儿童颈性眩晕患者的颈椎X线片及经颅多普勒超声特征

目的分析颈性眩晕儿童的颈椎X线片及经颅多普勒超声(TCD)特征,探讨发病机理。方法对80 例颈性眩晕儿童进行颈椎X线片及TCD检查,分析其特点。结果本组患儿的颈椎X线片异常主要为寰枢椎或/和C2、C3椎关节紊乱,可并发颈椎失稳、颈曲变直甚至颈曲反弓、颈轴侧弯;异常TCD表现以单支或多支动脉血流速度增快为主,少数表现为单支或多支动脉血流速度减慢及双侧血流速度不对称。结论儿童颈性眩晕的病变部位主要在寰枢椎或/和C2、C3椎,发病机制主要为寰枢椎或/和C2、C3椎间多种形式的关节紊乱。     

老年人颈性眩晕的X线、CT与彩色多普勒超声影像的对照分析

目的对照分析X线、CT及彩色多普勒超声检查对老年人颈性眩晕的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析46例经临床诊断为颈性眩晕患者的颈椎正侧位、过伸过曲位、张口位X线片,颈椎横断CT扫描及双侧椎动脉彩色多普勒超声检查影像。结果 46例患者中寰椎两侧块与枢椎齿突间隙不等宽5例,横突孔狭窄、变形7例,钩椎关节增生28例,椎间隙狭窄并椎间盘膨或突出11例,生理曲度异常36例,颈椎失稳18例,颈椎侧弯或旋转移位5例;彩色多普勒超声检查显示单侧或双侧椎动脉走行异常34例,内径异常11例,血流速度减慢37例。结论 X线平片、CT及彩色多普勒超声3种检查方法相结合,可较全面地反映出老年人颈性眩晕的致病原因。     

彩色多普勒超声在椎-基底动脉检查中的应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在椎-基底动脉检查中的应用.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声对72例正常人椎动脉颈段(C6)、椎段(C1、C2)、颅内段(V5)及基底动脉(BA)进行检查,观察管腔结构、走行和血流的情况,并在上述各段(C6、C2、V5、BA)测量血流速度、阻力指数,对一侧椎动脉各段及双侧同一部位各段进行对比分析.结果 ①椎动脉C6段及C2段检出率 100%,V5段检出率 94.4%,BA检出率 88.9%.②左侧C6段内径大于右侧[左侧(0.34±0.06)cm对右侧(0.32±0.05)cm,P<0.05].③血流速度(收缩期速度、舒张期速度)BA>C6>C2>V5;而阻力指数V5段、BA段最低,C6>C2>V5、BA.结论 彩色多普勒超声对椎-基底动脉检出率高,能够准确显示血流动力学情况.     

彩色多普勒超声图像对椎动脉型颈椎病椎动脉血流参数的评估价值

目的分析经彩色多普勒超声(color doplar ultrasound，CDU)检查椎动脉型颈椎病的诊断价值。方法采用配对研究方法，用5～12MHz脉冲多普勒探头检测左、右椎动脉的二维图像，观察椎动脉的走行及管壁情况，管腔内有无异常回声、管腔有无外来压迫，测量各段椎动脉内径。彩色多普勒观察椎动脉的血流情况，注意观察血流状态和流向等血液动力学变化。结果79例椎动脉型颈椎病患者中，椎动脉狭窄(内径&;lt;3．0mm)者45例，其中6例为双侧狭窄，另外39例为单侧狭窄。起始段明显扭曲呈C形、S形者16例，双侧者3例，右侧者7例，左侧者9例，椎间段椎动脉呈C形扭曲者9例，皆为单侧，右侧者5例，左侧者4例。15例椎动脉管腔内无明显血流信号显示，皆为单侧，其中4例对侧椎动脉明显狭窄。血流动力学参数显示45例患者中有31条椎动脉的脉冲多普勒频谱三峰波消失呈圆钝形，收缩期峰值血流速度减低。结论CDU检测能够为椎动脉型颈椎病的临床诊断提供迅速的二维及血流动力学客观依据，有症状的患者应常规进行CDU检查。检查时应联合应用线阵探头及凸阵探头，以免出现假性闭塞的判断。     

可复性寰枢椎脱位Halo-Vest外固定下寰枢椎后路融合的疗效观察

目的:探讨寰枢椎脱位的临床特点和发病机制;观察可复性寰枢椎脱位Halo-Vest外固定下寰枢椎后路融合的可行性及疗效.方法:对30例可复性寰枢椎不稳定的患者进行手术治疗.先借助头环背心(Halo-vest)使寰椎复位并获得稳定,施行颗粒状自体松质骨植骨的寰枢椎后路融合术.结果:全部病例均获植骨骨性融合.结论:寰枢椎不稳使患者的高位颈脊髓处于危险状态,有必要行寰枢椎融合术;可复性寰枢椎脱位Halo-vest外固定下寰枢椎后路融合,可免去内固定,使手术更安全、简便.     

超声探查椎动脉起始段闭塞患者椎间段血流变化

【】目的：使用彩色多普勒超声仪探讨椎动脉起始段闭塞患者椎间段血流状态。方法：探查110例彩色多普勒超声检查椎动脉起始段闭塞患者的椎间段管腔内血流信号、血流方向、血流速度、血流频谱形态。结果：110例椎动脉起始段闭塞患者中,椎间段均可见低速血流信号,并有3种血流状态：低速低搏动正向血流；收缩期反向低速血流；往返振荡双向低速血流。 结论：彩色多普勒超声能够较准确检测椎动脉起始段闭塞患者椎间段血流状态。     

经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统在陈旧性齿状突骨折治疗中的应用

背景:对颅颈交界区畸形及其他病变引起的寰枢椎脱位伴脊髓压迫症需减压内固定,可根据不同的情况选择不同的内固定方法,包括寰枢前路内固定、寰枢后路内固定或枕颈内固定。经口咽前路寰枢椎钢板内固定是新近发展起来的一种寰枢椎前路固定方法,用于先天性疾患、外伤或类风湿性关节炎等所致的难复性寰枢椎脱位。目的:探讨经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统在陈旧性齿状突骨折引起的寰枢椎脱位的临床应用。设计:单一样本观察。单位:解放军广州军区广州总医院骨科。对象:选择解放军广州军区广州总医院骨科2003-01/2005-11因陈旧性齿突骨折引起的寰枢椎脱位患者12例。男7例,女5例;年龄36～59岁,平均47岁;受伤时间4.5～36个月,平均19个月;Frank分级:C级6例,D级3例,E级3例。方法:对12例陈旧性齿状突骨折引起的寰枢椎脱位患者行经口咽前路松解减压,应用经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统复位和固定,两侧寰枢关节间植入自体髂骨融合。主要观察指标:①术后4周患者Frank分级。②术后内固定物是否有松动。结果:①术后4周Frank分级:原为C级的6例患者中4例改进为E级,2例改进为D级M原为D级的3例患者均改进为E级;原为E级的患者分级无改变。②除1例因跌倒引起螺钉松动再次脱位外,均固定牢固,融合理想,脊髓减压满意。结论:经口咽前路寰枢椎复位钢板系统一次完成寰枢椎脱位的复位和固定,避免了前路减压术后再行后路融合固定手术,避免在搬动、翻身过程中,因寰枢椎极度不稳可能对脊髓造成的致命的损伤。     

二维及彩色多普勒超声对椎-基底动脉供血不足患者颅外段椎动脉结构及血流评价

目的：应用彩色多普勒超声探查颅外段椎动脉血流变化。方法：应用高频彩色多普勒超声对337例临床拟诊为椎-基底动脉供血不足患者（VBI）除外心衰、心律不齐、低血压等，进行颅外段椎动脉（674条）超声参数测量：椎动脉内径（D）、收缩峰值流速（SPV）、平均流速（TAVM）、血流量（Q）。结果：337例VBI患者，年龄小于40岁有32例，40~60岁有129例，大于60岁有176例。单侧椎动脉D≤2mm有14例，单侧D<3.0mm有228例，双侧D<3.0mm有6例。椎动脉内径比值（较粗侧与细侧比）DR=1.4±0.1；较细侧椎动脉平均内径D=（2.6±0.4）mm，平均速度TAVM=（15.2±3.1）cm/s；双侧椎动脉血流量之和Q=（176.5±26.8）ml/min。结论：随年龄增长，椎动脉血流速度及血流量逐渐减少。当一侧椎动脉内径小于3.0mm，与对侧椎动脉内径之比小于1.5，平均流速小于18cm/s，双侧椎动脉血流量之和小于200ml/min，可发生椎-基底动脉供血不足的症状，彩色多普勒超声检查可提供较为可靠的依据。     

多轴向螺钉-棒椎弓根固定系统植入治疗寰枢椎损伤的特征

目的:总结应用多轴向钛螺钉-棒系统椎弓根钉植入技术治疗寰枢椎损伤的特点。方法:选择山东省东营市人民医院、加拿大脊柱外科中心、山东省立医院脊柱外科1999-01/2004-01治疗的寰枢椎损伤患者。应用后路多轴向钛螺钉-棒系统固定融合手术治疗38例,固定位置为寰椎(C1)的双侧块和枢椎(C2)的椎弓根,并与46例采用关节突螺钉复合后方椎板下钢丝固定植骨融合进行对比分析。结果:84例患者全部进入结果分析。①治疗组脊髓损伤的治愈率和总有效率(治愈 有效)高于对照组,但差异无显著性(92%,85%,χ2=0.29,P>0.05)。②治疗组对椎动脉孔的入侵率明显低于对照组(5%,30%,χ2=6.99,P<0.05)。③治疗组对椎管的入侵率明显低于对照组(5%,28%,χ2=6.02,P<0.05)。④术后治疗组α角(寰枢椎角)为(26.8±5.42)°,对照组α角为(25.6±5.82)°,两组对比差异无显著性(t=1.27,P>0.05)。⑤治疗组1例轻度错位(≤7mm),1例神经轻度放射痛,术后5个月取出内固定后消失,余无固定松动、椎动脉损伤、神经压迫征发生,3个月融合28例,6个月全部融合。对照组4例出现骨折所致不稳,3例半脱位,5例不融合,6例神经痛。结论:对急性寰、枢椎损伤患者进行C1双侧块和C2椎弓根后路多轴向钉-棒系统固定融合手术治疗方法简单、易于避开椎动脉,定位准确,直视下进行操作,安全性高,固定可靠。     

椎动脉彩色多普勒对椎-基底动脉供血不足的诊断价值

目的　探讨椎动脉彩色多普勒对椎 基底动脉供血不足的诊断价值。方法　对 2 99例临床诊断为椎 基底动脉供血不足患者进行椎动脉彩色多普勒检查 ,观察多项血流参数。结果　椎动脉彩色多普勒超声诊断椎 基底动脉供血不足的阳性率为 5 6% (168/2 99)。阳性患者椎动脉内径狭窄 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;收缩期最大流速 (Vs) ,平均流速 (Vm )及舒张末期流速(Vd)较阴性患者明显减低 ,阻力指数 (RI)和搏动指数 (PI)增高 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　结果表明椎动脉彩色多普勒及频谱多普勒超声对诊断椎 基底动脉供血不足确有实用价值     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.