effect modification by family history of colorectal cancer, age, or gender. These data replicate the association identified from recent studies, providing additional evidence supporting the rs6983267 genetic polymorphism as a marker predisposing to colon cancer.