右胸微创手术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并中度以上二尖瓣反流

目的探讨经右胸微创切口采用改良扩大Morrow手术及"缘对缘"二尖瓣成形术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)合并二尖瓣反流(MR)的疗效及安全性。方法 2008年1月至2018年6月,我科经右胸微创切口采用改良扩大Morrow手术及"缘对缘"二尖瓣成形术治疗HOCM合并中度以上MR 54例,其中男31例、女23例,年龄(47.1±12.6)岁。患者术前均合并二尖瓣收缩期前向运动(SAM)现象。术前平均左心室流出道峰值压差(93.6±32.8)mm Hg,平均室间隔厚度(24.8±2.8)mm。结果全组患者均顺利完成手术。围术期无死亡病例,无转为胸部正中切口手术,无室间隔穿孔发生。1例(1.9%)患者因完全性房室传导阻滞安装心脏永久起搏器。出院前复查经胸超声心动图,平均左心室流出道峰值压差(18.1±6.2)mm Hg,平均室间隔厚度(14.5±2.1)mm,均较术前明显改善(P0.05);二尖瓣关闭良好,无二尖瓣狭窄发生,无SAM现象。术后随访6～132个月,无死亡病例,无晚期永久起搏器植入,复查经胸超声心动图,平均左心室流出道峰值压差(19.4±5.7)mm Hg,平均室间隔厚度(14.2±1.5)mm,无SAM现象。结论经右胸微创切口采用改良扩大Morrow手术及"缘对缘"二尖瓣成形术治疗HOCM合并MR安全、有效,不仅可有效解除左心室流出道梗阻,而且可有效消除MR及SAM现象,早、中期治疗效果满意。     

梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的外科治疗

目的 总结肥厚室间隔切除联合二尖瓣置换术治疗梗阻性肥厚型心肌病的手术效果和经验体会.方法 2000年1月至2007年6月,共对22例合并有中度以上二尖瓣反流的OHCM患者实施肥厚室间隔切除联合二尖瓣置换术.其中男性20例,女性2例;年龄28～51岁,平均(36±5)岁.左心室流出道压差55～120 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),平均(88.0±15.8)mm Hg.分析比较患者术前超声心动图,术中经食管心脏超声,以及术后10 d,6个月、1年超声心动图的结果 .结果 术后因顽固性室性心律失常死亡1例.术中经食管超声示所有患者二尖瓣前叶收缩期前向运动现象消失.存活的21例患者均获随访,术后各时间点左心室流出道压差和室间隔厚度均较术前下降(P<0.01).结论 肥厚室间隔切除联合二尖瓣置换术治疗合并中度以上二尖瓣反流的梗阻性肥厚型心肌病,近中期手术效果可靠,并发症少.     

肥厚梗阻型心肌病合并重度二尖瓣反流的外科治疗策略

目的总结肥厚梗阻型心肌病(HOCM)合并重度二尖瓣反流的外科治疗策略和远期效果。方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2014年1月,我科共收治肥厚梗阻性心肌病合并重度二尖瓣反流23例的临床资料,其男14例、女9例,年龄15~71(50.2±15.4)岁。本组患者术前左心室流出道峰值压差(LVOTGP)为75~161(98.1±19.3)mm Hg,室间隔厚度为(25.8±2.8)mm,23例均有收缩期二尖瓣前向运动(SAM)现象及重度的二尖瓣反流。全组均在全身麻醉低温体外循环下行室间隔心肌切除术加二尖瓣修复术,同期4例合并房颤者行左房消融术并切除左心耳手术。结果全组均顺利完成手术,停体外循环时,经食管超声心动图(TEE)监测左心室流出道压力阶差为16~39(26.9±4.9)mm Hg,SAM现象完全消除,除2例二尖瓣有微量反流,1例有轻度反流外,余20例二尖瓣反流均得以完全纠正。术后早期无死亡,1例发生一过性Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞,后恢复正常窦性心律。术后长期随访6~126(53.1±34.9)个月,无晚期死亡。无二尖瓣反流需再次手术,2例有轻度反流,4例微量反流。左心室流出道最大压力阶差不超过42 mm Hg,室间隔厚度从术前的(25.8±2.8)mm降至术后(14.1±1.3)mm(P0.001)。3例房颤未再复发,1例仍有阵发性房颤。远期随访患者症状消失或仅有轻度症状,生活质量明显改善,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论室间隔肥厚肌肉的广泛切除术可彻底疏通左心室流出道狭窄,可消除SAM现象,二尖瓣修复术可纠正二尖瓣反流,上述综合性外科处理策略可获得良好的长期治疗效果。     

扩大Morrow术治疗肥厚性梗阻型心肌病

目的 总结肥厚性梗阻型心肌病外科治疗结果与经验.方法 2005年1月至2007年1月对13例肥厚性梗阻型心肌病病人行扩大Morrow术,其中男7例,女6例;年龄(46.5±15.6)岁.同时有5例行二尖瓣成形术,2例行二尖瓣置换术.结果 术后生存12例,死亡1例.无房室传导阻滞、室间隔穿孔等并发症.术毕测跨左室流出道压差(13.2±2.9)mm Hg,食管超声示二尖瓣前移消失.平均随访(7.14±4.91)个月,经胸超声心动图示跨左室流出道压差仅为(14.08±5.19)mm Hg,病人症状明显改善,心功能均在Ⅱ级以上.结论 扩大Morrow术治疗肥厚性梗阻型心肌病疗效满意.     

三维测量指导左室流出道疏通手术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病及长期疗效

目的 探索术前超声心动图三维测量指导肥厚型梗阻性心肌病（hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM）外科手术切除的方法及其长期随访效果。方法 中山大学附属第一医院2014—2022年术前对每例患者进行经胸超声心动图测量心脏舒张期肥厚室间隔在长轴、短轴、四腔心切面的长度、宽度、厚度，建立心肌肥厚三维测量数据，量化预估需要切除心肌的部位、深度和范围。手术中根据量化的数据切除室间隔肥厚心肌以疏通左室流出道。结果 共纳入43例患者，男22例、女21例，年龄18～78(49.2±15.1)岁，同期行二尖瓣手术18例。全组患者左室流出道梗阻解除满意，术后经食管超声心动图证明左室流出道压力阶差明显下降[（94.2±28.1）mm Hg vs.(6.7±4.7)mm Hg, P<0.05]。手术中没有发生室间隔穿孔和完全性房室传导阻滞，无需二次阻断主动脉进行再次疏通手术。术后超声心动图复查提示二尖瓣关闭良好或仅有轻度反流，二尖瓣收缩期前向运动征基本消失。随访1.0～8.5年，患者左室流出道平均压力阶差维持在10 mm Hg以下，临床症状消失或明显改善...     

室间隔心肌切除术治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病的早期结果(附27例疗效分析)

目的总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病病人的临床特征,分析室间隔心肌切除术疗效。方法 2018年6月～2021年7月本中心就诊的肥厚型梗阻性心肌病病人27例,行单纯室间隔心肌切除术24例。有17例病人术前存在二尖瓣中度以上反流,其中2例同期完成二尖瓣成形,1例同期完成二尖瓣置换,总结临床特征及手术方式,分析室间隔心肌切除术的近期效果。结果术后14例病人恢复至无或轻度反流。左室流出道峰值压差由术前(65.9±47.5)mmHg下降至术后(13.8±10.2)mmHg,室间隔厚度由(22.2±7.3)mm下降至术后(15.9±6.3)mm,差异均有统计学意义。病人症状改善明显,25例病人术后恢复至纽约心脏协会心功能分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。未出现术后新发传导阻滞和室间隔穿孔等并发症,无围手术期死亡。结论室间隔心肌切除术可以缓解或根治肥厚型梗阻性心肌病。术前及术中需仔细评估二尖瓣及瓣下结构,多数术前伴发的二尖瓣反流可随左室流出道疏通而得到缓解,无器质性病变的二尖瓣反流多无需成形或置换。     

室间隔心肌切除术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病的远期效果

目的 探讨室间隔心肌切除术治疗药物难治性肥厚梗阻型心肌病,分析其远期效果及影响预后的危险因素.方法 1996至2009年,连续外科手术治疗86例药物难治性肥厚梗阻型心肌病患者.男51例,年龄6～67岁,平均(37±16)岁,术前左心室流出道收缩压差(LVOTPG)为61～150mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa),平均(98±27) mm Hg.手术均采用经升主动脉切口的室间隔心肌切除术.围术期采用经胸及经食管超声心动图和心导管检查评价心脏结构和功能.术后随访0.75～ 12.5年,平均(4.8±3.3)年.结果 术后院内死亡4例,另外有2例分别于手术后4个月及1年时于院外发生猝死.随访74例患者,术后3个月时生存70例(94.6％),1年时69例(93.2％),5年时68例(91.9％).随访中有63例术后症状缓解,56例患者静息状态下LVOTPG小于30 mm Hg.63例患者术后心功能NYHA分级Ⅱ～Ⅱ级,其中Ⅱ级的比例大于65％.结论 外科治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病具有较好的远期生存率,可明确地解除患者的临床症状,提高生活质量.手术中彻底疏通左室流出道,避免完全房室传导阻滞及其它并发症是手术成功及术后恢复的关键.     

外科治疗肥厚型梗阻性心肌病合并冠心病的处理策略及早中期结果

目的总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)合并冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的患者行改良扩大Morrow术时同期冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的围术期处理策略及早期结果。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2017年12月阜外医院住院二部实施手术治疗的HOCM合并冠心病32例患者的临床资料,男20例、女12例,年龄37～67(53.7±8.7)岁;术前出现胸闷症状者24例,胸痛症状者14例,晕厥史6例。手术前后及随访期常规行心脏超声心动图、心电图及胸部X线片、核磁共振检查,评价心功能、左室流出道及二尖瓣的结构和功能变化。结果全部患者均接受改良扩大Morrow术联合CABG,术前左室流出道峰值压差(LVOTG)为40～152(79.6±28.7)mm Hg,同期行心肌桥松解术4例,二尖瓣置换术2例,二尖瓣成形术3例,三尖瓣成形术3例,改良迷宫手术2例。全组无术中死亡及术后30 d内死亡。患者合并行CABG的分支包括前降支26例,对角支16例,回旋支8例,右冠状动脉11例。合并行CABG搭桥1支的患者15例,合并行CABG搭桥2支的患者5例,合并行CABG搭桥3支的患者12例,平均CABG支数(1.9±0.6)支。术后住ICU时间1～13(4.1±2.8)d,术后住院时间6～30(12.6±5.5)d,术后未见严重并发症,术后切口愈合不良1例,术后新发左束支传导阻滞6例。术后左室流出道峰值压差[(79.6±28.7) mm Hg vs.(10.8±5.9)mm Hg,P0.001],室间隔厚度[(1.9±0.4)cm vs.(1.3±0.5)cm,P0.001]与术前比较均明显降低。术后二尖瓣反流程度较术前明显减轻(P0.001),二尖瓣前向运动(SAM征)基本消失。本组术后随访6～68 (38.8±20.6)个月,随访患者症状均消失,心功能(NYHA)分级级别较术前降低Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,无远期死亡、并发症或再次手术。结论对于HOCM合并冠心病的患者行改良扩大Morrow术时同时行CABG是安全的。可明显改善患者的生存率及症状,起到协同作用,不增加患者的手术并发症。     

心肌间隔切除术矫治肥厚梗阻型心肌病及围术期治疗策略

目的总结心肌间隔切除术治疗肥厚梗阻型心肌病(Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy,HOCM)的临床经验,探讨围术期治疗策略。方法1996年10月至2009年6月我科收治了62例HOCM患者,男41例,女21例;年龄6～68岁,平均年龄34.05岁。手术在全身麻醉低温体外循环下完成,按常规经主动脉切口行室间隔心肌切除术(经典或改良Morrow技术),同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术5例,二尖瓣置换术12例,二尖瓣成形术9例,主动脉瓣置换术4例,三尖瓣成形术2例,动脉导管闭合术2例。围术期常规行心脏超声心动图或经食管超声心动图、心电图或动态心电图及胸部X线片检查,评价超声心动图检查指标、二尖瓣的结构和功能改变。结果全组体外循环时间104.23±47.14min,主动脉阻断时间66.76±36.32min,气管内插管时间13.23±11.76h,术后住监护室时间42.53±37.41h。全组死亡4例,病死率6.45%(4/62),死于感染性休克合并急性肾功能不全1例,顽固性心律失常、心室颤动、心房扑动合并低心排血量综合征1例,急性肾功能衰竭1例,Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞合并低心排血量综合征1例。术后左心房内径(34.56±6.45mmvs.43.46±7.21mm,t=6.948,P=0.000),左心室舒张期末内径(37.14±6.31mmvs.42.03±6.23mm,t=3.145,P=0.020),左心室流出道压差(23.54±17.78mmHgvs.103.84±44.04mmHg,t=13.618,P=0.000),室间隔厚度(17.12±5.67mmvs.26.93±5.23mm,t=10.694,P=0.000)与术前比较均减小或降低。二尖瓣关闭好或仅有轻度反流,二尖瓣前向运动(SAM)征基本消失。术后发生的主要心律失常包括完全性左束支传导阻滞、室内传导阻滞、完全性房室传导阻滞和心房颤动等。58例生存患者均痊愈出院,随访53例,随访时间3个月～12年,失访5例。随访期间无远期死亡、并发症及再次手术患者,症状均明显减轻,心功能I～II级,生活质量明显提高。结论HOCM心肌间隔切除术可充分疏通左心室流出道,消除二尖瓣SAM征,满意的缓解左心室流出道梗阻,改善患者症状。术后主要心律失常表现为传导束传导异常和心房颤动。精确的手术技术和及时有效的药物治疗可获得满意的疗效。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病患者二尖瓣病变的外科治疗

目的总结肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)患者合并二尖瓣关闭不全(MR)的外科治疗策略。方法回顾性分析2003年11月至2015年5月间,在本院采用外科手术治疗的HOCM患者17例的临床资料,男10例、女7例,年龄7~62(42.2±15.5)岁。其中,16例患者采用改良Morrow手术,1例患者采用改良Konno手术解除左室流出道梗阻,同时术中依据患者二尖瓣的不同情况分别采取二尖瓣成形术、二尖瓣置换术或不予处理。术中应用经食管超声心动图评估梗阻解除效果以及二尖瓣反流情况,术后2周左右再次行经胸超声心动图对比手术效果。结果全组患者无院内死亡,患者的症状及心功能分级(NYHA)均在术后获得了明显改善。术后超声心动图示平均室间隔厚度明显变薄(P0.000 1),收缩期前向运动(SAM征)消失,左心室流出道压力明显降低(P0.000 1),左心室流出道峰流速明显降低(P0.000 1),左心室射血分数无明显改变(P=0.083)。9例术前无或仅存在轻度MR的患者仅行左心室流出道疏通术后,二尖瓣反流消失或仍为轻度;4例合并中、重度MR的患者行二尖瓣成形术后反流消失或变为轻度反流;4例因感染性心内膜炎或其它原因施行二尖瓣置换术的病人无人工瓣膜置换相关并发症发生。结论对仅合并轻度MR的HOCM患者,单纯的左心室流出道疏通术即可有效改善二尖瓣反流;对于合并中、重度MR的HOCM患者,应根据患者具体情况选择二尖瓣成形或置换术。     

Mitral valve replacement for heart failure due to hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy; report of a case

Myotomy or myectomy are well known as the standard treatment of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), and mitral valve replacement (MVR) is reported to achieve the equivalent therapeutic effect. And recently, combined treatment with artificial chordae replacement and MVR has been reported to improve the prognosis. We herein describe a case of a patient with HOCM who developed acute exacerbation of heart failure. The patient was 74-year-old woman, who had been followed by chronic atrial fibrillation (Af) and HOCM for 3 years. The findings at echocardiography included septal hypertrophy, systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, severe stenosis of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and severe mitral valve regurgitation (MR). Calcification of mitral valve was also found. After the medical management, the patient was treated successfully by MVR using a mechanical valve combined with artificial chordae replacement. Maze procedure was also performed for chronic Af. The postoperative course was uneventful. MVR combined with artificial chordae replacement could be one of the useful strategies for HOCM associated with severe MR and organic changes of mitral valve.     

Economic impact of mitral valve plasty versus replacement for mitral valve insufficiency

AIM: The principal techniques for surgical correction of mitral valve regurgitation (MR) were compared, with emphasis on the economic impact. METHODS: In a prospective non-randomized study 225 patients undergoing mitral valve repair were analyzed, 75 had mitral valve plasty (MVP) and 150 had mitral valve replacement (MVR). Patient demographics showed no group differences. RESULTS: Cardiopulmonary bypass time and ischemia time were shorter in the MVP-group, p<0.0001. Hospital mortality was lower after MVP, 2.0% (3/150) compared to MVR, 6.7% (5/75). ICU-stay was shorter in the MVP-group and so was length of postoperative hospital stay, p=0.014. Urgent operation was the only significant risk factor for mortality after MVP. Re-operation, endocarditis, grade IV MR, and NYHA class IV were additional risk factors in the MVR-group. Postoperative improvements of NYHA and mitral valve function were similar in both groups. MVP was more cost effective than MVR (18,050 USD or 20,430 Euro versus 24,824 USD or 28,097 Euro, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Mitral valve plasty for MR is efficient and associated with shorter CPB and ischemia times as well as length of stay in ICU, together with a lower device cost, which makes MVP more cost effective than MVR.     

Management of intraoperative systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after valve plasty: a case report

We report a case of intraoperative systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve after mitral valve plasty (MVP). A 53-year-old man underwent MVP for mitral regurgitation (MR). MVP was carried out uneventfully. We weaned the patient from cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with continuous administration of catecholamines and a vasodilator. However, after the weaning from CPB, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) detected moderate MR with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) due to SAM. LVOTO and SAM gradually disappeared after the reduction of catecholamines and volume loading. He was transferred to the intensive care unit postoperatively and extubated 18 hours after operation. Transthoracic echocardiography after operation revealed disappearance of MR. He was discharged from the hospital on postoperative day 15 without complications. We successfully managed MR with LVOTO due to SAM by reduction of catecholamines and volume loading.     

Case in which landiolol hydrochloride improved left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve following mitral valve plasty

We report a case of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction caused by systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (SAM) following mitral valve plasity (MVP). A 65-year-old man underwent mitral valve plasty for grade III mitral valve regurgitation. The plasty was done smoothly and the patient was weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass successfully with continuous dobutamine infusion. However, about 30 minutes after the weaning, severe cardiovascular collapse developed. Inotropic agent, such as dobutamine, ephedrine, or calcium hydrochloride was not effective. Trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed severe mitral valve regurgitation with LVOT obstruction due to SAM. The collapse was successfully treated with volume loading and a small amount of a beta1-adrenergic antagonist, landiolol hydrochloride. We conclude that acute LVOT obstruction with SAM could develop following MVP. TEE was a much useful tool for early diagnosis and landiolol hydrochloride would be a notable agent for nonsurgical treatment of LVOT obstruction with SAM.     

经主动脉路径同期手术修复主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并的中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨经主动脉路径同期手术修复主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并的中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术技术,分析随访结果。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年6月新华医院25例主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全患者经手术治疗的临床资料,其中男18例,女7例;年龄42～75（57．9±9．6）岁。所有患者除主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变均合并中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全。Carpentier分型均为Ⅰ型。手术方法均在全身麻醉低温体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换或主动脉根部置换加二尖瓣成形术（均为经主动脉切口交界缝合成形）。通过门诊复查,电话等随访观察,评价二尖瓣及心脏结构和功能。结果术中食管超声心电图提示2例有残余微量反流,其余23例患者无反流,无瓣膜狭窄,成形效果满意。全组患者无死亡。术后复查超声心动图提示：左心房内径、左心室舒张期末内径与术前比较明显缩小（t=4．086,P=0．000;t=4．442,P=0．000）;左心室射血分数与术前比较有所降低（t=3．671,P=0．001）。术后二尖瓣瓣环直径与术前比较缩小[（32．4±3．6）mm vs．（35．6±6．4）mm]。术后二尖瓣瓣口压差[（1．4±0．7）mmHg vs．（1．5±0．7）mmHg],二尖瓣瓣口峰值压差[（3．7±2．2）mmHg vs．（3．3±1．5）mmHg]与术前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。患者出院后随访23例,随访率92％,随访时间7～92（50．4±25.3）个月;2例失访。随访期间出现二尖瓣轻度反流3例。最后一次随访二尖瓣瓣环直径（33．9±4．6）mm,二尖瓣瓣口压差（1．3±0．6）mmHg,二尖瓣瓣口峰值压差（3．6±2．3）mmHg。结论主动脉瓣或主动脉根部手术时,经主动脉路径修复中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全安全、方便、有效。     

慢性中重度缺血陛二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗及中期随访

目的 比较二尖瓣成形术和瓣膜置换术治疗慢性中重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术效果及中期随访结果 .方法 自2002年6月至2008年5月,83例慢性缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全(中度35例,重度48例)接受冠状动脉旁路移植术同期行二尖瓣成形术或二尖瓣置换术.男49例,女34例;年龄51～77岁,平均(59.3±7.5)岁.43例二尖瓣成形术包括使用Dacron补片条或自体心包条环缩后瓣环21例,交界处环缩9例,后叶矩形切除9例,St.Jude成形环环缩4例.40例二尖瓣置换术包括机械瓣28例,生物瓣12例.结果 住院死亡3例,二尖瓣成形术组和二尖瓣置换术组住院死亡分别占2.3%(1/43例)、5.0%(2/40例),差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).术后瓣膜置换组机械通气时间长于二尖瓣成形组(P<0.05),二尖瓣成形组术后6例残余轻度二尖瓣反流(P<0.05)但不影响心功能,两组其他住院并发症无统计学差异(P>0.05).76例通过门诊或电话随访,随访3～60个月,平均(20.2±4.9)个月.随访期间二尖瓣成形术7例轻度二尖瓣反流.瓣膜置换组人工瓣功能均良好,3例出现抗凝相关并发症.随访远期死亡7例,冠状动脉旁路移植术同期二尖瓣成形术和二尖瓣置换术5年生存率分别为90%和61%.结论 对于慢性中重度缺血性二尖瓣关闭不全病人,二尖瓣成形术后近期和远期效果好,可作为优先选择的术式.     

A short-acting beta-blocker,landiolol, attenuates systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve after mitral valve annuloplasty

Here, we describe three patients with severe hemodynamic instability after mitral valve annuloplasty (MVP) who were treated successfully using a new ultra-short-acting beta-blocker, landiolol hydrochloride. When systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve occurs after MVP, left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) and mitral regurgitation (MR) often lead to hemodynamic collapse. Treatment of SAM is very difficult, and transfusion, or the reduction/discontinuation of catecholamine or vasopressor administration, is often ineffective. In our three patients, landiolol hydrochloride decreased the heart rate, markedly attenuated SAM, and improved the hemodynamics. We recommend that landiolol be administered before further surgical manipulation is considered in patients with SAM after MVP.     

Mitral valve repair and septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy

Combined mitral valve repair using the sliding leaflet technique and septal myectomy were employed to successfully treat left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and mitral regurgitation due to hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). A 46-year-old man was diagnosed with HOCM along with congestive heart failure and was treated medically. These symptoms, however, were resistant to medical treatments with a beta-blocker, a Ca-antagonist, and disopyramide, and he was referred to our hospital for surgery. Doppler echocardiography demonstrated an LVOT obstruction at rest with a peak pressure gradient of 138 mmHg. The interventricular septum thickness was 14 mm. Mitral regurgitation of 3+ with severe SAM was also observed. Temporary dual chamber pacing was tried without significant improvement. Following these examinations, the patient underwent surgery. A transaortic septal myotomy-myectomy was performed first, and the mitral valve was then approached through the left atrium. Mitral valve repair was performed with the sliding leaflet technique to reduce the height of the posterior leaflet from 2 cm to 1 cm. Postpump transesophageal echocardiography revealed no MR and a peak LVOT gradient of 15 mmHg. The patient recovered well except for a residual mild SAM, and MR2+. We therefore concluded that this surgical approach might provide results which are superior to those of myectomy alone.