Incidence and risk factors for the development of prolonged severe intrahepatic cholestasis after pediatric living-donor liver transplantation

The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence, etiology, and risk facrors for prolonged severe intrahepatic cholestasis (PSIC) after 129 pediatric living-donor liver transplantations (LDLT). The incidence of PSIC was 25.6% (n = 33). Twenty-eight (84.8%) versus 5 (15.2%) children experienced early versus late PSIC, respectively. Among these 33 children with PSIC, 8 (24.2%) received a donor liver with mild to moderate fatty change, 4 (12.1%) with low graft-body weight ratios, and 4 (12.1%) with ABO incompatibility. The predominant etiologies were acute rejection (n = 15; 45.5%), chronic rejection (n = 6; 18.2%), virus (n = 3; 9.1%), vascular complications (n = 4; 12.1%), and initial graft dysfunction (n = 10; 30.3%). ABO incompatibility (P = .032; odds ratio [OR] 3.25), chronic rejection (P = .012; OR 4.76), and vascular complications (P = .046; OR 1.82) were significant variables associated with PSIC. Donor selection with ABO compatibility as well as early detection and management of chronic rejection and vascular complications may be important to prevet PSIC in LDLT.     

肝移植术后早期严重肝内胆汁淤积的相关因素分析

目的 探讨同种异体原位肝移植术后早期发生严重肝内胆汁淤积的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2004年8月至2011年2月南方医科大学南方医院收治的225例同种异体原位肝移植患者的临床资料,根据是否发生严重肝内胆汁淤积将患者分为阳性组(60例)和阴性组(165例),对两组患者术前、术中、术后各项指标进行比较分析.计量资料采用t检验,不符合正态分布及方差齐性的计量资料和等级资料采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,计数资料采用x2检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归模型.结果 术前阳性组患者肝硬化比例、肝性脑病积分、腹腔积液积分、国际标准化比值、PT、TBil、AST较阴性组高,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=6.09,Z=2.22,2.60,2.46,2.84,4.81,3.42,P＜0.05);而血清中Alb、Na+、K+、Hb、PLT比阴性组低,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(t=2.10,4.97,Z=2.49,t=3.51,Z=3.66,P＜0.05).术中阳性组患者供、受者血型相容的比例、供肝轻度脂肪化比例、冷缺血时间、相对热缺血时间、术中出血量、输注RBC量、输注PLT量、输注冷沉淀量较阴性组高,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2 =4.29,13.11,Z=2.45,2.61,3.75,3.20,2.89,3.95,P＜0.05).术后阳性组患者急性排斥、肝动脉血栓、肺部感染、血行感染、真菌感染、巨细胞病毒感染发生率比阴性组高,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2 =9.87,4.91,8.21,6.29,3.92,9.26,P＜0.05).多因素分析发现术前TBil＞ 51.3 μmol/L、供肝轻度脂肪化、术中输注冷沉淀量、术后急性排斥、肝动脉血栓、术后肺部感染、血行感染、巨细胞病毒感染是发生严重肝内胆汁淤积的独立危险因素(OR=15.82,7.99,2.88,3.03,53.20,3.34,4.11,3.22,P＜0.05);而在术前较高的PLT、较长的PT患者术后发生严重肝内胆汁淤积的几率较小(OR=0.33,0.25,P ＜0.05).术后6个月阳性组和阴性组病死率分别为41.7％ (25/60)和19.4％ (32/165),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.54,P＜0.05).结论 纠正受者术前不良的临床因素;术后积极控制感染和抗排斥反应可降低原位肝移植患者术后早期严重肝内胆汁淤积的发生率,并有可能改善早期预后.     

Incidence and risk factors for the development of lung tumors after liver transplantation

Tobacco and immunosuppression are risk factors for developing upper aerodigestive and lung tumors after transplantation. This study comprises 701 adult recipients who survived more than 2 months after transplant: 276 patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) and 425 for nonalcoholic disease. The aim is to analyze the incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcome of patients who develop lung malignancies after OLT. Incidence of lung cancer was 2.1% (15 patients): 4.3% (12 patients) in the alcoholic group and 0.7% (three patients) in the nonalcoholic group (P < 0.001). Mean time from OLT to tumor diagnosis was 86 months. Thirteen patients were smokers; 12 patients were heavy drinkers; and 11 were drinkers and smokers. Squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed in nine patients, large cell carcinoma in three, adenocarcinoma in two, and broncoalveolar in one. Tumor staging: 10 patients at stage IV; three at stage IIIB; and two at stage IIB. Tumor resection was performed in one patient, and three also received chemotherapy. Mean survival after tumor diagnosis was 5.4 months. There is a higher risk of lung cancer in smoker patients who have undergone OLT for AC, and have a very poor prognosis because tumors are diagnosed at advanced stages.     

Incidence and risk factors of development of lung tumors after liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Lung tumors have been related to tobacco and alcohol. The incidence increases after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) especially when it is performed because of alcoholic cirrhosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the incidence and risk factors for de novo lung tumors among 701 patients who underwent OLT between April 1986 and July 2004, after exclusion of pediatric recipients and adults who died within 2 months after OLT. RESULTS: The incidence of de novo lung tumors was 15 patients (2.1%), including 12 (4.3%) who underwent OLT for alcoholic cirrhosis and 3 (0.7%) for nonalcoholic diseases. There were 14 men and 1 woman of mean age at OLT of 50.8 +/- 9.6 years. Mean time from OLT to lung tumor was 83 +/- 43 months (range, 10-184 months). Thirteen patients (86.6%) were heavy smokers before OLT and 8 (61.5%) continued after OLT; 12 patients (80%) were heavy drinkers before OLT. Ten patients were immunosuppressed with CyA and 5 with tacrolimus. Acute rejection episodes before tumor diagnosis occurred in 6 patients (40%). Two patients underwent thoracotomy, but only one was resected. The remaining 13 patients were unresectable because of locally advanced tumor or metastatic disease. Two unresectable patients received palliative chemotherapy. All patients died with a mean survival from tumor diagnosis, of 5.3 months (range, 3 days to 33 months). CONCLUSION: A significantly higher incidence of lung tumors was observed among patients who underwent OLT for alcoholic cirrhosis, usually diagnosed in advanced stages of poor prognosis and low survival.     

Chylous ascites after liver transplantation: Incidence and risk factors

In this study, we evaluated the diagnosis, epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment of chylous ascites developing after liver transplantation (LT). Between 2002 and 2011, LT was performed 693 times in 631 patients at our clinic. One-hundred fifteen of these patients were excluded for reasons such as retransplantation, early postoperative mortality, and insufficient data. Chylous ascites developed after LT (mean ± SD = 8.0 ± 3.2 days, range = 5-17 days) in 24 of the 516 patients included in this study. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we examined whether the following were risk factors for developing chylous ascites: age, sex, body mass index, graft-to-recipient weight ratio, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, vena cava cross-clamping time, total operation time, Child-Pugh classification, sodium level, portal vein thrombosis or ascites before transplantation, donor type, albumin level, and perihepatic dissection technique [LigaSure vessel sealing system (LVSS) versus conventional suture ligation]. According to a univariate analysis, a low albumin level (P = 0.04), the presence of ascites before transplantation (P = 0.03), and the use of LVSS for perihepatic dissection (P < 0.01) were risk factors for developing chylous ascites. According to a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the presence of pretransplant ascites [P = 0.04, hazard ratio (HR) = 2.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-13.5] and the use of LVSS for perihepatic dissection (P = 0.01, HR = 5.4, 95% CI = 1.5-34.4) were independent risk factors. In conclusion, the presence of preoperative ascites and the use of LVSS for perihepatic dissection are independent risk factors for the formation of chylous ascites. To our knowledge, this study is the most extensive examination of the development of chylous ascites. Nevertheless, our results should be supported by new prospective trials. Liver Transpl, 2012. ? 2012 AASLD.     

Incidence and risk factors of renal dysfunction after liver transplantation in Korea

Renal dysfunction, one of the most common complications after liver transplantation, influences patient outcomes. Little is known, however, about it in Korea. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and to identify the risk factors for renal dysfunction after liver transplantation. Sixty-two patients who survived over 6 months after transplantation were enrolled. Renal function was classified by creatinine clearance (Ccr, mL/min), which was estimated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula. Twenty-seven patients (44%) showed mild renal dysfunction (60 < or = Ccr < 90), and 27 patients (44%), moderate dysfunction (30 < or = Ccr < 60). The others were found to have normal function (Ccr > or = 90). None displayed severe dysfunction (Ccr < 30). Compared to a control group (Ccr > or = 60), the renal dysfunction group showed lower preoperative Ccr (91 +/- 28.6, 63 +/- 21.9, respectively, P < .01) and lower Ccr at 3 months after transplantation (72 +/- 17.1, 49 +/- 14.6, respectively, P < .05). Age, sex, immunosuppressive drug usage, serum tacrolimus levels, and the frequency of postoperative acute renal failure did not affect the postoperative renal dysfunction. Twenty-six patients received mycophenolate mofetil while reducing the dose of calcineurin inhibitors because of compromised renal function. With mycophenolate mofetil treatment, the renal function seemed to improve, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = .057). These data demonstrate that renal dysfunction is common after liver transplantation and that preoperative renal function is the important factor predicting postoperative renal dysfunction.     

Incidence of and risk factors for neurologic complications after heart transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Following heart transplantation (HT), neurologic complications occur in 50% to 70% of patients, mostly in the perioperative period. The objective of our study was to analyze the frequency and impact of factors related to the development of neurological complications after HT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HT patients with survival greater than 1 month (November 1987 to May 2003) were included. Heart-lung transplants, retransplants, and pediatric patients were excluded. Neurologic complications were defined as a neurologic event requiring hospitalization or detected in the hospital. Groups included ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, seizures, neurotoxicity or other complications (e.g., infections, headaches, Alzheimer's). RESULTS: We assessed 322 HT patients (87.6% men, 12.4% women) and grouped them according to the presence of neurologic complications during follow-up. There were no differences in the baseline characteristics between the two groups. Of patients the patients studied, 13.7% suffered a neurologic complication: ischemic stroke (3.5%), neurotoxicity (2.9%), seizures (1.9%), and other complications (1.6%). Only two cases of hemorrhagic stroke (0.6%) were observed. Associations with pretransplant risk factors included seizures with diabetes mellitus (OR, 6.54; 95% CI, 1.28 to 33.6, P = .024), seizures with renal failure (OR, 5.95; 95% CI, 1.03 to 34.3; P = .046), and ischemic stroke with prior valvular disease (OR, 4.96, 95% CI, 1.22 to 20.1; P = .045). Associations with pretransplant risk factors were neurologic complications with the number of infections (OR, 1.35, 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.73; P = .02). No differences were found in survival of patients with neurologic complications. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of neurologic complications in our series was 13.7%. The most frequent neurologic complication was ischemic stroke. Valvular disease as the underlying disease was associated with ischemic stroke. Diabetes mellitus and renal failure were associated with seizures. The number of posttransplant infections was associated with neurologic complications. There were no differences in survival of patients with neurologic complications.     

肝移植受者术后结直肠腺瘤性息肉发生情况及危险因素分析

目的  分析肝移植受者术后结直肠腺瘤性息肉（CAP）的发生情况及危险因素。方法  选取肝移植受者77例,并选取同期行结肠镜检查的体检者231例,分析结直肠息肉发生情况及病理检查结果。收集肝移植受者的临床资料,并根据CAP的发生情况,将肝移植受者分为CAP组（28例）和非CAP组（49例）,分析肝移植术后发生CAP的危险因素。结果  肝移植受者和体检者结直肠息肉的5年累积发生率分别为43%和34%,CAP的5年累积发生率分别为29%和23%,差异均无统计学意义（均为P > 0.05）。肝移植受者中,除1例因息肉较多未统计外,其余息肉共计65个,部分受者发现多个息肉。5个体积较小者未送病理,有病理结果的共60个,包括炎性息肉25个,CAP 33个（其中8个伴有低级别上皮内瘤变,3个伴有高级别上皮内瘤变）,高分化腺癌2个。Cox模型分析提示肝移植受者术后服用环孢素是发生CAP的独立危险因素。结论  肝移植术后CAP发生风险略有增高,服用环孢素是肝移植受者术后发生CAP的独立危险因素,应重视肝移植受者术后结肠镜检查。     

Peritonitis after liver transplantation: Incidence, risk factors, microbiology profiles, and outcome.

Peritonitis occurring after liver transplantation (PLT) has been poorly characterized to date. The aims of this study were to define the incidence, risk factors, microbiology profiles, and outcome of nonlocalized PLT. This was a retrospective study of 950 cadaveric liver transplantation (LT) procedures in 837 patients, followed for a mean of 1,086 days (range, 104-2,483 days) after LT. PLT was defined as the presence of at least one positive ascitic fluid culture after LT. There were 108 PLT episodes in 91 patients occurring at a median of 14 days (range, 1-102 days) after LT. Significant risk factors associated with the development of PLT by multivariate analysis included pre-LT model for end-stage liver disease score, duration of LT surgery, Roux-en-Y biliary anastomosis, and renal replacement therapy after LT. Biliary complications, intra-abdominal bleeding, and bowel leak/perforation were associated with 34.3%, 26.9%, and 18.5% of episodes, respectively. Multiple organisms, gram-positive cocci, fungus, and multidrug-resistant bacteria were isolated in 61.1%, 92.6%, 25.9%, and 76.9% of ascitic fluid cultures, respectively. The 28 fungal PLT episodes were associated with bowel leak/perforation and polymicrobial peritonitis. Patients who developed PLT after their first LT had a significantly greater risk of graft loss or mortality compared to unaffected patients. Parameters significantly associated with these adverse outcomes by multivariate analysis were recipient age at LT and bowel leak or perforation after LT. In conclusion, PLT is a serious infectious complication of LT, associated with significant intra-abdominal pathology and reduced recipient and graft survival.     

Incidence and risk factors for nonmelanoma skin cancer after heart transplantation

Introduction

The incidence of skin cancer in heart transplant (HT) patients is higher than in the general population, reversing the proportion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with a predominance of the former. The etiologic role of new immunosuppressants is not well known. We sought to ascertain the incidence of SCC and BCC in HT patients and the risk factors for its occurrence.

Patients and Methods

We report the incidence of all types of post-HT skin cancer, SCC, and BCC among adult HT patients in Spain (4089 subjects) as well as the influence of gender, age at heart transplant, immunosuppression, and sunlight exposure.

Results

The incidence rates of SCC and BCC, per 1000 persons/year, were 8.5 and 5.2, respectively. Males had a higher risk of SCC but not BCC. Induction therapy increased the risk of SCC and BCC. The relative risk of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) was 0.3 (0.2-0.6; P < .0005) and azathioprine (AZA) 1.8 (1.2-2.7; P < .0032) for SCC, whereas tacrolimus and cyclosporine showed no difference. The relative risk of BCC was not affected by any immunosuppressant.

Conclusion

Age at transplantation >45 years, induction therapy use, and high sunshine zone were risk factors for both SCC and BCC. Different immunosuppressive agents have different risks of nonmelanoma skin cancer, as AZA increases the risk of SCC and MMF is a protective factor. The relative risk of BCC was not affected by any immunosuppressor.     

肝癌射频消融后肝脓肿的发生率及危险因素分析

目的探讨肝癌射频消融(RFA)后肝脓肿形成的发生率及危险因素。方法回顾性分析2000年1月—2016年6月接受RFA治疗的1 643例肝癌患者的资料,包括原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)942例、胆管细胞癌(CCC)31例、转移性肝癌(MLC)670例,采用Logistic回归对影响因素进行分析。结果肝癌RFA治疗后肝脓肿发生率为0.79%(13/1 643)。单因素分析显示,糖尿病史、肝功能Child-Pugh分级、手术史及肿瘤位置与肝癌RFA治疗后肝脓肿形成相关(P均0.05);多因素分析显示,糖尿病史、手术史及肿瘤位置为肝癌RFA治疗后肝脓肿形成的独立危险因素。结论糖尿病史、手术史、肿瘤位置是影响肝癌RFA治疗后肝脓肿形成的重要因素。     

Incidence of and risk factors for ischemic-type biliary lesions following orthotopic liver transplantation

Ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL) account for a major part of patients' morbidity and mortality after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). The exact origin of this type of biliary complication remains unknown. This study retrospectively evaluated 1843 patients. Patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis were excluded from this study. The diagnosis of ITBL was established only when all other causes of destruction of the biliary tree were ruled out.  Donor age ( P  = 0.028) and cold ischemic time (CIT) ( P  = 0.002) were found to be significant risk factors for the development of ITBL.  Organs that were perfused with University of Wisconsin (UW) solution developed ITBL significantly more often than Histidine–Tryptophan–Ketoglutarate (HTK)-perfused organs ( P  = 0.036). The same applied to organs harvested externally and shipped to our center versus those that were procured locally by our harvest teams ( P  < 0.001). Pressure perfusion via the hepatic artery significantly reduced the risk of ITBL ( P  = 0.001). The only recipient factor that showed a significant influence was Child-Pugh score status C ( P  = 0.021). Immunologic factors had no significant impact on ITBL. The clinical consequences of this study for our institution have been the strict limitation of CIT to <10 h and the exclusive use of HTK solution. We further advocate that all organ procurement teams perform pressure perfusion on harvested organs.     

影响肝移植术后机械通气时间延长的因素分析

目的探讨肝移植术后机械通气时间延长（PMV）患者的临床特征、预后以及影响PMV发生的相关因素。 方法回顾性分析安徽医科大学第一附属医院器官移植中心2016年4月至2021月4月收治的105例成人肝移植患者资料。根据术后机械通气时间是否超过24 h,分为PMV组（39例）和非PMV组（66例）,比较两组患者一般资料、临床特征和预后,单因素分析和Logistic多因素回归模型筛选影响肝移植术后PMV的因素;使用Kaplan-Meier曲线和Log-rank检验进行生存分析。 结果既往上腹部手术史（OR=0.284,95% CI：0.084~0.963,P=0.043）和术前Child-Pugh评分（OR=1.439,95% CI：1.026~2.017,P=0.035）是肝移植术后PMV的独立影响因素。PMV组术后180 d生存率为74.36%,非PMV组为84.85%,两组差异无统计学意义（Log-rank χ2=0.061,P=0.804）。 结论术前有无上腹部手术和Child-Pugh评分是肝移植术后PMV的独立影响因素。PMV继发耐药菌感染发生率高,但不影响肝移植患者的术后6个月生存率。充分处理患者术前合并问题,减少导致PMV的因素,可以尽可能地缩短机械通气时间,使患者获益。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的临床特点及危险因素.方法 回顾性分析施行的172例肝移植患者的临床资料.选取围手术期45个独立变量进行单因素分析及Logistic回归分析,筛选出与肝移植术后胆道并发症相关的危险因素.结果 32例发生胆道并发症,患病率为18.6%,包括10例胆瘘,14例无胆瘘的胆管狭窄,5例无胆瘘或胆管狭窄的胆道结石,2例单纯胆道感染,1例单纯胆道出血.其发生的中位时间为22(3～585 d)d.Logistic回归分析显示急性排斥反应(P＜0.001),慢性排斥反应(P=0.030),留置T管(P=0.005),术后1个月的肝动脉阻力指数(RI)≤0.66(P=0.026)是术后胆道并发症的独立危险因素.结论 肝动脉血流动力学的严密监测、必要的预防性抗凝治疗、规范的抗排斥治疗、不留置T管的胆管重建方式有助于降低胆道并发症发生率.     

Incidence and risk factors of new-onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation

PURPOSE: New-onset diabetes mellitus (PTDM), a major metabolic complication after renal transplantation, examined for incidence and risk factors. METHODS: The records of 358 renal transplant recipients with functioning grafts, from 1986 to 2006, were categorized into two groups according to the usage of tacrolimus (FK): FK-based (n = 120 patients) and non-FK-based (n = 238). Using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and a Cox regression model, this study analyzed the cumulative incidence of PTDM and risk factors, including gender, age, and presence of hepatitis. RESULTS: Cumulative incidences of PTDM after 1, 3, and 5 years posttransplantation in the FK-based group were 11%, 18%, and 22%, respectively. In the non-FK-based group, the cumulative incidences were 5%, 9%, and 12% (P = .01). Taking into account the risk factors, the cumulative incidence of PTDM was significant among patients 51 years or older (odds ratio, 3.965; P = .005), but not with regard to gender or presence of hepatitis B and/or C. Overall cumulative incidence of PTDM in our series was 15% (54/358), including 44% (24/54) of cases that occurred within 1 year after renal transplantation. CONCLUSION: FK is more diabetogenic than cyclosporine or sirolimus. Older age (>==51 years) is a significant risk factor, in contrast to hepatitis and gender. About half of these cases of PTDM occurred within 1 year after transplantation. These results suggest that aggressive monitoring of blood sugar is necessary for early detection of PTDM.     

肝移植术后胆汁淤积的诊治

肝移植中．移植肝要经受缺氧、低温、药物毒性感染和免疫损伤等影响．术后很易产生胆汁淤积。为此．我们对32例肝移植病人进行回顾性分析，探讨术后产生胆汁淤积的原因及诊治。现报告如下。     

Prevalence and risk factors for early postoperative infection after liver transplantation

OBJECTIVES: To analyze factors related to the development of infection soon after a liver transplant. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Retrospective study of 1000 liver transplants in adults between 1991 and 2004. Pre-, intra- and postoperative variables of recipients were analyzed in 2 groups according to whether infection did or did not develop. RESULTS: Infection developed in 151 patients. Bacterial infections were the most common type. Significant risk factors for infection in the multivariate analysis were sex (odds ratio [OR], 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33-0.90); Child-Pugh stage (OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.29-2,77); hepatitis C virus cirrhosis (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.34-0.99); post-reperfusion syndrome (OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.03-3.21); vena cava preservation technique (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.22-0.84); history of diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.34-4.22); respiratory distress syndrome (OR, 6.60; 95% CI, 1.16-37.45); pulmonary edema (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.44-3.86); renal dysfunction (OR, 3.25; 95% CI, 1.89-5.60); acute renal insufficiency (OR, 20.24; 95% CI, 9.88-41.46); neurological alterations (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.94-5.821); postoperative bleeding (OR, 2.80; 95% CI, 1.32-5.97); graft dysfunction (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.21-3.53); primary graft failure (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.33). CONCLUSION: Infection is a serious complication that continues to be difficult to control. Certain risk factors can be improved with careful management (kidney failure, pulmonary edema) or appropriate donor-recipient matching (initial dysfunction). Others, however, are inherent to the procedure (post-reperfusion syndrome, sex) or to immunosuppression, which acts as a true mediator of infection with regard to both its appearance and its clinical manifestation.