急诊髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆骨折大出血

目的:探讨急诊髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆骨折大出血的临床价值。方法:对12例骨盆骨折合并失血性休克的患者行紧急髂内动脉造影,对出血动脉用明胶海绵进行栓塞;伴有肝脾破裂者同时行肝脾动脉栓塞。结果:髂内动脉造影显示对比剂血管外溢11例,伴髂内动脉主要分支断流2例,1例仅表现为髂内动脉分支广泛痉挛伴脾下极动脉出血;栓塞后出血均停止,全部患者24h内血压回升至正常水平,术后未发生严重的并发症。除1例合并多脏器功能衰竭(MODS)死亡外,其余都得到有效救治。结论:急诊髂内动脉栓塞是院内急救骨盆骨折大出血的首选方法,具有迅速、安全的优点。     

Transcatheter embolotherapy of massive bleeding after surgery for benign gynecologic disorders

Transcatheter embolotherapy is a well-established technique for control of bleeding in patients with pelvic trauma and pelvic malignancies, but it has been rarely used in massive vaginal bleeding after surgery for benign gynecologic disorders. We report five patients with massive post-operative vaginal hemorrhage following total abdominal hysterectomy (n = 3), repeated dilatation and curettage (n = 1) and cesarean section (n = 1), all successfully controlled with transcatheter embolization after many operative procedures had failed to stop the hemorrhage. The age of the patients ranged from 21 to 36 years. All patients underwent embolization of both internal iliac arteries with Gelfoam alone or in combination with stainless steel coils. The bleeding stopped immediately in all patients. Four patients recovered completely and one patient died of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi-organ failure.     

Complications following transcatheter arterial embolization for massive hemorrhage associated with pelvic fracture]

Complications of internal iliac artery embolization were studied in 21 patients. The 9 male and 12 female patients were 12-70 years old (average 39). This procedure was carried out for control of hemorrhage due to pelvic fracture. Embolization was performed using gelfoam cubes (1-2 mm) for main internal iliac artery or its branches subselectively. In the earlier series, steel coils were placed in the internal iliac artery routinely after gelfoam embolization. In the group of 9 men, 4 male had impotence and 5 had no change in sexual function. As a possible post embolization neurological damage, 4 patients had sensory disturbance and 8 patients had gait disturbance. Three patients had dysuria and one of them had also difficulty in defecation. All these complications following internal iliac artery embolization are suspected to be due to associated injuries and varied effect of traumatic pelvic fracture than a result of the vascular occlusion. Percutaneous transcatheter therapeutic embolization is a safe and effective procedure of choice for controlling massive bleeding associated with pelvic fracture.     

Transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization.

Transcatheter therapeutic arterial embolization was employed in 11 patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage and 8 patients with bleeding from other sites. Hemorrhage was stopped successfully in all of the patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and 6 of the 7 patients with active bleeding from other sites. There were no significant complications or sequelae, although ischemia msy cause problems in such patients. Embolization is of considerable value when pharmacological therapy fails or is not appropriate due to the site of bleeding. In some cases it may represent the definitive treatment, as in pelvic trauma or renal hemorrhage; in others, embolization may serve to halt bleeding long enough to permit surgery. Therapeutic embolization should be considered whenever active extravasation of contrast material is demonstrated.     

Transcatheter embolization for treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Treatment of lower gastrointestinal bleeding was attempted in 13 patients by selective embolization of branches of the mesenteric arteries with Gelfoam. Bleeding was adequately controlled in 11 patients with active bleeding during the examination. One patient improved after embolization but bleeding recurred within 24 hours and in another patient the catheterization was unsuccessful. Five patients with diverticular hemorrhage were embolized in the right colic artery four times, and once in the middle colic artery. Three patients had embolization of the ileocolic artery because of hemorrhage from cecal angiodysplasia, post appendectomy, and leukemia infiltration. Three patients had the superior hemorrhoidal artery embolized because of bleeding from unspecific proctitis, infiltration of the rectum from a carcinoma of the bladder, and transendoscopic polypectomy. One patient was septic and bled from jejunal ulcers. Ischemic changes with infarction of the large bowel developed in two patients and were treated by partial semi-elective colectomy, three and four days after embolization. Four other patients developed pain and fever after embolization. Transcatheter embolization of branches of mesenteric arteries is an effective way to control acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding, but still has a significant rate of complications that must be seriously weighed against the advantages of operation.     

Hemorrhage with pelvic fractures: efficacy of transcatheter embolization.

To determine the effectiveness of angiography in identifying bleeding sites and controlling the massive and often fatal hemorrhage accompanying pelvic fractures, the hospital course and outcome of 28 patients who underwent angiography after pelvic trauma were reviewed. In 20 patients, active bleeding was demonstrated. Transcatheter occlusions of bleeding arteries were performed in 18 of these, with angiographic ontrol of hemorrhage in 18 and clinical control in 17. Two patients with active bleeding were not embolized because of subsequent surgical intervention in one and technical angiographic difficulties in the other. Blood transfusion requirements averaged 32.1 units in the 48 hr or less before occlusion and 5.2 units during 48 hr after occlusion. Of the 18 patients who underwent arterial embolization, nine died, seven of associated injuries, one of extrapelvic hemorrhage, and one of hypotension. Nine patients survived to be discharged. These results confirm that transcatheter occlusion of bleeding vessels in the pelvis reduces hemorrhage and facilitates the management of patients with pelvic trauma.     

Efficacy and procedural time of angioembolization in ongoing pelvic fracture hemorrhage

Objective

To study the effectiveness and procedural time of different techniques of angioembolization, in patients with hemorrhage associated with pelvic fracture.

Patients and methods

Case series study of 17 patients underwent angiography and 16 of them underwent embolization for treatment of hemorrhage associated-pelvic fracture. The total time spent for angioembolization, the actual time of work, and the sum of time of patient transport, preparation and compression of the femoral puncture were calculated.

Results

Transcatheter arterial embolization was successful at stopping the pelvic arterial bleeding in all 16 (100%) patients. The actual time spent in angioembolization; ranged from 18 to 110 min (mean = 63.3). The time lapsed for patient transport between the trauma unit and angiography suite, patient preparation and compression of the femoral puncture ranged from 20 to 40 min (mean = 29.5). Bilateral occlusion of the internal iliac main trunk was the fastest effective technique (mean time 22 min). The survival rate was 76.5%, and none of deaths resulted from ongoing hemorrhage.

Conclusion

Embolization among patients bleeding from pelvic fractures is very effective at arresting pelvic arterial hemorrhage. Angioembolization should not be considered a time consuming procedure, if the technique is well-tailored to the general condition of the patient.     

Arterial bleeding in pelvic trauma: priorities in angiographic embolization

Vascular injuries are a major source of morbidity and mortality in patients with blunt pelvic trauma. Up to 40% of patients with pelvic fractures related to blunt traumatic injury experience intra-abdominal or intrapelvic bleeding, which is the major determining factor of mortality. Sources of hemorrhage within the pelvis include injuries to major pelvic arterial and venous structures and vascular damage related to osseous fractures. Among patients with pelvic fractures, up to 20% require emergent transcatheter embolization, depending on the type of injury. Angiography is the gold standard for the treatment of pelvic arterial hemorrhage associated with pelvic fractures. Transcatheter techniques provide direct identification of sources of bleeding. Selective catheterization and flow-directed particulate emboli can control bleeding from small arteries at sites of injury.     

Is selective embolization of uterine arteries a safe alternative to hysterectomy in patients with postpartum hemorrhage?

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of selective arterial embolization to control severe postpartum hemorrhage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five women with intractable postpartum hemorrhage underwent uterine embolization in our institution during a 6-year period. RESULTS: Angiography revealed arterial extravasation in 13 patients (52%). Sixty-nine arteries were embolized. External bleeding resolved immediately or was markedly decreased in 24 women. In one patient, embolization failed to control the bleeding, and surgical treatment was required. No major complication of embolization therapy was observed. Ten women were followed up for an average of 2 years. Menstruation resumed in all patients, and one woman became pregnant. CONCLUSION: Embolization of acute postpartum hemorrhage is a safe and effective alternative to hysterectomy.     

Embolization of bleeding residual uterine vascular malformations in patients with treated gestational trophoblastic tumors

PURPOSE: To retrospectively evaluate embolotherapy of bleeding residual uterine vascular malformations in patients with gestational trophoblastic tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients were treated over the past 20 years. Embolizations were performed with a common femoral artery approach. Duplex ultrasonography was performed before and after embolization to document the uterine vascularity. The technique and materials used for each embolization, control of hemorrhage, need for repeat embolization, complications, and outcome of subsequent pregnancies were assessed. RESULTS: Hemorrhage was controlled in 11 of the 14 patients; two patients required hysterectomy and one required uterine artery ligation for failure to control hemorrhage after initial embolization. Six patients required repeat embolization for recurrence of bleeding. Therapeutic benefit and success were associated with the ability to selectively embolize the uterine artery and to achieve a greater than 80% reduction in vascular malformation size. Pulsatility indexes of the uterine arteries and endometrial encroachment were not predictive of recurrent hemorrhage. Two patients delivered a total of three full-term infants, one patient experienced a miscarriage, and another experienced a termination of pregnancy following embolotherapy. Pain requiring opiate analgesia was a frequent complication of treatment. CONCLUSION: Selective uterine artery embolization is a safe and effective treatment for severe bleeding from residual uterine vascular malformations in patients with treated gestational trophoblastic tumors.     

单侧靶血管栓塞在盆腔中线区大出血中的应用

目的：探讨单侧靶血管栓塞在盆腔中线区域大出血中的疗效。方法：回顾性分析在本院行单侧靶血管栓塞的8例盆腔大出血患者的病例资料,其中骨盆骨折3例,直肠外伤2例,人流术后1例,膀胱出血2例。术中导管选用5FYashiro管及3F微导管SP,栓塞材料均选用术中临时制备明胶海绵颗粒或条。结果：骨盆骨折与直肠外伤5例一次栓塞成功,随访3～6个月无出血发生;剩余3例40min-15d内经第2次双侧栓塞后才成功止血。结论：对于年龄与病情较轻、发病时间短的单侧或一侧优势型阴部内动脉或直肠上、下动脉外伤性出血患者,可以选用耗时短、安全性高、并发症少的单侧靶动脉栓塞止血。     

Successful Embolization of an Ovarian Artery Pseudoaneurysm Complicating Obstetric Hysterectomy

Transcatheter arterial embolization is becoming the therapy of choice for controlling obstetric hemorrhage, affording the ability to control persistent bleeding from pelvic vessels while avoiding the morbidity of surgical exploration. The clinicians are left with little choice if pelvic hemorrhage continues after hysterectomy and ligation of anterior division of both internal iliac arteries. We present one such case of intractable post-obstetric hysterectomy hemorrhage in which an ovarian artery pseudoaneurysm was diagnosed angiographically and sucesssfully embolized, highlighting the role of transcatheter embolization.     

急诊行髂内动脉栓塞治疗16例骨盆骨折并大出血

目的探讨髂内动脉栓塞治疗骨盆骨折并大出血的临床效果。方法对16例骨盆骨折并大出血患者,经保守治疗无效,急诊行单侧或双侧髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,经导管用明胶海绵或弹簧圈栓塞。结果 16例骨盆骨折并大出血患者经髂内动脉栓塞后活动性出血停止,除1例死于术后70h外,绝大多数患者的出血性休克得到明显控制。结论髂内动脉栓塞是治疗骨盆骨折并大出血的一个快速、合理、有效的方法。     

Transcatheter treatment of life-threatening lower gastrointestinal bleeding due to advanced pelvic malignancy

We present two patients with life-threatening, massive, lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding and locally advanced cervical carcinoma. Selective pelvic arteriography demonstrated that the site of bleeding originated from a pseudoaneurysm of the right internal iliac artery with fistulous communication to the sigmoid colon in one patient and from the left internal iliac artery into the rectum in the second patient. Transcatheter embolotherapy was then performed using balloon occlusion in one patient and coil embolization in the second patient. The iliac arteries should also be evaluated in patients with pelvic cancer who present with lower GI bleeding.     

经导管髂内动脉栓塞治疗外伤性骨盆骨折大出血

目的：探讨经导管栓塞髂内动脉治疗外伤引起盆腔大出血的临床价值。方法：23例创伤性盆腔大出血,经保守治疗无效,急诊行单侧或双侧髂内动脉造影,明确出血部位后,经导管用明胶海绵或微弹簧圈栓塞。结果：23例出血停止,休克症状消失,血压稳定上升。无1例死亡。结论：经导管栓塞髂内动脉或其分支治疗创伤性盆腔大出血快速有效,创伤小,并发症少。     

Embolization of iatrogenic pelvic and retroperitoneal hemorrhage

Bleeding of iatrogenic origin was treated by embolization in four patients. It concerned a post-operative bleeding in the thigh after total hip replacement, a post-operative pelvic bleeding after biopsy of the iliac bone, a retroperitoneal hemorrhage after percutaneous sympathicus blockage and an intrarenal bleeding after percutaneous nephrostomy. Embolization proved to be a very efficient method in the control of these iatrogenic bleedings, with minimal risk and stress for the patient. It could prevent reintervention and prolongation of the hospitalisation.     

Clinical evaluation of transcatheter arterial embolization for the management of retroperitoneal bleeding in cases of pelvic fracture

PURPOSE: We evaluated the clinical efficacy of TAE for the management of retroperitoneal bleeding in a case of pelvic fracture. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 206 patients with pelvic fractures was performed. Thirty-four patients who were hemodynamically unstable or had evidence of ongoing hemorrhage required TAE. Rescue rate, effective rate, and mortality rate among the patients with multiple organ injuries were calculated. Charts were reviewed for age, Japanese coma scale (JCS), hemoglobin, blood pressures, extent of retroperitoneal hemorrhage, pelvic fracture pattern/extent of embolization, and time from judging indication of TAE to angiography. Data of patients who died of pelvic fracture hemorrhage was compared with that of others. Statistical analysis was done with analysis of variance, and the two groups were compared using Student's t-test. RESULTS: Rescue rate, success rate, and mortality rate were 76% (26/34), 91% (31/34), and 33% (8/24), respectively. Only JCS reached statistical significance. The complications of gluteal skin and muscle necrosis were experienced in one patient. Two patients with lung contusion and one patient who had suffered from idiopathic interstitial pneumonia died from disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with pneumonia. Viscorectal dysfunctions, which were observed in ten patients, were considered to be independent of TAE. CONCLUSION: TAE for pelvic fracture hemorrhage was considered effective. Complications of gluteal skin and muscle necrosis should be kept in mind.     

颅内动脉瘤血管内介入栓塞术中再次破裂出血紧急处置

目的 探讨颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者在接受血管内介入栓塞术中动脉瘤再次破裂出血的原因、紧急处置及防治措施.方法 回顾性分析2011年1月至2016年10月连续收治的颅内破裂动脉瘤介入栓塞术中再次发生破裂出血患者临床资料,系统研究其影像学特征、栓塞材料选择及技术操作特点.结果 510例接受介入栓塞患者中共发生术中动脉瘤再次破裂出血11例,发生率为2.2％,其中8例为弹簧圈突破,2例为微导管穿破,1例为辅助支架内急性血栓形成于溶栓过程中再次出血.经过积极紧急处置,10例预后良好,无明显神经功能缺损,1例死亡.结论 颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中破裂出血是一种严重,甚至灾难性并发症,原因多为弹簧圈突破,其次为微导管突破.但只要采取积极、合理的处置措施,致残致死率可大为降低.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的造影诊断和介入治疗

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的造影表现及介入治疗方法。方法对42例微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血患者行肾动脉造影和超选择性动脉栓塞,术前、术后检查肾功。结果术前造影表现为单纯假性动脉瘤19例,假性动脉瘤伴动静脉瘘15例,造影剂外溢4例,阴性4例。24例钢圈栓塞,13例明胶海绵颗粒加钢圈栓塞,1例PVA栓塞,4例用明胶海绵栓塞,栓塞成功率100%。明胶海绵栓塞后复发1例。术前、术后检查肾功无明显变化。结论肾动脉造影及超选择动脉栓塞对诊断和治疗微创经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血效果优良,对内科治疗无效、造影阴性病例,按穿刺部位超选择诊断性动脉栓塞,可起到止血作用。     

Post-Operative Hemorrhage after Myomectomy: Safety and Efficacy of Transcatheter Uterine Artery Embolization

Objective

To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of transcatheter uterine artery embolization (UAE) for post-myomectomy hemorrhage.

Materials and Methods

We identified eight female patients (age ranged from 29 to 51 years and with a median age of 37) in two regional hospitals who suffered from post-myomectomy hemorrhage requiring UAE during the time period from 2004 to 2012. A retrospective review of the patients'' clinical data, uterine artery angiographic findings, embolization details, and clinical outcomes was conducted.

Results

The pelvic angiography findings were as follows: hypervascular staining without bleeding focus (n = 5); active contrast extravasation from the uterine artery (n = 2); and pseudoaneurysm in the uterus (n = 1). Gelatin sponge particle was used in bilateral uterine arteries of all eight patients, acting as an empirical or therapeutic embolization agent for the various angiographic findings. N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate was administered to the target bleeding uterine arteries in the two patients with active contrast extravasation. Technical and clinical success were achieved in all patients (100%) with bleeding cessation and no further related surgical intervention or embolization procedure was required for hemorrhage control. Uterine artery dissection occurred in one patient as a minor complication. Normal menstrual cycles were restored in all patients.

Conclusion

Uterine artery embolization is a safe, minimally invasive, and effective management option for controlling post-myomectomy hemorrhage without the need for hysterectomy.