发作性睡病患者行 PSG和MSLT监测的护理

目的：探讨发作性睡病临床主要表现,以及诊断中常用的标准多导睡眠监测（polysomnography ,PSG）和多次睡眠潜伏试验（multiple sleep latency test ,MSLT）的应用和监测方法。方法回顾分析2012‐07—2014‐03到我科监测治疗的26例发作性睡病患者的临床资料。结果26例均顺利完成监测,其中21例夜间PSG检查中睡眠潜伏期＜10 min;14例快动眼睡眠（REM）始于入睡后＜20 min;白天MSLT中,26例平均睡眠潜伏期＜5 min ,入睡开始阶段出现REM（ROREMPs）≥2次的26例。结论护理人员在对患者进行监测的过程中,应采取适合的心理疏导方式,以消除患者的不良情绪,合理的心理疏导能提高检测结果的准确率,将对发作性睡病的诊断起非常重要的作用。     

失眠症患者睡眠质量的主观评估与多导睡眠图参数对比分析

目的 探讨失眠症患者对睡眠质量的主观评估,并通过对多导睡眠图(PSG)睡眠参数的定量分析,对失眠症患者的睡眠状况进行客观评估,进一步将二者进行对比分析.方法 对失眠症患者和健康人各100例运用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数问卷(PSQI)进行评定,并分别进行多导睡眠图的整夜睡眠描记,次日晨起后询问夜间睡眠情况.结果 失眠症组PSQI各成分得分及总分均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).与对照组相比,失眠症组的睡眠潜伏期(min)延长(失眠症组43.69±11.54,对照组16.01±10.44)、总睡眠时间(min)减少(失眠症组314.65±91.89,对照组446.41±77.81)、睡眠效率降低(失眠症组64.51%±18.59%,对照组91.32%±3.58%)、快眼动睡眠时间(min)减少(失眠症组33.26±15.61,对照组93.21±21.63),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).失眠症组对总睡眠时间的评估较PSG检测值显著减低、对睡眠潜伏期的评估较PSG检测值显著增高,自我评估与实际睡眠情况不一致.结论 失眠症患者睡眠质量较差.失眠症患者的PSG各睡眠参数有特征性的改变,利用PSG检查发现失眠症患者对失眠情况的主客观评估不一致,存在过高估价睡眠潜伏期和过低估价睡眠时间的倾向.     

心理生理性失眠伴发情绪障碍与抑郁性失眠多导睡眠图分析

目的：探讨心理生理性失眠与抑郁性失眠多导睡眠图（PSG）特点。方法：选择收治的75例慢性失眠症患者（其中心理生理性失眠39例和抑郁性失眠症36例），停用镇静药物后，在适宜条件的实验室中给予整夜多导睡眠图监测。结果：抑郁性失眠组与心理生理性失眠组相比，其快速动眼期（REM）潜伏期和非快速动眼期（NREM）百分比降低，快动眼百分比增加。结论：心理生理性失眠患者PSG无特殊表现，抑郁性失眠患者PSG呈现快动眼睡眠活跃的特征。     

脑电生物反馈辅助治疗老年失眠症的疗效观察

目的 研究脑电生物反馈疗法辅助治疗老年失眠症的效果.方法 将67例老年失眠症患者随机分为研究组（34例,使用右佐匹克隆合并脑电生物反馈治疗8周）和对照组（33例,单用右佐匹克隆治疗8周）.采用多导睡眠（PSG）监测技术和匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表（PSQI）评定疗效.结果 治疗后第8周末,两组多导睡眠脑电图中实际睡眠总时间、睡眠效率、睡眠维持率、睡眠潜伏期、REM（快速眼动）潜伏期、REM睡眠比例、夜间觉醒次数、觉醒总时间较治疗前显著改善（P＜0.05）;且研究组睡眠脑电图各项数据与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.两组PSQI评分均低于各自治疗前（P＜0.05）,研究组PSQI评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 脑电生物反馈疗法辅助治疗老年失眠症有较好的效果.     

唑吡坦对失眠症患者睡眠影响的多导睡眠图研究

目的 应用多导睡眠图(PSG)探讨唑吡坦对失眠症患者睡眠脑电活动的影响.方法 对27例符合国际疾病分类标准第10版(ICD-10)非器质性失眠症诊断标准的患者连续进行3晚PSG描记,其中第3晚睡前予10 mg唑吡坦,观察用药后PSG的变化.正常对照组33名,作1夜适应和1夜基础PSG监测.结果 与基线睡眠比较,患者服用唑吡坦后睡眠效率提高[(91%±4%)vs(87%±8%),P＜0.05],觉醒时间减少[(24±6)min vs(39±16)min,P＜0.01],S1减少[(18%±6%)vs(30%±18%),P＜0.01],S2增加[(60%±5%)vs(44%±18%),P＜0.01],睡眠潜伏期缩短[(36±18)min vs(22±11)min,P＜0.01].结论 唑吡坦对失眠症患者夜间多导睡眠图脑电有影响.     

发作性睡病的临床特征与多次睡眠潜伏期试验对照研究

目的:探讨多次睡眠潜伏期试验(MSLT)对发作性睡病的诊断价值。方法:总结3 6例发作性睡病患者的临床特征,并进行白天5次MSLT和整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)描记,分析平均睡眠潜伏期(sleeplatency ,SL)、睡眠初次出现REM (sleeponsetrapideyemovementperiods ,SOREMP)次数及夜间睡眠相关参数和3 4名正常对照组进行比较。结果:3 6例均有白日过度嗜睡(10 0 % ) ,2 5例伴猝倒(69.44 .% ) ,16例伴入睡前幻觉(4 4 .44 % ) ,8例伴睡眠瘫痪(2 2 .2 2 % ) ,7例典型的睡眠四联征(19.44 % )。白天5次MSLT显示:2 8例发作性睡病患者SL <5min +SOREMP≥2次(77.78% ) ,SL(4 .12±2 .0 4)缩短和SOREMP≥2 (3 .2 8±0 .67)次,与正常对照组相比有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。整夜PSG结果显示:发作性睡病组总睡眠时间(3 3 5 .82±3 4.0 9)min、REM潜伏期缩短(17.19±7.14 )min ,和正常对照组相比有显著性差异(P <0 .0 1)。结论:发作性睡病具有睡眠潜伏期缩短和REM睡眠提前的特征,MSLT对发作性睡病的诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

失眠症患者主客观睡眠状况分析

目的：探讨失眠症患者主客观睡眠状况及其临床意义。方法：对71例失眠症患者及27例正常对照者进行睡眠调查及全夜多导睡眠图(PSG)检测。结果：失眠症组主观入睡时间、醒觉次数、睡眠潜伏期的评估值较PSG检测值显著增高；主客观入睡时间的评估显著不一致。结论：失眠症患者对失眠障碍主客观评估不一致，在临床诊断时应引起重视。     

三唑仑对失眠症患者睡眠脑电的影响

目的应用多导睡眠图(PSG)探讨三唑仑对失眠症患者睡眠脑电活动的影响.方法对28例失眠症患者连续进行4夜PSG描记,其中第3、4晚上睡前予0.5mg三唑仑,观察用药后PSG的变化.正常对照组33名,作2夜适应和基础PSG监测.结果失眠症患者服用三唑仑后夜间PSG显示睡眠效率提高[基线睡眠值(86±9)%,第3晚服药后(91±8)%,第4晚服药后(92±4)%,F值6.143,P＜0.01],觉醒时间减少[同前,(39±17)min,(29±8)min,(23±7)min,F值13.211,P＜0.01],S1减少[同前,(31±18)%,(23±11)%,(16±6)%,F值9.707,P＜0.01],S2增加[同前,(45±17)%,(59±18)%,(60±6)%,F值10.104,P＜0.01],睡眠潜伏期缩短[同前,(35±18)min,(28±17)min,(21±11)min,t值4.947,P＜0.05].结论短半衰期催眠药三唑仑不仅能改善患者对睡眠的主观评价,还对夜间睡眠脑电有影响.     

失眠症的整夜多导睡眠图监测

目的探索建立失眠症的多导睡眠图(PSG)模式.方法应用日本Nihon Kohden公司的Neurofax-1518K多导睡眠生理仪,采用眼电图和下颌肌电图及脑电图技术,对39例失眠症患者和33名正常对照者进行PSG全夜监测.结果与正常组相比,失眠症组的PSG表现为睡眠总时间减少(正常组464.1±22.9分,失眠症组359.7±31.5分,P＜0.01),睡眠潜伏期延迟(正常组19.9±9.8分,失眠症组31.5±18.4分,P＜0.01),醒觉次数多(正常组1.4±0.7次,失眠症组4.9±2.1次,P＜0.01),睡眠效率低(正常组94.6±5.1%,失眠症组84.7±8.3%,P＜0.01),第一阶段睡眠增加(正常组9.1±1.9%,失眠症组27.9±17.9%,P＜0.01),第二阶段睡眠下降(正常组56.2±4.7%,失眠症组45.9±17.7%,P＜0.01),第3,4阶段睡眠降低(正常组16.7±4.9%,失眠症组9.1±5.1%,P＜0.01),REM睡眠潜伏期缩短(正常组87.8±11.7分,失眠症组53.8±19.7分,P＜0.01).此外,失眠症组有8例(N=8/39,20.5%)的睡眠潜伏期和睡眠效率综合分析正常,但患者主诉"无睡眠感",有"主观性失眠"存在.结论失眠症患者PSG存在睡眠进程、睡眠结构和REM值的变化.睡眠潜伏期延迟和慢波睡眠S1增加具有更高的临床价值.本组研究还发现失眠症患者中有一部分对象可能属于"主观性失眠".     

多次睡眠潜伏期试验的检测方法及临床应用进展

应用多导睡眠仪（PSG）进行多次睡眠潜伏期试验（MSLT）是客观评价日间思睡严重程度的 标准工具。分析多次试验的睡眠次数、平均睡眠潜伏期以及快速眼动（REM）睡眠出现的潜伏期与次数， 能将思睡的严重程度用睡眠潜伏期的长短显示出来，更具有客观性和可重复性。目前MSLT在临床已 广泛用于发作性睡病的诊断，特发性睡眠增多和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等日间思睡的严重程度评 估，以及精神振奋剂等药物的疗效评估。现对MSLT的具体检测方法及临床应用作一综述。     

特发性过度睡眠

目的探讨特发性过度睡眠患者临床表现以及多导睡眠图特征。方法与结果回顾分析4例特发性过度睡眠患者的临床资料,均以白天过度嗜睡首发,无猝倒、睡眠麻痹、睡前幻觉及睡眠行为障碍,其中2例伴自主神经功能障碍。4例患者Epworth嗜睡量表评分均〉11分;多次小睡潜伏期试验平均睡眠潜伏期明显缩短,未见睡眠起始快速眼动期;例3患者全夜多导睡眠图监测显示睡眠潜伏期明显缩短,总睡眠时间延长,但夜间睡眠结构正常。结论明确诊断特发性过度睡眠需结合患者病史资料、临床表现及实验室检查进行综合考虑,多次小睡潜伏期试验和全夜多导睡眠图监测是鉴别诊断特发性过度睡眠与发作性睡病的有效方法。     

Comparison of the effects of zopiclone and triazolam on the sleep of normal subjects

Zopiclone 7.5 mg and triazolam 0.50 mg have been compared in a double-blind randomized cross-over sleep laboratory study. After a 6-day placebo, 12 healthy male volunteers aged 20-35 years received 2 active treatment sequences of 6 days separated by a 8-day placebo period and followed by a withdrawal period with placebo for 8 days. 22 polygraphic sleep recordings have been performed. The duration of nocturnal awakenings decreases at the beginning of treatment. Sleep onset latency is significantly decreased as well as the number of awakenings during sleep at the end of treatment. Both drugs improve the sleep efficiency index. Zopiclone increases total sleep time at the beginning and at the end of treatment. Triazolam increases this parameter at the end of the study only. Zopiclone, unlike triazolam increases the duration of deep NREM sleep-stages 3 and 4--at the beginning of treatment. No significant changes in sleep parameters were seen with zopiclone nor triazolam at the end of treatment. In sleep questionnaires, sleep onset latency is shorter under zopiclone than under triazolam and daytime drowsiness is less frequent with zopiclone.     

Sleep propensity at daytime as assessed by Multiple Sleep Latency Tests (MSLT) in patients with schizophrenia increases with clozapine and olanzapine

Sleep propensity at daytime has not been investigated in untreated patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, while the antipsychotics clozapine and olanzapine are considered to frequently cause 'sleepiness' or 'sedation', this has not been objectified yet. Therefore, 30 patients with schizophrenia were included in this randomized, double-blind study. Sleep propensity was assessed before and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment with either clozapine or olanzapine using a Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT); in the MSLT, sleep latencies of 5 nap opportunities of 20 min during daytime are averaged. In addition, the number of sleep onsets was recorded. Mean sleep latency in untreated schizophrenic patients was 16.2 ± 0.8 min at baseline. Both antipsychotics induced an increase of sleep propensity as indicated by a shortened sleep latency and more sleep onsets during the treatment period as compared to baseline. These effects were strongest in the morning. Four patients receiving clozapine and 3 patients receiving olanzapine reported subjective sleepiness, in all but one commencing in the first treatment week and persisting until study end. While the mean sleep latency during treatment was significantly shorter in these patients (12.3 ± 0.8 min) than in those without subjective sleepiness (14.9 ± 0.7 min), a short sleep latency was not necessarily associated with subjective sleepiness. In conclusion, mean sleep latency was >36% longer (i.e. sleep propensity was lower) in untreated patients with schizophrenia than in healthy subjects previously consistently reported. Furthermore, clozapine and olanzapine increased sleep propensity in schizophrenic patients. A minority of patients reported subjective sleepiness.     

睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者多导睡眠图特征及日间嗜睡分析

目的 通过对男女睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSA）患者多导睡眠图特征及日间嗜睡程度的对比,探究OSA患者的多导睡眠图特征及日间嗜睡程度是否存在性别差异.方法 选取2011年5月～2013年2月在华西医院睡眠中心就诊,年龄在18～65岁之间,经整夜多导睡眠呼吸监测确诊为OSA（睡眠呼吸紊乱指数,AHI≥5次/h）的患者进行回顾性分析.按性别分为男性OSA患者及女性OSA患者两组,并对两组的年龄及AHI进行配对.比较两组患者多导睡眠图所示睡眠结构、缺氧状况、多次小睡潜伏时间试验（MSLT）及Epworth嗜睡量表（ESS）评分的差异.结果 共258名患者纳入研究,其中男性129名,平均年龄（49.4±11.3）岁,平均AHI指数（35.3±26.7）次/h;女性129名,平均年龄（49.7±11.8）岁,平均AHI指数（34.1±26.7）次/h.男女OSA患者相比,女性患者睡眠潜伏期更长[（19.2± 28.1）vs.（12.9±12.9）min],睡眠效率更低[（78.5±14.1）% vs.（84.5±9.7）%],睡后觉醒时间更长[（89.8±63.8）vs.（66.1±48.4）min],总睡眠时间更短[（396.9±78.8）vs.（ 427.6± 56.1）min],多次小睡平均潜伏期更长[（9.9±3.39）vs.（9.3±3.7）min],（P均＜0.05）.男女患者呼吸事件中低通气所占比例[（39.9±26.3）% vs.（53.4±27.7）%],阻塞性呼吸暂停所占比例为[（50.81±25.88）% vs.（41.03±26.72）%],（P均＜0.05）.结论 在AHI严重程度相一致的情况下,女性患者睡眠质量更差,但男性患者日间客观嗜睡程度更重.呼吸事件中女性患者多以低通气为主,而男性患者多以阻塞性呼吸暂停为主.     

Impact of acute administration of sodium oxybate on nocturnal sleep polysomnography and on multiple sleep latency test in narcolepsy with cataplexy

ObjectiveTo analyze the acute effects of sodium oxybate (SO) on polysomnographic night-time recordings (PSG) and multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) on patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy (NC).MethodsSixteen NC adult patients were recruited, together with 16 normal controls. Two consecutive PSG followed by two MSLT sessions were carried out, before and during the first night of SO assumption, respectively.ResultsThe administration of SO was followed by a significant decrease in number of stage shifts and awakenings, wakefulness after sleep onset, and percentage of sleep stage 1. Sleep efficiency and slow wave sleep percentage increased. REM latency decreased significantly from 73 to 12 min. Cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) rate remained unchanged but the percentage of CAP A3 subtypes decreased. The number of CAP A3 subtypes per hour of NREM sleep decreased significantly, whereas that of A1 remained unchanged. The duration of A1 and A3 subtypes was slightly increased. Chin muscle tone was not modified by SO as well as periodic leg movements during sleep, but their periodicity index decreased, becoming similar to that of controls. MSLT sleep latency also significantly improved after SO intake.ConclusionsThe administration of SO in NC patients is followed by immediate important and complex effects on PSG parameters and MSLT, including an evident (over)increase in slow wave sleep, which does not display a physiological microstructure, a moderate decrease in periodic and isolated LMs, possibly mediated by a disinhibited dopaminergic neuronal activity, and an improvement on daytime mean sleep latency at the MSLT.     

Methylphenidate hydrochloride for excessive daytime sleepiness in a patient with myotonic dystrophy

A 28-year-old man with a history of myotonic dystrophy (MyD) is described. His progressively worsening excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) was treated with methylphenidate hydrochloride. Polysomonography (PSG), the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), middle latency-evoked response, and auditory event-related potentials were used to assess the cause of EDS. The PSG detected small numbers of central sleep apneic episodes. Mean sleep latency, which was determined by MSLT, increased from 5 min before treatment to 14 min after treatment. The Pa, P1, and N1 amplitudes at the Cz site increased after treatment, but P3 latency remained unchanged. These observations suggest that EDS and impairment of cognitive and information processing seen in a patient with MyD may be caused by a central nervous system disorder.     

Excessive daytime sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnea: prevalence, severity, and predictors

OBJECTIVES: To assess prevalence, severity, and predictive factors of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in an Asian population. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study of data from patients diagnosed with OSA over a period of three years and having had overnight polysomnography (PSG) followed by daytime multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). Respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was used for diagnosis and assessment of severity. OSA was classified as mild (RDI 5-20), moderate (RDI 20-40), and severe (RDI>40). EDS was objectively assessed using MSLT. According to MSLT, patients were categorized into two groups; EDS (mean sleep latency:MSL<10) and no EDS (MSL>10). PSG, MSLT and demographic data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to ascertain predictive factors of EDS. RESULTS: There were 195 patients comprising 89.4% males and 10.6% females. The severity of OSA was mild in 35.9%, moderate in 27.2%, and severe in 36.9%. EDS was demonstrated in 87.2%. Sleep onset REM periods were detected in the MSLT of 28.2% patients. Univariate analysis demonstrated age, RDI, sleep efficiency, total arousals, arousals with apnea, arousal index, number of desaturations, and severity of snoring as significant predictors of EDS. However, stepwise logistic regression analysis identified only sleep efficiency, total arousals, and severity of snoring as significant predictive factors. CONCLUSIONS: OSA causes EDS in the majority of patients. Severe snoring, higher sleep efficiency and increased total arousals in polysomnography seem to predict EDS.     

A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects

Rebound effects after withdrawal from hypnotics are believed to trigger their chronic use and to enhance the risk of tolerance and dependence. It was the purpose of this study to investigate the acute polysomnographic withdrawal effects after a 4 week treatment with standard doses of the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zopiclone and zolpidem compared with triazolam and placebo. Healthy male subjects between 22 and 35 years of age participated in a parallel study design. They received either zopiclone 7.5 mg (n=11), zolpidem 10 mg (n=11), triazolam 0.25 mg (n=10) or placebo (n=7) over 4 weeks in randomized and double-blind order. Sleep EEG was registered during 2 nights before treatment under placebo, on days 1, 27 and 28 of treatment and on days 29, 30, 41 and 42 under placebo. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency were lower in the 1^st night after discontinuation of triazolam (p < 0.05, t-test). After withdrawal from zopiclone or zolpidem slight but not significant rebound effects concerning sleep continuity were observed. Self-rating scales showed minimal rebound insomnia after discontinuation of all three hypnotics. In the placebo group no changes of sleep parameters were observed. Assuming that rebound insomnia is part of a withdrawal reaction, this study indicates that the risks of tolerance and dependency are low when administering zopiclone or zolpidem at the recommended doses. Received: 13 September 2000 / Accepted: 7 May 2001     

Hypersomnolence and narcolepsy; a pragmatic diagnostic neurophysiological approach

Out of a group of 250 consecutive patients who were examined for various disorders of sleep and waking at Ghent University Hospital within a period of 24 months, 30 patients with hypersomnolence associated with a suspected underlying neurological etiology were selected. The population consisted of 15 males and 15 females with mean age of 36 years (range: 16-60 years). Twenty-one patients had had hypersomnolence for more than 2 years. All patients underwent a single night polysomnography (PSG) and a 4-nap multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). PSG was normal in 23 patients. Sleep onset REM period (SOREMP) was defined as the occurrence of REM sleep within 15 min. after initiation of sleep. PSG demonstrated SOREMP's in only 1 patient and showed evidence of obstructive sleep apnea in 4 patients. Two patients had a low sleep efficiency. MSLT demonstrated hypersomnolence in 17 patients of whom 6 showed SOREMP. Significant hypersomnolence was defined as a mean sleep latency < or = 5 min. 4 patients fulfilled the classical clinical and polygraphic criteria (> or = 2 SOREMP) of narcolepsy. In 8 patients the tentative diagnosis of idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence was made. 13 patients did not sleep during MSLT. These results emphasize the relative importance of MSLT. Our limited 4-nap MSLT protocol proved useful in distinguishing narcolepsy from idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence.     

Effects of levetiracetam on nocturnal sleep and daytime vigilance in healthy volunteers

PURPOSE: Individuals with epilepsy commonly report daytime sleepiness, attributed to sleep disruption (frequent arousals, awakenings, and stage shifts) induced by ictal and interictal activity or antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or both. To study the effect of levetiracetam (LEV) on sleep, at full doses but without the interference of epilepsy, we investigated the sleep architecture and daytime vigilance in healthy adults after 3 weeks of treatment. METHODS: The study was of a double-blind crossover design with random allocation of multiple doses of two different treatments (randomly first LEV 相似文献